Political alliance  

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-'''World communism''' (also '''international communism''' and '''global communism''') is a form of [[communism]] of international scope. The long-term goal of world communism is a worldwide [[communist society]] that is stateless (lacking any [[state (polity)|state]]), which may be achieved through an intermediate-term goal of either a [[voluntary association]] of [[sovereign state]]s (a global [[Political alliance|alliance]]) or a [[world government]] (a single worldwide state). A series of internationals have worked toward world communism and they have included the [[International Workingmen's Association|First International]], the [[Second International]], the Third International (the [[Communist International]] or Comintern), the [[Fourth International]], the [[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]], the [[World Socialist Movement]] and variant offshoots. These are a quite heterogeneous group despite their common ultimate goal of a stateless and global communist society.+A '''political alliance''', also referred to as a '''political coalition''', '''political bloc''', is an agreement for cooperation between different [[political party|political parties]] on common political agenda, often for purposes of contesting an [[election]] to mutually benefit by collectively clearing [[election threshold]]s, or otherwise benefiting from characteristics of the [[voting system]] or for [[government]] formation after [[election]]s.
-During the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] era, the idea of [[Socialism in One Country|socialism in one country]], which many international communists considered unworkable, became part of the [[ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] as [[Joseph Stalin]] and his supporters concluded that it was naive to think that [[world revolution]] was imminent. This caused great disillusionment among many communists worldwide, who agreed with [[Karl Marx]] and [[Vladimir Lenin]] that international scope was vital to communist success. Other currents of [[national communism]], especially after [[World War II]], tempered the prewar popularity of international communism. +A [[coalition government]] is formed when a political alliance comes to power, or when only a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] (not a [[majority]]) has not been reached and several parties must work together to govern. One of the peculiarities of such a method of governance results in [[Minister of State without Portfolio]].
-The end of the [[Cold War]], which brought the [[revolutions of 1989]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], is often called the fall of communism and a broad consensus since then is that any advent of international communism is not likely. Nevertheless, some international communists remain among some factions of [[Maoism|Maoists]], [[left communism|left communists]], some [[Communism in Russia#Contemporary communist parties of the Russian Federation|present-day Russian communist]]s and others. +==List of active political alliances==
 +* [[Argentina]]: [[Cambiemos]]
 +* [[Australia]]: [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal/National Coalition]]
 +* [[Bulgaria]]: [[Coalition for Bulgaria]]
 +* [[Croatia]]: [[People's Coalition (Croatia)|People's Coalition]]
 +* [[Czech Republic]]: [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|ODS]] with support of [[Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic|Freeholders]], [[Populars and Mayors]]
 +* [[France]] : [[Left Front (France)|Left Front]]
 +* [[Germany]]: [[CDU/CSU|Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union]]
 +* [[Gibraltar]]: [[GSLP–Liberal Alliance]]
 +* [[Hong Kong]]: [[Pro-democracy camp in Hong Kong|Pan-democracy camp]]
 +* [[India]]: [[Left Front (disambiguation)|Left Front]], [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA)
 +* [[Politics of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]: [[Solidarity–People Before Profit]]
 +* [[Politics of Israel|Israel]]: [[Zionist Union]]
 +* [[Politics of Italy|Italy]]: [[Centre-left coalition]], [[Centre-right coalition]]
 +* [[Latvia]]: [[Union of Greens and Farmers]]
 +* [[Lebanon]]: [[March 14 Alliance]]
 +* [[Malaysia]]: [[Barisan Nasional]] (National Front)
 +* [[Philippines]]: [[:Category:Political party alliances in the Philippines|several]]
 +* [[Portugal]]: [[Unitary Democratic Coalition]]
 +* [[Spain]]: [[EH Bildu]]
 +* [[Sweden]]: [[Alliance (Sweden)|Alliance]]
 +* [[Taiwan|Republic of China/Taiwan]]: [[Pan-Blue Coalition]], [[Pan-Green Coalition]]
 +* [[United Kingdom]]: [[Labour and Co-operative]]
 +* [[Uruguay]]: [[Broad Front (Uruguay)|Broad Front]]
 +* [[Venezuela]]: [[Great Patriotic Pole]], [[Democratic Unity Roundtable]]
-== Early era (1830s–1930s) ==+==List of former political alliances==
-[[Marxist philosophy]] held that because capitalism had become global (and thus capitalists could be expected to cooperate internationally to maintain dominance in [[class conflict]]), the [[proletariat]] would need to cooperate internationally as well via [[proletarian internationalism]] to avoid continued subjugation via [[divide and rule]] (thus the rallying cry of "[[Workers of the world, unite!]]"). In this view, after a period of international socialism the terminal stage of development of the (future) [[history of communism]] would be world communism. Such theory may treat world communism as a peaceful and prosperous end result, something almost anyone could endorse, but it is the transition to world communism that is contentious. World communism is to be achieved by [[world revolution]], according to a theory that was popular in the period 1917 to around 1933 (at least). World communism is incompatible with the existence of [[nation state]]s because most communists believe that [[nation]]s should unite, whether in [[supranational union]]s of sovereign states or world government, until such time as either [[abolition of the state]] or [[withering away of the state]] would occur because [[governance]] would no longer require state [[institution]]s. In other words, the people of a communist society would be [[self-governance|self-governing]] via [[direct democracy]] so direct that the state would not even exist.+* [[Argentina]]: [[Alliance for Work, Justice and Education]], [[Broad Progressive Front (Argentina)|Broad Progressive Front]]
- +* [[Brazil]]: [[With the strength of the people]]
-[[File:National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg|thumb|left|Flag of the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] which depicts a [[hammer and sickle]] spanning the globe as [[Proletarian internationalism|proletarian internationalists]] believed that one focus of a [[communist revolution]] was to ensure [[World revolution|another successful revolution elsewhere]]<ref name=Oxford1>{{cite book|last=Leopold|first=David|editor1-last=Freeden|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Stears|editor2-first=Marc|editor3-last=Sargent|editor3-first=Lyman Tower|title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies|date=2015|pages=20-38|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198744337}}</ref>]]+* [[Chile]]: [[Alliance for Chile]], [[Concertación|Concert of Parties for Democracy]], [[Coalition for Change]], [[Juntos Podemos Más]]
-Abolition of the state is not in itself a distinctively [[Marxist doctrine]]. It was sometime it was happened by any of the country held by various [[socialist]] and [[anarchist]] thinkers of the nineteenth century as well as some present-day anarchists ([[Libertarianism|libertarians]] are [[anti-statism|anti-statist]] typically in a subtly different sense, in that they support [[small government]] although not absence of [[government]] or [[state (polity)|state]]). The crux here is a text of the [[Friedrich Engels]], from his ''[[Anti-Dühring]]''. It is often cited as "The state is not 'abolished,' it withers away". This is from the pioneer work of [[historical materialism]], a formulation of Marx's idea of a [[materialist conception of history]]. The withering away of the state is a graphic formulation, that has passed into cliché. The translation (Engels was writing in German) is also given as: "The state is not 'abolished'. It dies out".<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/ch24.htm], taken from the Emile Burns translation of the 1894 German third edition, Part III section 2. The passage was not in the first edition of 1878.</ref> Reference to the whole passage shows that this happens only after the proletariat has seized the [[means of production]]. The schematic is therefore revolution, transitional period, ultimate period. Although the ultimate period sounds like a [[utopia]], Marx and Engels did not consider themselves [[utopian socialism|utopian socialists]], but rather [[scientific socialism|scientific socialists]]. They considered violence necessary for resistance of [[wage slavery]].+* [[France]]: [[Liaison Committee for the Presidential Majority]]
- +* [[Germany]]: [[Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative|WASG]]–[[Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)|PDS]]
-Whereas for Engels the transitional period was reduced to a single act, for Lenin thirty to forty years later it had become extended and "obviously lengthy".<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch05.htm "The State and Revolution — Chapter 5"].</ref> In the same place, he argues strongly that Marx's conception of communist society is not utopian, but takes into account the heritage of what came before.+* [[India]]: [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]
- +* [[Israel]]: [[Alignment (Israel)|Alignment]], [[Gahal]], [[One Israel]], [[National Union (Israel)|National Union]], [[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]]
-This gives at least roughly the position on world communism as the Comintern was set up in 1919: world revolution is necessary for the setting up of world communism, but not as an immediate or clearly sufficient event.+* [[Italy]]: [[Pole for Freedoms]], [[House of Freedoms]], [[The Olive Tree (Italy)|The Olive Tree]], [[The Union (Italy)|The Union]]
- +* [[Latvia]]: [[Harmony Centre]]
-== Stalinist and Cold War era (1930s-1980s) ==+* [[Lebanon]]: [[March 8 Alliance]]
-During the Stalinist era, the idea of socialism in one country, which many internationalists considered unworkable, became part of the ideology of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] as Stalin and his supporters concluded that the transitional period would indeed be very long and complicated. Advocates of socialism in one country had not abandoned the goal of ultimate world communism, but they considered it naive to think world revolution was imminent. Thus the [[Soviet Union]] dissolved the Third International during World War II. However, Stalin did not intend to implement [[isolationism]] despite this one-country approach. Despite retaining the earlier [[Soviet phraseology|Bolshevik terminology]] equating [[imperialism]] with [[capitalism]] and thus decrying [[empire]], the Soviet Union instead pursued a ''de facto'' [[empire]] of [[satellite state]]s, similar in ways to the [[czarist]] [[Russian Empire]] although Soviet ideology could not admit that, to counter the influence of capitalist countries. It also supported [[revolutionary socialism]] around the world to continue to work toward world communism, however distant it might be. Thus it backed the [[26th of July Movement]] in the [[Cuban Revolution]], the [[North Vietnam]]ese in the [[Vietnam War]] and the [[MPLA]] in the [[Angolan Civil War]]. The [[domino theory]] of the Cold War was driven by this intent as [[anti-communism|anti-communists]] feared that isolationism by capitalist countries would lead to the collapse of their [[self-defense]].+* [[Malaysia]]: [[Barisan Alternatif]], [[Pakatan Rakyat]]
- +* [[Mexico]]: [[Broad Progressive Front]]
-== Post-Soviet era (1990s–present) ==+* [[Moldova]]: [[Alliance for Democracy and Reforms]], [[Alliance for European Integration]]
-The [[Chinese economic reform|reform and opening]] of [[China]] and the [[perestroika|restructuring]] and [[glasnost|openness]] of the Soviet Union, although they were quite different, both marked a change of direction away from the [[proselytism|proselytizing]] nature of international communism as Lenin and [[Leon Trotsky]] had known it. The end of the Cold War, which brought the revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, is often called the fall of communism and a broad consensus since then is that any advent of international communism is not likely. Nevertheless, some international communists remain among some factions of Maoists, left communists, some present-day Russian communists and others. The [[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]] is one type of present-day world communism.+* [[Montenegro]]: [[Coalition for a European Montenegro]], [[Together for Change]], [[Serb List (2006)|Serb List]]
 +* [[New Zealand]]: [[United-Reform Coalition]], [[Alliance (New Zealand political party)|Alliance]]
 +* [[Norway]]: [[Red-Green Coalition]]
 +* [[Poland]]: [[Solidarity Electoral Action]], [[Left and Democrats]], [[United Left (Poland)|United Left]]
 +* [[Portugal]]: [[Democratic Alliance (Portugal)|Democratic Alliance]]
 +* [[Romania]]: [[Social Democratic Pole of Romania|Social Democratic Pole]], [[Justice and Truth Alliance]], [[Social Liberal Union]]
 +* [[Russia]]: [[The Other Russia (coalition)|The Other Russia]]
 +* [[Serbia]]: [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]]
 +* [[Slovenia]]: [[Democratic Opposition of Slovenia]] (DEMOS)
 +* [[Spain]]: [[Convergence and Union]]
 +* [[Sweden]]: [[Red-Greens (Sweden)|Red-Greens]]
 +* [[Ukraine]]: [[Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc]], [[Dictatorship Resistance Committee]]
 +* [[United Kingdom]]: [[SDP–Liberal Alliance]]
 +==See also==
 +*[[Coalition government]]
 +*[[Electoral alliance]]
 +*[[Kartel (electoral alliance)]]
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A political alliance, also referred to as a political coalition, political bloc, is an agreement for cooperation between different political parties on common political agenda, often for purposes of contesting an election to mutually benefit by collectively clearing election thresholds, or otherwise benefiting from characteristics of the voting system or for government formation after elections.

A coalition government is formed when a political alliance comes to power, or when only a plurality (not a majority) has not been reached and several parties must work together to govern. One of the peculiarities of such a method of governance results in Minister of State without Portfolio.

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List of active political alliances

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List of former political alliances

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See also


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