1492
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| + | "The historians debate these matters [concerned with the "[[European miracle]]"], the questions "why" and "when," but not the question "whether" — whether a miracle happened at all. Or, to be more precise, they do not even consider the possibility that the rise of Europe above other civilizations did not begin until [[1492]], that it resulted not from any European superiority of mind, culture, or environment, but rather from the riches and [[spoil]]s obtained in the conquest and colonial exploitation of America and, later, Africa and Asia. This possibility is not debated at all, nor is it even discussed, although a very few historians (notably [[Janet Abu-Lughod]], [[Samir Amin]], [[Andre Gunder Frank]], and [[Immanuel Wallerstein]]) have come close to doing so in very recent years." --''[[The Colonizer’s Model of the World]]'' (1993) by James Morris Blaut | ||
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| == Events == | == Events == | ||
| - | [[File:La Rendición de Granada - Pradilla.jpg|thumb|right|[[January 2]] – [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]], last [[Moors|Moorish]] [[Emirate of Granada|Emir of Granada]], surrenders his city to the army of [[Catholic Monarchs|Ferdinand and Isabella]].]] | ||
| - | [[File:Columbus Taking Possession.jpg|thumb|[[October 12]] – [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] discovers the Americas for Spain.]] | ||
| - | <onlyinclude> | ||
| - | === January–December === | ||
| - | * [[January 2]] – [[Fall of Granada]]: [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]], the last [[Emirate of Granada|Emir of Granada]], surrenders his city to the army of the [[Catholic Monarchs]] ([[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]]) after a lengthy siege, ending the 10-year [[Granada War]] and the centuries-long [[Reconquista]], and bringing an end to 780 years of [[Islam|Muslim]] control in [[Al-Andalus]]. | ||
| - | * [[January 6]] – Ferdinand and Isabella enter into [[Granada]]. | ||
| * [[January 15]] – [[Christopher Columbus]] meets Ferdinand and Isabella at the [[Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos]] in [[Córdoba, Andalusia]], and persuades them to support his Atlantic voyage intended to find a new route to the [[East Indies]]. | * [[January 15]] – [[Christopher Columbus]] meets Ferdinand and Isabella at the [[Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos]] in [[Córdoba, Andalusia]], and persuades them to support his Atlantic voyage intended to find a new route to the [[East Indies]]. | ||
| * [[January 23]] – The ''[[Pentateuch]]'' is first printed. | * [[January 23]] – The ''[[Pentateuch]]'' is first printed. | ||
| * [[March 31]] – Ferdinand and Isabella sign the [[Alhambra Decree]], expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to [[Roman Catholicism]]. | * [[March 31]] – Ferdinand and Isabella sign the [[Alhambra Decree]], expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to [[Roman Catholicism]]. | ||
| - | * [[April 17]] – The [[Capitulations of Santa Fe]] are signed between [[Christopher Columbus]] and the [[Crown of Castile]], agreeing on arrangements for his forthcoming voyage. | ||
| - | * [[July 31]] – The Jews are expelled from Spain; 40,000–200,000 leave. Sultan [[Bayezid II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], learning of this, dispatches the [[Ottoman Navy]] to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of [[Thessaloniki]] (in modern-day Greece) and [[İzmir]] (in modern-day [[Turkey]]).<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Turkey.html Jewish virtual library.org.]</ref> | ||
| - | * [[August 3]] – The [[Genoa|Genoese]] navigator [[Christopher Columbus]] sails with three ships from [[Palos de la Frontera]], in the service of the [[Crown of Castile]], on his [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus#The voyages and events|first voyage]] across the Atlantic Ocean, intending to reach Asia. | ||
| - | * [[August 11]] – [[Pope Alexander VI]] succeeds [[Pope Innocent VIII]] as the 214th pope, after the [[Papal conclave, 1492|1492 papal conclave]], the first held in the [[Sistine Chapel]]. | ||
| - | * [[October]] – [[Kingdom of England|English]] army besieges [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=135–138|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> | ||
| * [[October 11]] – Several members of the [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus#The voyages and events|first voyage of Christopher Columbus]] witness an [[1492 light sighting|unusual light]]. | * [[October 11]] – Several members of the [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus#The voyages and events|first voyage of Christopher Columbus]] witness an [[1492 light sighting|unusual light]]. | ||
| * [[October 12]] – [[Christopher Columbus]]' expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean and lands on [[Guanahani]], but he believes he has reached the [[East Indies]]. | * [[October 12]] – [[Christopher Columbus]]' expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean and lands on [[Guanahani]], but he believes he has reached the [[East Indies]]. | ||
| * [[October 28]] – Christopher Columbus lands in [[Cuba]]. | * [[October 28]] – Christopher Columbus lands in [[Cuba]]. | ||
| - | * [[November 3]] – The [[Peace of Étaples]] is signed between England and France, ending French support for [[Perkin Warbeck]], the pretender to the [[English throne]]. All English-held territory in France (with the exception of [[Calais]]) is returned to France.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=189–192}}</ref> | ||
| * [[November 7]] – The [[Ensisheim (meteorite)|Ensisheim meteorite]], a 127-kg [[meteorite]], lands in a wheat field near the village of [[Ensisheim]] in [[Alsace]]. | * [[November 7]] – The [[Ensisheim (meteorite)|Ensisheim meteorite]], a 127-kg [[meteorite]], lands in a wheat field near the village of [[Ensisheim]] in [[Alsace]]. | ||
| - | * [[December 5]] – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of [[Hispaniola]]. | ||
| - | * [[December 25]] – Columbus' ship ''[[Santa María (ship)|Santa María]]'' runs aground off [[Cap-Haïtien]], and is lost. | ||
| - | * [[December 31]] – About 100,000 Jews are expelled from [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]. | ||
| - | |||
| - | === Date unknown === | ||
| * [[Antonio de Nebrija]] publishes ''[[Gramática de la lengua castellana]]'', the first grammar text for the language of Castile, in Salamanca, which he introduces to Ferdinand and Isabella as "a tool of empire." | * [[Antonio de Nebrija]] publishes ''[[Gramática de la lengua castellana]]'', the first grammar text for the language of Castile, in Salamanca, which he introduces to Ferdinand and Isabella as "a tool of empire." | ||
| * [[Martin Behaim]] constructs the first surviving globe of Earth, the [[Erdapfel]]. As Columbus would only return from his voyage in [[1493]], this globe does not show the New World yet. | * [[Martin Behaim]] constructs the first surviving globe of Earth, the [[Erdapfel]]. As Columbus would only return from his voyage in [[1493]], this globe does not show the New World yet. | ||
| - | * [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]], of the [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellon]] Royal House, ends his reign ([[1427]]–1492). | ||
| * The first [[arboretum]] to be designed and planted is the Arboretum Trsteno, near [[Dubrovnik]] in [[Croatia]]. | * The first [[arboretum]] to be designed and planted is the Arboretum Trsteno, near [[Dubrovnik]] in [[Croatia]]. | ||
| - | * Russians build the [[Ivangorod Fortress]], on the eastern banks of the [[Narva River]]. | ||
| - | * In [[Ming Dynasty]] China, the commercial transportation of grain to the northern border, in exchange for salt certificates, is monetized. | ||
| - | * [[Ermysted's Grammar School]], [[Skipton]], [[North Yorkshire]], is founded. | ||
| - | * [[Marsilio Ficino]] publishes his translation and commentary of [[Plotinus]]. | ||
| - | </onlyinclude> | ||
| == Births == | == Births == | ||
| - | [[File:Marguerite_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme.jpg|thumb|110px|Queen [[Marguerite de Navarre]]]] | ||
| - | * [[January 22]] – [[Beatrix of Baden]], Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (d. [[1535]]) | ||
| - | * [[March 4]] – [[Francesco de Layolle]], Italian composer (d. c. [[1540]]) | ||
| - | * [[March 21]] – [[John II, Count Palatine of Simmern]], Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (d. [[1557]]) | ||
| - | * [[March 27]] – [[Adam Ries]], German mathematician (d. [[1559]]) | ||
| - | * [[April 4]] – [[Ambrosius Blarer]], influential reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland (d. [[1564]]) | ||
| - | * [[April 6]] – [[Maud Green]], English noble (d. [[1531]]) | ||
| * [[April 11]] – [[Marguerite de Navarre]], queen of [[Henry II of Navarre]] (d. [[1549]]) | * [[April 11]] – [[Marguerite de Navarre]], queen of [[Henry II of Navarre]] (d. [[1549]]) | ||
| * [[April 20]] – [[Pietro Aretino]], Italian author (d. [[1556]]) | * [[April 20]] – [[Pietro Aretino]], Italian author (d. [[1556]]) | ||
| - | * [[April 24]] – Duchess [[Sabina of Bavaria]] (d. [[1564]]) | ||
| * [[May 8]] – [[Andrea Alciato]], Italian jurist and writer (d. [[1550]]) | * [[May 8]] – [[Andrea Alciato]], Italian jurist and writer (d. [[1550]]) | ||
| - | * [[July 2]] – [[Elizabeth Tudor (1492–1495)|Elizabeth Tudor]], English princess, daughter of [[Henry VII of England]] (d. [[1495]]) | ||
| - | * [[August 1]] – [[Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen]], German prince (d. [[1566]]) | ||
| - | * [[August 8]] – [[Matteo Tafuri]], Italian alchemist (d. [[1582]]) | ||
| - | * [[September 12]] – [[Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino]] (d. [[1519]]) | ||
| - | * [[September 29]] – [[Chamaraja Wodeyar III]], King of Mysore (d. [[1553]]) | ||
| - | * [[October 1]] – [[Georg Rörer]], German theologian (d. [[1557]]) | ||
| - | * [[October 11]] – [[Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France]], French noble (d. [[1495]]) | ||
| - | * [[October 30]] – [[Anne d'Alençon]], French noblewoman (d. [[1562]]) | ||
| - | * [[November 12]] – [[Johan Rantzau]], German general (d. [[1565]]) | ||
| - | * [[November 27]] – [[Donato Giannotti]], Italian writer (d. [[1573]]) | ||
| - | * ''date unknown'' | ||
| - | ** [[Argula von Grumbach]], German Protestant reformer (d. [[1554]]) | ||
| - | ** [[Berchtold Haller]], Swiss reformer (d. [[1536]]) | ||
| - | ** [[Amago Kunihisa]], Japanese nobleman (d. [[1554]]) | ||
| - | ** [[Giacomo Aconcio]], Italian pioneer of religious tolerance (d. [[1566]]) | ||
| - | ** [[Hirate Masahide]], Japanese retainer and tutor of [[Oda Nobunaga]] (d. [[1553]]) | ||
| - | ** [[Edward Wotton (zoologist)|Edward Wotton]], English physician and zoologist (d. [[1555]]) | ||
| - | * ''probable'' | ||
| - | ** [[Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland]] (d. [[1543]]) | ||
| - | ** [[Fernan Perez de Oliva]], Spanish man of letters (d. [[1531]]) | ||
| ** [[Polidoro da Caravaggio]], Italian painter (d. [[1543]]) | ** [[Polidoro da Caravaggio]], Italian painter (d. [[1543]]) | ||
| ** [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]], Spanish historian (d. [[1584]]) | ** [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]], Spanish historian (d. [[1584]]) | ||
| == Deaths == | == Deaths == | ||
| - | [[File:Verrocchio_Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Lorenzo de' Medici]]]] | ||
| - | [[File:Casimir_IV_Jagiellon.PNG|thumb|120px|King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]]]] | ||
| - | [[File:Innocent_VIII_1492.JPG|thumb|120px|[[Pope Innocent VIII]]]] | ||
| - | [[File:RostroBeatrizSilva.jpg|thumb|120px|Saint [[Beatrice of Silva]]]] | ||
| - | * [[January 25]] – [[Ygo Gales Galama]], Frisian warlord and freedom-fighting rebel (murdered) (b. [[1443]]) | ||
| * [[April 8]] – [[Lorenzo de' Medici]], ruler of Florence (b. [[1449]]) | * [[April 8]] – [[Lorenzo de' Medici]], ruler of Florence (b. [[1449]]) | ||
| - | * [[March 19]] – [[Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg]] (1429–1492) (b. [[1418]]) | ||
| - | * [[June 7]] – [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]], King of Poland (b. [[1427]]) | ||
| - | * [[June 8]] – [[Elizabeth Woodville]], Queen of [[Edward IV of England]] (b. [[1437]]) | ||
| - | * [[July 1]] – [[Henry the Younger of Poděbrady]], Bohemian nobleman (b. [[1452]]) | ||
| - | * [[July 25]] – [[Pope Innocent VIII]] (b. [[1432]]) | ||
| - | * [[August 9]] – [[Beatrice of Silva]], Dominican nun | ||
| - | * [[September 20]] – [[Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick]] (b. [[1426]]) | ||
| * [[October 12]] – [[Piero della Francesca]], Italian artist (b. c. [[1412]]) | * [[October 12]] – [[Piero della Francesca]], Italian artist (b. c. [[1412]]) | ||
| - | * [[October 25]] – [[Thaddeus McCarthy]], Irish bishop (b. c. [[1455]]) | ||
| - | * [[November 6]] – [[Antoine Busnois]], French composer and poet (b. c. [[1430]]) | ||
| - | * [[November 9]] – [[Jami]], Persian poet (b. [[1414]]) | ||
| - | * [[November 24]] – [[Loys of Gruuthuse]], Earl of [[Winchester]] (b. c. [[1427]]) | ||
| - | * ''date unknown'' | ||
| - | ** [[Ali al-Jabarti]], Somali scholar and politician | ||
| - | ** [[Baccio Pontelli]], Italian architect (b. c. [[1450]]) | ||
| - | ** [[Eric Clauesson]], Swedish Norse pagan | ||
| - | ** [[Satal Rathore of Marwar|Satal Rathore]], Rao of Marwar | ||
| - | ** [[Sonni Ali]], Songhai ruler | ||
| - | |||
| == Art and culture == | == Art and culture == | ||
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| ===Architecture=== | ===Architecture=== | ||
| == Births == | == Births == | ||
| + | *[[Pietro Aretino]] | ||
| + | |||
| ==Deaths == | ==Deaths == | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
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"The historians debate these matters [concerned with the "European miracle"], the questions "why" and "when," but not the question "whether" — whether a miracle happened at all. Or, to be more precise, they do not even consider the possibility that the rise of Europe above other civilizations did not begin until 1492, that it resulted not from any European superiority of mind, culture, or environment, but rather from the riches and spoils obtained in the conquest and colonial exploitation of America and, later, Africa and Asia. This possibility is not debated at all, nor is it even discussed, although a very few historians (notably Janet Abu-Lughod, Samir Amin, Andre Gunder Frank, and Immanuel Wallerstein) have come close to doing so in very recent years." --The Colonizer’s Model of the World (1993) by James Morris Blaut |
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Featured: |
Year 1492 (MCDXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
The year 1492 is considered to be a significant year in the history of the West, Europe, Christianity, Spain, and the New World, among others, because of the number of significant events to have taken place during it. Some of the events which propelled the year into Western consciousness, also listed below, include the completion of the Reconquista of Spain, the discovery of the West Indies, and the Expulsion of Jews from Spain.
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[edit]
Events
- January 15 – Christopher Columbus meets Ferdinand and Isabella at the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos in Córdoba, Andalusia, and persuades them to support his Atlantic voyage intended to find a new route to the East Indies.
- January 23 – The Pentateuch is first printed.
- March 31 – Ferdinand and Isabella sign the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Roman Catholicism.
- October 11 – Several members of the first voyage of Christopher Columbus witness an unusual light.
- October 12 – Christopher Columbus' expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean and lands on Guanahani, but he believes he has reached the East Indies.
- October 28 – Christopher Columbus lands in Cuba.
- November 7 – The Ensisheim meteorite, a 127-kg meteorite, lands in a wheat field near the village of Ensisheim in Alsace.
- Antonio de Nebrija publishes Gramática de la lengua castellana, the first grammar text for the language of Castile, in Salamanca, which he introduces to Ferdinand and Isabella as "a tool of empire."
- Martin Behaim constructs the first surviving globe of Earth, the Erdapfel. As Columbus would only return from his voyage in 1493, this globe does not show the New World yet.
- The first arboretum to be designed and planted is the Arboretum Trsteno, near Dubrovnik in Croatia.
[edit]
Births
- April 11 – Marguerite de Navarre, queen of Henry II of Navarre (d. 1549)
- April 20 – Pietro Aretino, Italian author (d. 1556)
- May 8 – Andrea Alciato, Italian jurist and writer (d. 1550)
- Polidoro da Caravaggio, Italian painter (d. 1543)
- Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Spanish historian (d. 1584)
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Deaths
- April 8 – Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1449)
- October 12 – Piero della Francesca, Italian artist (b. c. 1412)
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Art and culture
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Literature
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Fiction
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Non-fiction
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Visual art
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Music
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Architecture
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Births
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Deaths
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "1492" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
