Counter-Reformation
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| - | "Meanwhile the [[council of Trent]] had fixed orthodox doctrine as regards ecclesiastical pictures, and had assigned to the bishops the duty of seeing that it was strictly carried out. In 1564 [[Andrea Gilli da Fabriano]] wrote his ''[[Dialogo degli errori dei pittori]]'', wherein he subjected the moral value of the frescoes of the Vatican to severe criticism. In his treatise ''[[De picturis et imaginihus sacris]]'' [[Molanus]] in 1570 further developed these unfavourable criticisms ; this was followed in 1585 by the ''[[Trattato della nohiliid della pitiura]]'' by [[Romano Alberti]], and in 1751 by [[Gregorio Comanini]]'s Figino. The ''[[Discorso intorno alle imagini sacre e projane]]'', published in 1582 by [[Gabriele Paleotti]], arch-bishop of Bologna, shows with especial clearness the art-hating, fanatical, and puritanic spirit which at first dominated the [[Counter-reformation]]. | + | "Meanwhile the [[council of Trent]] had fixed orthodox doctrine as regards ecclesiastical pictures, and had assigned to the bishops the duty of seeing that it was strictly carried out. In 1564 [[Andrea Gilli da Fabriano]] wrote his ''[[Dialogo degli errori dei pittori]]'', wherein he subjected the moral value of the frescoes of the Vatican to severe criticism. In his treatise ''[[De picturis et imaginihus sacris]]'' [[Molanus]] in 1570 further developed these unfavourable criticisms ; this was followed in 1585 by the ''[[Trattato della nohiliid della pitiura]]'' by [[Romano Alberti]], and in 1751 by [[Gregorio Comanini]]'s ''[[Il Figino overo del fine della Pittura |Figino]]''. The ''[[Discorso intorno alle imagini sacre e projane]]'', published in 1582 by [[Gabriele Paleotti]], arch-bishop of Bologna, shows with especial clearness the art-hating, fanatical, and puritanic spirit which at first dominated the [[Counter-reformation]]. |
| "--''[[The History of Painting: From the Fourth to the Early Nineteenth Century]]'' (1893/94) by Richard Muther | "--''[[The History of Painting: From the Fourth to the Early Nineteenth Century]]'' (1893/94) by Richard Muther | ||
Revision as of 23:17, 11 July 2022
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"Meanwhile the council of Trent had fixed orthodox doctrine as regards ecclesiastical pictures, and had assigned to the bishops the duty of seeing that it was strictly carried out. In 1564 Andrea Gilli da Fabriano wrote his Dialogo degli errori dei pittori, wherein he subjected the moral value of the frescoes of the Vatican to severe criticism. In his treatise De picturis et imaginihus sacris Molanus in 1570 further developed these unfavourable criticisms ; this was followed in 1585 by the Trattato della nohiliid della pitiura by Romano Alberti, and in 1751 by Gregorio Comanini's Figino. The Discorso intorno alle imagini sacre e projane, published in 1582 by Gabriele Paleotti, arch-bishop of Bologna, shows with especial clearness the art-hating, fanatical, and puritanic spirit which at first dominated the Counter-reformation. "--The History of Painting: From the Fourth to the Early Nineteenth Century (1893/94) by Richard Muther |
Illustration: The image breakers, c.1566 –1568 by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder
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The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements:
- Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
- Religious orders
- Spiritual movements
- Political dimensions
Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition.
Major figures
- Pius III (1503)
- Paul III (1534–1549)
- Julius III (1550–55)
- Paul IV (1555–59)
- Pius IV (1559–65)
- St. Pius V (1566–72)
- Gregory XIII (1572–85)
- Sixtus V (1585–90)
- St. Ignatius of Loyola
- St. Teresa of Ávila
- St. John of the Cross
- St. Francis de Sales
- St. Charles Borromeo
- Philip II of Spain (1527–1598)
- Mary I of England (1553–1558)
- Sigismund the Old of Poland (1467–1548)
- Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (1520–1572)
- Péter Pázmány (1570–1637)
See also
- Cologne War
- Corpus Catholicorum (series)
- Eighty Years' War
- Philip II of Spain (for more on the political side of the Counter-Reformation)
- Spanish Inquisition
- The Reformation and art
