Urban guerrilla warfare  

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-"I'm an urban guerilla, I make bombs in may cellar." --"[[Urban Guerrilla]]" (1973) by [[Hawkwind]]+"I'm an [[Urban guerrilla warfare|urban guerrilla]], I make bombs in may cellar." --"[[Urban Guerrilla]]" (1973) by [[Hawkwind]]
|} |}
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-'''Urban guerrilla''' refers to someone who fights a [[government]] using [[unconventional warfare]] in an [[urban area|urban]] environment. During the [[Cold War]], many were on the [[left-wing]] of the political spectrum. However, nothing in [[armed struggle]] makes it inherently left or [[right-wing]].+An '''urban guerrilla''' is someone who fights a [[government]] using [[unconventional warfare]] or [[domestic terrorism]] in an [[urban area|urban]] environment.
-== Theory and history of the urban guerilla ==+== Theory and history ==
-The urban guerrilla phenomenon is essentially one of [[industrialisation|industrialised society]], resting both on the presence of large urban [[agglomerations]] where hideouts are easy to find and on a theory of [[Social alienation|alienation]] proper to the modern society of [[mass consumption]].+The urban guerrilla phenomenon is essentially one of [[industrialisation|industrialised society]], resting both on the presence of large [[urban agglomeration]]s where hideouts are easy to find and on a theory of [[Social alienation|alienation]] proper to the modern society of [[mass consumption]].
-Historically guerrilla warfare was a rural phenomena, it was not until the 1960s that the limitations of this form were clearly demonstrated. The technique was almost entirely ineffective when used outside of the later colonial environment, as was shown by the Cuban sponsored efforts in Latin America during the 1960s culminating in the hopeless ''foco'' campaign headed by [[Che Guevara]] in Bolivia that culminated in his death. The need for the target government to be simultaneously incompetent, iniquitous, and politically isolated was rarely met.+[[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], a commander of the [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) is often considered to be the father of modern urban guerrilla warfare. In April 1919 an elite assassination unit, known as [[The Squad (Irish Republican Army unit)|The Squad]] or ''Twelve Apostles'' was created in [[Dublin]]. The unit was tasked with hunting down and executing British Intelligence operatives in the city, they can be considered one of the first true urban guerrilla units.
-The failure of rural insurgency forced the discontented to find new avenues for action, essentially random terrorism aimed at creating maximum publicity, provoking the targeted regimes into excessive repression and so inciting the general population to join a wider revolutionary struggle. This movement found its mentor in the leader of the ephemeral [[Acao Libertadora Nacional]], [[Carlos Marighela]]. Before his death during a bank robbery in 1969 he wrote ''The Minimanual of Urban Guerrilla Warfare'' which, between the polemics, gave clear advice on strategy and was quickly adopted by others around the world.+Historically guerrilla warfare was a rural phenomenon, it was not until the 1960s that the limitations of this form were clearly demonstrated. The technique was almost entirely ineffective when used outside of the later colonial environment, as was shown by the Cuban sponsored efforts in Latin America during the 1960s culminating in the ''[[foco]]'' campaign headed by [[Che Guevara]] in Bolivia that culminated in his death. The need for the target government to be simultaneously incompetent, iniquitous, and politically isolated was rarely met.
-In action no urban guerrilla movement has managed to move beyond the first portion of its operations - creating conditions where the government takes extreme repressive measures to limit the activities of the insurgents. The formation of a number of brutal military regimes in Latin America is directly linked to the efforts of guerrillas. However the next stage has never been achieved, a popular uprising to overthrow the government. Instead, the guerrillas are killed, captured, forced into exile, brought into government, or sufficiently marginalized to render them ineffective in achieving their stated goals.+The failure of rural insurgency forced the discontented to find new avenues for action, essentially random terrorism aimed at creating maximum publicity, provoking the targeted regimes into excessive repression and so inciting the general population to join a wider revolutionary struggle. This movement found its mentor in the leader of the ephemeral [[Ação Libertadora Nacional]], [[Carlos Marighela]]. Before his death in 1969 he wrote the ''[[Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla]]'' which, between the polemics, gave clear advice on strategy and was quickly adopted by others around the world.
== Historical examples == == Historical examples ==
-Historical examples include the [[Weatherman (organization)|Weathermen]] and the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] (SLA) in the [[United States]], the [[FLQ]] in [[Québec]], [[Canada]], the [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF) in [[West Germany]], the [[Red Brigades]] (BR) in [[Italy]], the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) in [[Northern Ireland]], [[ETA]] in the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque region]] of [[Spain]], the [[Tupamaros]] in [[Uruguay]], the [[Revolutionary Movement 8th October|Movimento Revolucionario 8 de Outubro]] (MR-8) in Brazil, the [[Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria]] (MIR) in [[Chile]] and the [[Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo]] (ERP) in [[Argentina]]. The [[PLO]] and [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], groups such as [[Hamas]] in the Palestinian territories, and the [[Iraqi insurgency|insurgent forces]] in Iraq are other examples. However, not all urban political violence can be labeled as ''urban guerrilla''. The [[Black Panther Party]] might not qualify, due to its public nature, although its policy of "self-defense" was interchangeable with a policy of armed struggle in "militarily occupied" African American communities. Similarly the Italian [[Autonomia]] movement, and the German [[Autonomen]] engaged in urban political violence, but not as urban guerrillas due to their policies of public, mass and non-deadly violence.+However, not all urban political violence can be labeled as ''urban guerrilla''. The [[Black Panther Party]] might not qualify, due to its public nature, although its policy of "self-defense" was interchangeable with a policy of armed struggle in militarily occupied African American communities. Similarly the Italian [[Autonomia]] movement, and the German [[Autonomen]] engaged in urban political violence, but not as urban guerrillas due to their policies of public, mass and non-deadly violence.
-In the 1970s BBC comedy "Citizen Smith" Wolfie Smith, the leader of the fictional "Tooting Popular Front" described himself as an Urban Guerilla.+In the 1970s BBC comedy "[[Citizen Smith]]" Wolfie Smith, the leader of the fictional "Tooting Popular Front" described himself as an Urban Guerrilla.
-==See also==+===Africa===
-*[[Guerrilla warfare]] and [[unconventional warfare]]+ 
-*[[Insurgency]] and [[Counterinsurgency]]+====Ethiopia====
-*[[Terrorism]], [[Counter-terrorism]] and [[anti-terrorist legislation]]+* [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]]
-*[[Propaganda of the deed]]+ 
-*[[Strategy of tension]]+====Somalia====
-*[[State of exception]]+* [[Hizbul Islam]]
-*[[False flag]] attacks+* [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]]
 +* [[Raskamboni movement|Raskamboni Movement]]
 + 
 +===Asia===
 + 
 +====Bangladesh====
 +* [[Crack Platoon]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Pakistan-Bangladesh War]]
 + 
 +====India====
 +* [[Naxalite]] movement
 + 
 +====Iran====
 +* [[Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas]] (OIPFG) (formed 1970)
 +* [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] (formed 1970)
 + 
 +====Iraq====
 +* [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Insurgent forces]]
 + 
 +====Japan====
 +Leftists:
 +* [[Japan Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee (Middle Core Faction)]]
 +* [[Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)]]
 +* [[Fourth International (post-reunification)|Fourth International Japan]]
 +* [[Japan Airlines Flight 351|Red Army Faction]]
 +** [[Japanese Red Army]] (detached from Red Army Faction and Kyoto Partisan in 1971)
 +** [[United Red Army]] (Remnants of Red Army Faction and the Maoist Revolutionary Left Wing of the Japanese Communist Party merged in 1971)
 +* [[East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front]]
 + 
 +Fascists:
 +* [[Tatenokai]]
 + 
 +====Malaysia====
 +* [[Malayan Communist Party]] (PKM)
 + 
 +====Lebanon====
 +* [[Hezbollah]]
 + 
 +====Palestinian Territories====
 +* [[Hamas]]
 +*[[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]
 +*[[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]
 + 
 +====Philippines====
 +* [[Alex Boncayao Brigade]] (ABB)
 +* [[Red Scorpion Group]]
 +* [[Light A Fire Movement]] (LAFM)
 +* [[Sandigan Army]]
 + 
 +====Turkey====
 +* [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]] (DHKP-C)
 +* [[Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)]] (MLKP)
 +* [[Devrimci Yol]] (DEV-YOL)
 +* [[Turkish Revolutionary Youth Federation]]
 +* [[Devrimci Karargâh]] (DK)
 +* [[Group of Communities in Kurdistan]] (KCK)
 +* [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] (PKK)
 + 
 +===Europe===
 + 
 +====Belgium====
 +* [[Cellules Communistes Combattantes]] (CCC)
 +* [[Front Revolutionaire d' Action Prolétarienne]] (FRAP)
 + 
 +====France====
 +* [[Action directe (armed group)|Action Directe]] - A leftist group.
 +* {{ill|Groupe d'intervention nationaliste|fr|Groupe d'intervention nationaliste}} - A fascist group.
 +* [[National Liberation Front of Corsica|FLNC]] - A Corsican separatist group.
 +* [[Organisation armée secrète]] - A fascist group.
 + 
 +====Germany====
 +Leftists:
 +* [[2 June Movement|Movement 2 June]]
 +* [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF)
 +* [[Revolutionary Cells (German group)|Revolutionary Cells]] (RZ)
 + 
 +Fascists:
 +* [[National Socialist Underground|Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund]] (NSU)
 + 
 +====Greece====
 +* [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]]
 +* [[Revolutionary Struggle]]
 +* [[Revolutionary Nuclei]]
 +* [[Sect of Revolutionaries]]
 +* [[Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei]]
 + 
 +====Iceland====
 +* [[Kópamaros]]
 +* [[X18 (guerilla movement)]]
 +*
 +*
 +*
 + 
 +====Ireland====
 + 
 +* [[Irish Republican Army]]
 + 
 +===Italy===
 +{||-
 +! Leftist !! Fascists
 +|-
 +|* [[Red Brigades]] (BR)||* [[Armed Revolutionary Cells]] (NAR)
 +|-
 +|* [[Gruppi d'Azione Partigiana]] (GAP)||* [[Ordine Nuovo|New Order]] (ON)
 +|-
 +|* [[XVIII March Brigade]] (XVIII March)||* [[Ordine Nero|Black Order]] (ON)
 +|-
 +|* [[October 22 Group|XXII October Group]] (XXII October)||* [[Third Position]] (TP)
 +|-
 +|* [[Red Patrol]]||* [[Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria|Revolutionary Action Fascists]] (FAR)
 +|-
 +|* [[Armed Proletarian Cells]]||* [[National Vanguard (Italy)|National Vanguard]] (AN)
 +|-
 +|* [[Prima Linea]]||
 +|}
 + 
 +====Poland====
 +*[[Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party]]
 +*[[Rewolucyjni Mściciele]]
 + 
 +====Spain====
 +* [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]]
 +* [[ETA political-military|ETA-pm]]
 +* [[Terra Lliure]]
 +* MPAIAC, [[Canary Islands Independence Movement]]
 +* [[GRAPO]]
 +* [[Resistência Galega]]
 +* [[Iraultza]]
 +* [[Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas]]
 +* [[Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front|FRAP]]
 +* Arxiu
 +* Exèrcit Popular Català
 +* Escamots Autònoms d´Alliberament
 +* [[Hermanos Quero]]
 +* Front d'Alliberament de Catalunya
 +* Organització de la Lluita Armada
 +* Exército Guerrilheiro do Povo Galego Ceive
 +* [[Liga Armada Galega]]
 +* [[Loita Armada Revolucionaria]]
 +* [[Fuerzas Armadas Guanches]]
 +* [[Andecha Obrera]]
 + 
 +====United Kingdom====
 +* [[Scottish National Liberation Army]]
 +* [[Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru|MAC]]
 +* [[An Gof]]
 +* [[Free Wales Army]]
 +* [[Cornish National Liberation Army]]
 +*
 + 
 +===North America===
 + 
 +====Canada====
 +* [[Front de libération du Québec|FLQ]] ([[Quebec]])
 +* [[Squamish Five]]
 +* [[Wimmin's Fire Brigade]]
 + 
 +====Cuba====
 +* [[26th of July Movement]] (M-26-7)
 + 
 +====El Salvador====
 +* [[Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front|FMLN]]
 + 
 +====Nicaragua====
 +* [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|FSLN]]
 + 
 +====United States====
 +* [[American Indian Movement]]
 +* [[Black Liberation Army]]
 +* [[Black Panther Party]]
 +* [[Border Ruffian]]
 +* [[Boricua Popular Army]]
 +* [[Brown Berets]]
 +* [[Bushwacker]]
 +* [[Chicano Liberation Front]]
 +* [[Earth Liberation Front]]
 +* [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña]]
 +* [[George Jackson Brigade]]
 +* [[Green Mountain Anarchist Collective]]
 +* [[Jayhawker]]
 +* [[Ku Klux Klan]]
 +* [[May 19th Communist Organization|May 19th Communist Movement]]
 +* [[MOVE]]
 +* [[New Black Panther Party]]
 +* [[The Night Riders]]
 +* [[Quantrill's Raiders]]
 +* [[Red Shirts (United States)]]
 +* [[Republic of Texas (group)]]
 +* [[Sovereign citizen movement]]
 +* [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]
 +* [[US Organization]]
 +* [[Weather Underground Organization]]
 + 
 +===South America===
 + 
 +====Argentina====
 +* [[Montoneros]] - A leftist group.
 +* [[People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)|Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo]] (ERP) - A leftist group.
 +* [[Tacuara Nationalist Movement]] (MNT) - A fascist group.
 + 
 +====Brazil====
 +* [[Ação Libertadora Nacional|National Liberation Action]] (ALN)
 +* [[Popular Liberation Movement (Brasil)|Popular Liberation Movement]] (Molipo)
 +* [[Revolutionary Movement 8th October]] (MR-8)
 +* [[VAR Palmares|Armed Revolutionary Vanguard Palmares]] (VAR-Palmares)
 +* [[Popular Revolutionary Vanguard]] (VPR)
 + 
 +====Chile====
 +Leftists:
 +* [[Lautaro Youth Movement]] (MJL)
 +* [[Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front]] (FPMR)
 +* [[Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)|Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria]] (MIR)
 + 
 +Fascists:
 +* [[Fatherland and Liberty]] (PyL)
 + 
 +====Colombia====
 +* [[19th of April Movement]] (M-19)
 +* [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]]
 +* [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|National Liberation Army]]
 + 
 +====Uruguay====
 +* [[Tupamaros]]
 + 
 +====Venezuela====
 +* [[Armed Forces of National Liberation (Venezuela)|Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacion Nacional]]
 +* [[Red Flag Party|Bandera Roja]]
 + 
 +== See also ==
 +* [[Guerrilla warfare]] and [[unconventional warfare]]
 +* [[Insurgency]] and [[Counterinsurgency]]
 +* [[Terrorism]], [[Counter-terrorism]] and [[anti-terrorist legislation]]
 +* [[Propaganda of the deed]]
 +* [[Strategy of tension]]
 +* [[State of exception]]
 +* [[False flag]] attacks
 +* [[Molotov cocktail]]
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Current revision

"I'm an urban guerrilla, I make bombs in may cellar." --"Urban Guerrilla" (1973) by Hawkwind

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An urban guerrilla is someone who fights a government using unconventional warfare or domestic terrorism in an urban environment.

Contents

[edit]

Theory and history

The urban guerrilla phenomenon is essentially one of industrialised society, resting both on the presence of large urban agglomerations where hideouts are easy to find and on a theory of alienation proper to the modern society of mass consumption.

Michael Collins, a commander of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) is often considered to be the father of modern urban guerrilla warfare. In April 1919 an elite assassination unit, known as The Squad or Twelve Apostles was created in Dublin. The unit was tasked with hunting down and executing British Intelligence operatives in the city, they can be considered one of the first true urban guerrilla units.

Historically guerrilla warfare was a rural phenomenon, it was not until the 1960s that the limitations of this form were clearly demonstrated. The technique was almost entirely ineffective when used outside of the later colonial environment, as was shown by the Cuban sponsored efforts in Latin America during the 1960s culminating in the foco campaign headed by Che Guevara in Bolivia that culminated in his death. The need for the target government to be simultaneously incompetent, iniquitous, and politically isolated was rarely met.

The failure of rural insurgency forced the discontented to find new avenues for action, essentially random terrorism aimed at creating maximum publicity, provoking the targeted regimes into excessive repression and so inciting the general population to join a wider revolutionary struggle. This movement found its mentor in the leader of the ephemeral Ação Libertadora Nacional, Carlos Marighela. Before his death in 1969 he wrote the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla which, between the polemics, gave clear advice on strategy and was quickly adopted by others around the world.

[edit]

Historical examples

However, not all urban political violence can be labeled as urban guerrilla. The Black Panther Party might not qualify, due to its public nature, although its policy of "self-defense" was interchangeable with a policy of armed struggle in militarily occupied African American communities. Similarly the Italian Autonomia movement, and the German Autonomen engaged in urban political violence, but not as urban guerrillas due to their policies of public, mass and non-deadly violence.

In the 1970s BBC comedy "Citizen Smith" Wolfie Smith, the leader of the fictional "Tooting Popular Front" described himself as an Urban Guerrilla.

[edit]

Africa

[edit]

Ethiopia

[edit]

Somalia

[edit]

Asia

[edit]

Bangladesh

[edit]

India

[edit]

Iran

[edit]

Iraq

[edit]

Japan

Leftists:

Fascists:

[edit]

Malaysia

[edit]

Lebanon

[edit]

Palestinian Territories

[edit]

Philippines

[edit]

Turkey

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Belgium

[edit]

France

[edit]

Germany

Leftists:

Fascists:

[edit]

Greece

[edit]

Iceland

[edit]

Ireland

[edit]

Italy

Leftist Fascists
* Red Brigades (BR)* Armed Revolutionary Cells (NAR)
* Gruppi d'Azione Partigiana (GAP)* New Order (ON)
* XVIII March Brigade (XVIII March)* Black Order (ON)
* XXII October Group (XXII October)* Third Position (TP)
* Red Patrol* Revolutionary Action Fascists (FAR)
* Armed Proletarian Cells* National Vanguard (AN)
* Prima Linea
[edit]

Poland

[edit]

Spain

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]

North America

[edit]

Canada

[edit]

Cuba

[edit]

El Salvador

[edit]

Nicaragua

[edit]

United States

[edit]

South America

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]

Brazil

[edit]

Chile

Leftists:

Fascists:

[edit]

Colombia

[edit]

Uruguay

[edit]

Venezuela

[edit]

See also


Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Urban guerrilla warfare" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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