Paracelsus
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| + | "Then began [for [[Paracelsus]] ] a period of wandering which really lasted for the last dozen years of his life. This time was mainly one of learning in many ways of many things. The ground he covered must have been immense, for he visited Colmar, Nurnberg, Appengall, Zurich, Augsburg, Middelheim, and travelled in Prussia, Austria, Hungary, Egypt, Turkey, Russia, Tartary, Italy, the Low Countries and Denmark. In Germany and Hungary he had a bad time, being driven to supply even the bare necessaries of life by odd--any--means, even to availing himself of the credulity of others--casting nativities, telling fortunes, prescribing remedies for animals of the farm such as cows and pigs, and recovering stolen property; such a life indeed as was the lot of a mediæval “[[tramp]].” --''[[Famous Impostors]]'' (1910) by Bram Stoker | ||
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| + | "The “[[stomach]]” of the [[brain]] lies outside it in the upper interior parts of the nose and it is through the latter that brain excrement is voided. It is from here, the brain's “stomach”, that [[Tartarus|Tartar]] causes insanity, mania and similar disorders, commonly attributed to blood changes." --[[Paracelsus]] cited in ''[[Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance]]'' (1958) by Walter Pagel | ||
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| + | "Hence the significant use to which Paracelsus puts the word [[Tartarus]]. Greek Mythology tells us of a place beneath [[Hades]] — at the uttermost ... Paracelsus goes on to describe the manifold stomachs belonging to all portions of the body, and to show how difficult it is for a person unversed in Occultism to follow his meaning, we may instance the manner in which the great teacher discourses on the " stomach " of the brain." --''[[The Occult Causes of Disease]]'' (1911) by Elise Wolfram | ||
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| - | :''[[occult fiction]], [[fantastique]]'' | ||
| - | '''''The Comte De Gabalis''''' is a text for [[Rosicrucian]]s and spiritual adepts. It is composed of five discourses given by a Count or [[spiritual master]] to the student or aspirant. It was [[anonymously published]] in 1670 under the title: "Comte De Gabalis." The meaning suggests the Count of the Cabala as the text is [[cabalistic]] in nature. The "Holy Cabala" is mentioned explicitly throughout. The first English translation was rendered in 1680. Only in later publishings did the name Abbé N. de [[Montfaucon de Villars]] become attached to this work as being its author. | ||
| - | Nevertheless, the importance of who the Comte actually is, is hinted at and among spiritual societies and groups, it is held to be ''[[The Polish Rider]]'' -- as he rode westward. At the beginning of the text is a painting by [[Rembrandt]] titled "The Polish Rider." This painting can be viewed at the [[Frick Collection]], New York City. | + | '''Paracelsus''' (c. 1493 – 1541) was a medieval [[physician]], [[botanist]], [[alchemy|alchemist]], [[astrologer]], and general [[occultist]] known for books such as ''[[Die grosse Wundartznei]]'' (1536) and ''[[A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders]]'' (1566). |
| - | Rosicrucian adepts and members of certain spiritual organizations, such as the "I AM" Activity or Saint Germain Foundation, believe that ''[[The Polish Rider]]'' is [[Sir Francis Bacon]]. Therefore, Francis Bacon at a later date; and just prior to 1670, would have given five discourses under another another pen name ''Comte De Gabalis.'' This personage, it is held, disappeared for a time before returning again before the public with a new and final name ''[[Sanctus Germanus]]'' which means "[[Holy Brother]]." Today, this name is widely known and recognized as being the Ascended Master Saint Germain. | + | Born Phillip von Hohenheim, he later took up the name Paracelsus, meaning "equal to or greater than [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Celsus]]", the Roman encyclopedist from the first century known for his tract on medicine. |
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| - | Highlights in this work include Prints by [[Rembrandt]], scroll of ''[[The Birth of Jesus]] as related in the [[Koran]],'' explanation of famous stories and histories such as ''[[Melusine]]'', so forth. In later editions, an extensive commentary by [[Lotus Dudley]] was included. | + | |
| - | The book begins with a quote by [[Tertullian]]: "When a thing is hidden away with so much pains, merely to reveal it is to destroy it." | + | Paracelsus rejected the idea that [[abnormal behaviors]] were caused by [[witch]]es, [[demon]]s, and [[spirit]]s and suggested that people's mind and behaviors were influenced by the movements of the [[moon and stars]]. |
| + | ==Biography== | ||
| - | The book consists of five Discourses that center on the topic: | + | Paracelsus was born and raised in the village of Maria [[Einsiedeln]] in [[Switzerland]]. His father, Wilhelm Bombast von [[Hohenheim]], was a Swabian chemist and physician; his mother was [[Switzerland|Swiss]]. As a youth he worked in nearby mines as an analyst. At the age of 16 he started studying medicine at the [[University of Basel]], later moving to Vienna. He gained his [[doctorate]] degree from the [[University of Ferrara]]. |
| - | :1. Nature of the Divine Principle in Man: The Student meets the Comte | + | |
| - | :2. Evolution of the Divine Principle in Man: The People of the Elements | + | |
| - | :3. Man's Place in Nature: The Oracles | + | |
| - | :4. Children of the Sun: Children of the Philosophers | + | |
| - | :5. The Life of the True Light is Radiation: Charity of the Philosophers | + | |
| - | [[Mary Baker Eddy]] is quoted in the commentary, later added by Lotus Dudley, stating, "Divorces should warn the age of some fundamental error in the marriage state (Comte De Gabalis, 1922 Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co. pg. 124)." This underscores the purpose of the text which is for a young man or woman to [[Sexual abstinence|refrain]] from all sensual contact with the opposite gender and employ that energy for a higher purpose and good. | + | His wanderings as an itinerant physician and sometime journeyman miner took him through [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Hungary]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]] and [[Russia]]. |
| - | [[Genesis 6:4]] There were giants in the Earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. This was the divine plan that heroic, "mighty men" would be born from the "sons of God", which are the "Children of the Elohim", partnered and mated with the "children of men" -- humans. The children of the Elohim are the mortal Beings of the Elements. | + | Paracelsus rejected [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] traditions, but kept much of the [[Hermeticism|Hermetic]], [[Neoplatonism|neoplatonic]], and [[Pythagoras|Pythagorean]] philosophies from [[Ficino]] and [[Pico della Mirandola]]; however, Hermetical science had so much [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] theory that his rejection of Gnosticism was practically meaningless. In particular, Paracelsus rejected the [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] theories of [[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa|Agrippa]] and [[Nicholas Flamel|Flamel]]; Paracelsus did not think of himself as a magician and scorned those who did, though he was a practicing [[astrologer]], as were most, if not all of the university-trained physicians working at this time in Europe. [[Astrology]] was a very important part of Paracelsus' medicine. In his ''Archidoxes of Magic'' Paracelsus devoted several sections to astrological talismans for curing disease, providing talismans for various maladies as well as talismans for each sign of the [[Zodiac]]. He also invented an alphabet called the [[Alphabet of the Magi]], for engraving angelic names upon [[talisman]]s. |
| - | [[Paracelsus]] discussed these very evolved beings as Gnomes, Nymphs, Sylphs and Salamanders. The females are called [[Gnomide]]s, [[Nymph]]s, [[Sylphid]]s and [[Salamander]]s or Salamandrines. They are in-between the [[Angelic]] and human kingdoms. In purity, they are higher than almost all humans except for Adepts, Philosophers and Sages -- because they do not have an Unfed Flame or Eternal Spirit. Thus, they are mortal. The original divine plan was for them to unite with humans, who, having an Unfed Flame, were able to transcend the human qualities and become Eternal and Immortal. Through this union, the Being of the Elements hoped to share in this Immortality and be given the same opportunity to Ascend to God, the Father-Mother of all. | + | Paracelsus pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in [[medicine]]. He used the name "zink" for the element [[zinc]] in about 1526, based on the sharp pointed appearance of its crystals after smelting and the old German word "zinke" for pointed. He used experimentation in learning about the [[human anatomy|human body]]. |
| - | + | ||
| - | [[Socrates]] himself through the hand of Plato, states that the "[[daimona]]s" were highly evolved. These are the elemental Spirit Beings. The Comte also quotes [[Saint Augustine]] who notes the many occurrences of such meetings of humans with so-called satyrs, fauns and the like. The Comte states that the Beings of the Elements were the givers of the Oracles and because of their powers, were looked at as gods. They were the gods of the ancient Greeks. In the Hebrew Bible, mention is made of the teraphim, and the Comte states that the Beings of the Elements spoke through these to enlighten their owners as well as through virgin maidens who became priestesses. They were the purveyor of Oracles to the masses and lived a life of purity to do so. Everyone or anyone who would wish to contact such a being is called to a life of purity, chastity and prayer. | + | |
| - | The Comte tells the student not to seek after human relationship and marriage, but to know that marriage with a Gnomide, Nymph, Sylphid or Salamander is a much higher calling. This is the calling of the true Sage or Philosopher. The Gnome or Gnomide is of the Earth Element. The Nymph is of the Water Element. The Sylph or Sylphid is of the Air Element, and the Salamander is of the Fire Element. The Fire Element being the highest and purest element, the Salamander people are noted for their great beauty. They also live longer than any other element because of this purity; up to 1200 years. In comparison, a Gnome, Nymph or Sylph may live three to five hundred years. But again, they are mortal so they would, at the end of their lifespan, die. | + | Paracelsus gained a reputation for being arrogant, and soon garnered the anger of other physicians in Europe. He held the chair of medicine at the [[University of Basel]] for less than a year; while there his colleagues became angered by allegations that he had publicly burned traditional medical books. He was forced from the city after having legal trouble over a physician's fee he sued to collect. |
| - | For a human who passes on after a life of 70 or so years, they will experience re-birth (the law of re-embodiment), and so will have another chance to obtain the goal of life; and if successful, will Ascend. The original divine plan, was for such a human to lead a Being of the Element to Eternal Life--where he or she would not die but become Immortal like their partner. | + | He then wandered [[Europe]], [[Africa]] and [[Asia Minor]], in the pursuit of hidden knowledge. He revised old manuscripts and wrote new ones, but had trouble finding publishers. In 1536, his ''[[Die grosse Wundartznei]]'' (The Great Surgery Book) was published and enabled him to regain fame. |
| + | Paracelsus' life is connected to the birth of Lutheranism, and his opinions on the nature of the universe are better understood within the context of the religious ideas circulating during his lifetime. | ||
| - | The Comte gives example after example of such unions, their children and the historical stories of those who have become Immortalized or assisted in the Immortalization of a Being of the Elements. Those who misunderstood, such as religious organizations, often condemned these relationships. Hence, the definitions of such beings as being [[incubi]] or [[succubi]], demons, devils, or animals; while their partners were often labeled as witches or sorcerers. (See Comte De Gabalis, 1914 or 1922 English edition, The Brothers: Macoy & Masonic Supply Co). | + | He died, aged 48, of natural causes and his remains were buried according to his wishes in the cemetery at the church of St Sebastian in Salzburg. His remains are now located in a tomb in the porch of the church. |
| - | + | ||
| - | Lord [[Francis Bacon]]'s (Shakespeare's) Plays abound in Elemental Beings: [[Puck]] and [[Ariel]]. [[Alexander Pope]] was influenced by the Comte De Gabalis in his Rosicrucian poem "[[Rape of the Lock]]." Sylphs have been the favorites of the bards. The "[[Mahabharata]]" is full of stories about Beings of the Elements and their heroic offspring with their human partners. Similar themes and references are found in [[Homer]]'s ''[[The Iliad]]'' and ''[[The Odyssey]]'' in which the Elemental Beings as noted by the Comte appear as gods and goddesses such as the mighty [[Zeus]], [[Hera]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Athena]], [[Apollo]], and [[Achilles]], son of a mortal man and the goddess Nymph [[Thetis]] (see ''The Iliad'' by [[Robert Fagles]], Penguin Classics, 1990). [[La Motte Fouque]] wrote about a beautiful water-nymph, "[[Undine]]," and [[Sir Walter Scott]] endowed the [[White Lady of Avenel]] with many of the attributes of the Nymphs. See [[Lord Lytton]]'s [[Zanoni]], [[James Barrie]]'s [[Tinker Bell]]; and the bowlers [[Rip Van Winkle]] encountered in the [[Catskill Mountains]]. The story of [[Melusina]] is based on the historical marriage of a gentleman and a water Nymph. [[Charles Mackay]], father of [[Marie Corelli]], wrote "[[Salamandrine]]," a poem about a great love between a human and a female Salamander. [[Cabalism]], in general, influenced many Mediaeval poems as well as the writings of [[Dante]]. | + | |
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| - | == Reference == | + | After his death, the movement of [[Paracelsianism]] was seized upon by many wishing to subvert the traditional [[Galen]]ic physics, and thus did his therapies become more widely known and used. |
| - | Comte De Gabalis, 1914 or 1922 English edition, The Brothers: Macoy & Masonic Supply Co). | + | His [[motto]] was "alterius non sit qui suus esse potest" which means "let no man that can belong to himself be of another" |
| + | ==Paracelsianism== | ||
| + | '''Paracelsianism''' was a medical movement based on the theories and therapies of [[Paracelsus]]. It was prominent in late-16th and 17th century [[Europe]] and represented one of the most comprehensive alternatives to the traditional system of [[therapeutics]] derived from [[Galen]]ic [[physiology]]. Based around the principle of maintaining harmony between the [[Macrocosm and microcosm|microcosm]], Man; and [[Macrocosm and microcosm|macrocosm]], Nature; Paracelsianism fell rapidly into decline in the later 17th century, but left its mark on medical practices; it was responsible for the widespread introduction of [[mineral therapies]] and several other formerly [[esoteric]] techniques. | ||
| - | == French description == | + | ==Works== |
| - | [[Nicolas de Montfaucon]] est surtout célèbre pour son ouvrage intitulé ''[[Le comte de Gabalis ou Entretiens sur les sciences occultes]]'' (1670) où il dévoile plaisamment les mystères de la [[Cabale]] et de la Société des [[Rose-Croix]]. L’ouvrage, qui révèle le savoir très limité de son auteur en matière d'occultisme, connut néanmoins un véritable succès de librairie par ses thèmes équivoques et libertins, comme son appel à un certain merveilleux. Il développe, à la suite de Psellus et Paracelse, une théorie sur les génie des quatre Éléments : | + | Published during his lifetime |
| - | :"L'air est plein d'une innombrable multitude de peuples [les Sylphes] de figure humaine, un peu fiers en apparence, mais dociles en effet : grands amateurs des sciences, subtils, officieux aux sages, et ennemis des sots et des ignorants. leurs femmes et leurs filles sont des beautés mâles, telles qu'on dépeint les Amazones... Sachez que les mers et les fleuves sont habités de même que l'air ; les anciens Sages ont nommé Ondins ou Nymphes cet espèce de peuple... La terre est remplie presque jusqu'au centre de Gnomes, gens de petite stature, gardiens des trésors, des minières et des pierreries... Quant aux Salamandres, habitants enflammés de la région du feu, ils servent aux philosophes" (p. 45-48). | + | * ''Die große Wundarzney'' Ulm, 1536 (Hans Varnier); Augsburg (Haynrich Stayner (=Steyner)), 1536; Frankfurt/ M. (Georg Raben/ Weygand Hanen), 1536. |
| + | * ''Vom Holz Guaico'', 1529. | ||
| + | * ''Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers in Oberschwytz gelegen, 1535. | ||
| + | * ''Prognostications'', 1536. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Posthumous Publications | ||
| + | * ''Wundt unnd Leibartznei''. Frankfurt/ M., 1549 ([[Christian Egenolff]]); 1555 (Christian Egenolff); 1561 (Chr. Egenolff Erben). | ||
| + | * ''Von der Wundartzney: Ph. Theophrasti von Hohenheim, beyder Artzney Doctoris, 4 Bücher''. (Peter Perna), 1577. | ||
| + | * ''Von den Krankheiten so die Vernunfft Berauben''. Basel, 1567. | ||
| + | * ''Kleine Wundartzney''. Basel (Peter Perna), 1579. | ||
| + | * ''Opus Chirurgicum, Bodenstein'', Basel, 1581. | ||
| + | * Huser quart edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), Basel, 1589. | ||
| + | * Chirurgical works (Huser), Basel, 1591 und 1605 (Zetzner). | ||
| + | * Straßburg edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), 1603. | ||
| + | * ''Kleine Wund-Artzney''. Straßburg (Ledertz) 1608. | ||
| + | * ''Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica'', Genevae, Vol3, 1658. | ||
| + | * ''Philosophia magna, tractus aliquot'', Cöln, 1567. | ||
| + | * ''Philosophiae et Medicinae utriusque compendium'', Basel, 1568. | ||
| + | * ''Liber de Nymphis, sylphis, pygmaeis et salamandris et de caeteris spiritibus'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[Medieval medicine of Western Europe]] | ||
| + | *[[Renaissance magic]] | ||
| + | *[[Paracelsus, one of the many seventeenth century anonymous copies after a lost original by Quentin Massys]] | ||
| + | *[[Paracelsus by A. Hirschvogel]] (1538) | ||
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"Then began [for Paracelsus ] a period of wandering which really lasted for the last dozen years of his life. This time was mainly one of learning in many ways of many things. The ground he covered must have been immense, for he visited Colmar, Nurnberg, Appengall, Zurich, Augsburg, Middelheim, and travelled in Prussia, Austria, Hungary, Egypt, Turkey, Russia, Tartary, Italy, the Low Countries and Denmark. In Germany and Hungary he had a bad time, being driven to supply even the bare necessaries of life by odd--any--means, even to availing himself of the credulity of others--casting nativities, telling fortunes, prescribing remedies for animals of the farm such as cows and pigs, and recovering stolen property; such a life indeed as was the lot of a mediæval “tramp.” --Famous Impostors (1910) by Bram Stoker "The “stomach” of the brain lies outside it in the upper interior parts of the nose and it is through the latter that brain excrement is voided. It is from here, the brain's “stomach”, that Tartar causes insanity, mania and similar disorders, commonly attributed to blood changes." --Paracelsus cited in Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance (1958) by Walter Pagel "Hence the significant use to which Paracelsus puts the word Tartarus. Greek Mythology tells us of a place beneath Hades — at the uttermost ... Paracelsus goes on to describe the manifold stomachs belonging to all portions of the body, and to show how difficult it is for a person unversed in Occultism to follow his meaning, we may instance the manner in which the great teacher discourses on the " stomach " of the brain." --The Occult Causes of Disease (1911) by Elise Wolfram |
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Paracelsus (c. 1493 – 1541) was a medieval physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist known for books such as Die grosse Wundartznei (1536) and A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders (1566).
Born Phillip von Hohenheim, he later took up the name Paracelsus, meaning "equal to or greater than Celsus", the Roman encyclopedist from the first century known for his tract on medicine.
Paracelsus rejected the idea that abnormal behaviors were caused by witches, demons, and spirits and suggested that people's mind and behaviors were influenced by the movements of the moon and stars.
Contents |
Biography
Paracelsus was born and raised in the village of Maria Einsiedeln in Switzerland. His father, Wilhelm Bombast von Hohenheim, was a Swabian chemist and physician; his mother was Swiss. As a youth he worked in nearby mines as an analyst. At the age of 16 he started studying medicine at the University of Basel, later moving to Vienna. He gained his doctorate degree from the University of Ferrara.
His wanderings as an itinerant physician and sometime journeyman miner took him through Germany, France, Spain, Hungary, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Russia.
Paracelsus rejected Gnostic traditions, but kept much of the Hermetic, neoplatonic, and Pythagorean philosophies from Ficino and Pico della Mirandola; however, Hermetical science had so much Aristotelian theory that his rejection of Gnosticism was practically meaningless. In particular, Paracelsus rejected the magic theories of Agrippa and Flamel; Paracelsus did not think of himself as a magician and scorned those who did, though he was a practicing astrologer, as were most, if not all of the university-trained physicians working at this time in Europe. Astrology was a very important part of Paracelsus' medicine. In his Archidoxes of Magic Paracelsus devoted several sections to astrological talismans for curing disease, providing talismans for various maladies as well as talismans for each sign of the Zodiac. He also invented an alphabet called the Alphabet of the Magi, for engraving angelic names upon talismans.
Paracelsus pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. He used the name "zink" for the element zinc in about 1526, based on the sharp pointed appearance of its crystals after smelting and the old German word "zinke" for pointed. He used experimentation in learning about the human body.
Paracelsus gained a reputation for being arrogant, and soon garnered the anger of other physicians in Europe. He held the chair of medicine at the University of Basel for less than a year; while there his colleagues became angered by allegations that he had publicly burned traditional medical books. He was forced from the city after having legal trouble over a physician's fee he sued to collect.
He then wandered Europe, Africa and Asia Minor, in the pursuit of hidden knowledge. He revised old manuscripts and wrote new ones, but had trouble finding publishers. In 1536, his Die grosse Wundartznei (The Great Surgery Book) was published and enabled him to regain fame. Paracelsus' life is connected to the birth of Lutheranism, and his opinions on the nature of the universe are better understood within the context of the religious ideas circulating during his lifetime.
He died, aged 48, of natural causes and his remains were buried according to his wishes in the cemetery at the church of St Sebastian in Salzburg. His remains are now located in a tomb in the porch of the church.
After his death, the movement of Paracelsianism was seized upon by many wishing to subvert the traditional Galenic physics, and thus did his therapies become more widely known and used.
His motto was "alterius non sit qui suus esse potest" which means "let no man that can belong to himself be of another"
Paracelsianism
Paracelsianism was a medical movement based on the theories and therapies of Paracelsus. It was prominent in late-16th and 17th century Europe and represented one of the most comprehensive alternatives to the traditional system of therapeutics derived from Galenic physiology. Based around the principle of maintaining harmony between the microcosm, Man; and macrocosm, Nature; Paracelsianism fell rapidly into decline in the later 17th century, but left its mark on medical practices; it was responsible for the widespread introduction of mineral therapies and several other formerly esoteric techniques.
Works
Published during his lifetime
- Die große Wundarzney Ulm, 1536 (Hans Varnier); Augsburg (Haynrich Stayner (=Steyner)), 1536; Frankfurt/ M. (Georg Raben/ Weygand Hanen), 1536.
- Vom Holz Guaico, 1529.
- Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers in Oberschwytz gelegen, 1535.
- Prognostications, 1536.
Posthumous Publications
- Wundt unnd Leibartznei. Frankfurt/ M., 1549 (Christian Egenolff); 1555 (Christian Egenolff); 1561 (Chr. Egenolff Erben).
- Von der Wundartzney: Ph. Theophrasti von Hohenheim, beyder Artzney Doctoris, 4 Bücher. (Peter Perna), 1577.
- Von den Krankheiten so die Vernunfft Berauben. Basel, 1567.
- Kleine Wundartzney. Basel (Peter Perna), 1579.
- Opus Chirurgicum, Bodenstein, Basel, 1581.
- Huser quart edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), Basel, 1589.
- Chirurgical works (Huser), Basel, 1591 und 1605 (Zetzner).
- Straßburg edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), 1603.
- Kleine Wund-Artzney. Straßburg (Ledertz) 1608.
- Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica, Genevae, Vol3, 1658.
- Philosophia magna, tractus aliquot, Cöln, 1567.
- Philosophiae et Medicinae utriusque compendium, Basel, 1568.
- Liber de Nymphis, sylphis, pygmaeis et salamandris et de caeteris spiritibus
See also
- Medieval medicine of Western Europe
- Renaissance magic
- Paracelsus, one of the many seventeenth century anonymous copies after a lost original by Quentin Massys
- Paracelsus by A. Hirschvogel (1538)
