March 13  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
-*[[1138]] - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected [[Antipope|anti-pope]] as [[Antipope Victor IV (1138)|Victor IV]], succeeding [[Antipope Anacletus II|Anacletus II]]. 
-*[[1639]] - [[Harvard College]] was named for clergyman [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]].  
-*[[1781]] - [[William Herschel]] discovers the [[planet]] [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]]. 
-*[[1845]] - [[Felix Mendelssohn|Felix Mendelssohn's]] [[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto]] is premièred in [[Leipzig]] with [[Ferdinand David]] as soloist. 
-*[[1862]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[United States|U.S.]] [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] forbids all [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]] and setting the stage for the [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. 
-*[[1865]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Confederate States of America]] reluctantly agrees to the use of [[African American]] troops.  
-*[[1881]] - [[Alexander II of Russia]] is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. (Gregorian date: it was [[March 1]] in the [[Julian calendar]] then in use in [[Russia]].) 
-*[[1884]] - The siege of [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]] begins (ends on [[January 26]], [[1885]]). 
-*[[1897]] - [[San Diego State University]] founded. 
-*[[1900]] - [[Second Boer War|Boer War]]: [[United Kingdom|British]] forces occupy [[Bloemfontein]], [[Orange Free State]]. 
-* 1900 - In [[France]], length of a workday for women and children is limited to 11 hours by law. 
-*[[1921]] - [[Mongolia]], under Baron [[Roman Ungern von Sternberg]], declares its independence from [[China]]. 
*[[1925]] - [[Scopes Trial]]: A law in [[Tennessee]] prohibits the teaching of [[evolution]]. *[[1925]] - [[Scopes Trial]]: A law in [[Tennessee]] prohibits the teaching of [[evolution]].
-*[[1930]] - The news of the discovery of [[Pluto]] was telegraphed to the [[Harvard College Observatory]]. 
-*[[1933]] - [[Great Depression]]: Banks in the [[United States]] begin to re-open after the Presidentially mandated "[[bank holiday]]".  
-*[[1940]] - Russo-Finnish [[Winter War]] ended. 
-*[[1943]] - [[World War II]]: In [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], [[Japan]]ese troops end their assault on [[United States|American]] forces at [[Hill 700]].  
-* 1943 - [[The Holocaust]]: [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces liquidate the [[Kraków Ghetto|Jewish ghetto in Kraków]].  
-*[[1954]] - [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Battle of Điện Biên Phủ]]: [[Viet Minh]] forces attack the [[France|French]]. 
-*[[1957]] - [[Cuba]]n student revolutionaries storm the [[Museum of the Revolution|presidential palace]] in [[Havana]] in a failed attempt on the life of [[List of Presidents of Cuba|President]] [[Fulgencio Batista]].  
-*[[1962]] - [[Lyman Lemnitzer]], chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the USA, proposes a document, called [[Operation Northwoods]], regarding performing [[terrorist attacks]] in [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp|Guantanamo Bay]], to [[Secretary of Defense]] Robert Mcnamara. The proposal is scrapped and President [[John F. Kennedy]] removes Lemnitzer from his position. 
-*[[1969]] - [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 9]] returns safely to [[Earth]] after testing the [[Lunar Module]].  
-*[[1979]] - The [[New Jewel Movement]], headed by [[Maurice Bishop]], ousts [[List of Prime Ministers of Grenada|Prime Minister]] [[Eric Gairy]] in a nearly bloodless [[coup d'etat]] in [[Grenada]]. 
-*[[1986]] - [[Microsoft]] has its [[Initial public offering]]. 
-*[[1989]] - A [[geomagnetic storm]] caused the collapse of the Hydro-Quebec power grid. Six million people were [[black-out|left without power]] for nine hours. 
-*[[1991]] - The [[United States Department of Justice|United States Justice Department]] announces that [[Exxon]] has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the [[Exxon Valdez oil spill]] in [[Alaska]].  
-*[[1992]] - An [[earthquake]] registering 6.8 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]] kills over 500 in [[Erzincan]], eastern [[Turkey]].  
-*[[1993]] - A major blizzard occurs, which is later declared the storm of the 20th century. 
-*[[1996]] - [[Dunblane massacre|The Dunblane Massacre]]: in [[Dunblane]], [[Scotland]], 16 children and 1 adult teacher are shot dead by a [[spree killer]] who then commits suicide.  
-*[[1997]] - [[India]]'s [[Missionaries of Charity]] chooses [[Sister Nirmala]] to succeed [[Mother Teresa]] as its leader. 
-*[[1997]] - The [[Phoenix lights]] were seen over [[Phoenix, Arizona]], & were seen by hundreds of people, & millions on [[television]]. And are now, hotly debated in controversy. 
-*[[2003]] - [[Human evolution]]: The journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] reports that 350,000-year-old upright-walking [[human]] footprints have been found in [[Italy]]. 
-*[[2005]] - [[Terry Ratzmann]] shoots and kills six members of the [[Living Church of God]] and the [[minister]] at Sheraton Inn in [[Brookfield]], [[Wisconsin]] before killing himself.  
-*[[2007]] - The [[Bank of England]] launched a new £20 note, featuring the Scottish economist [[Adam Smith]]. It was the first note in the new Series F banknotes 
==Births== ==Births==
-<!-- Please do not add yourself or anyone else without a biography in Wikipedia to this list.--> 
*[[1372]] - [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans]], brother of [[Charles VI of France]] (d. [[1407]]) *[[1372]] - [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans]], brother of [[Charles VI of France]] (d. [[1407]])
*[[1615]] - [[Pope Innocent XII]] (d. [[1700]]) *[[1615]] - [[Pope Innocent XII]] (d. [[1700]])

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