Documentary film  

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An incredibly broad category of cinematic expression, traditionally, the only common characteristic to all documentary films is that they are meant to be non-fiction films. The French used the term to refer to any non-fiction film, including travelogues and instructional videos. The earliest "moving pictures" were by definition documentary. They were single shots, moments captured on film, whether of a train entering a station, a boat docking, or a factory of people getting off work. Early film (pre-1900) was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. These short films were called "actualities." Very little storytelling took place before the turn of the century, due mostly to technological limitations: cameras could hold only very small amounts of film; many of the first films are a minute or less in length.

Newsreel

The newsreel tradition is an important tradition in documentary film; newsreels were also sometimes staged but were usually reenactments of events that had already happened, not attempts to steer events as they were in the process of happening. For instance, much of the battle footage from the early 20th century was staged -- the cameramen would usually arrive on site after a major battle and reenact scenes to film them. Dziga Vertov was involved with the Russian Kino-Pravda newsreel series ("Kino-Pravda" means literally, "film-truth," a term that was later translated literally into the French cinema verite). Frank Capra's Why We Fight series was a newsreel series in the United States, commissioned by the government to convince the U.S. public that it was time to go to war.

Avant-garde documentary

The continental, or realist, tradition focused on man within man-made environments, and included the so-called "city symphony" films such as Berlin, Symphony of a City, Rien Que Les Heurs, and Man with the Movie Camera. These films tended to feature people as products of their environment, and leaned towards the impersonal or avant-garde.

Propaganda

The propagandist tradition consisted of films made with the explicit purpose of persuading an audience of a point. One of the most notorious propaganda films is Triumph of the Will. Frank Capra's Why We Fight newsreel series was explicitly contracted as a propaganda series, in response to Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will; the series covered different aspects of World War II and had the daunting task of persuading the United States public to go to war. The series has been selected for preservation in the United States' National Film Registry.

First Principles of Documentary

In the 1930s, documentarian and film critic John Grierson argued in his essay First Principles of Documentary that Robert Flaherty's film Moana had "documentary value," and put forward a number of principles of documentary. These principles were that cinema's potential for observing life could be exploited in a new art form; that the "original" actor and "original" scene are better guides than their fiction counterparts to interpreting the modern world; and that materials "thus taken from the raw" can be more real than the acted article. In this regard, Grierson's views align with Dziga Vertov's contempt for dramatic fiction as "bourgeois excess," though with considerably more subtlety. Grierson's definition of documentary as "creative treatment of actuality" has gained some acceptance, though it presents philosophical questions about documentaries containing stagings and reenactments.

Cinema vérité

In his essays, Vertov argued for presenting "life as it is" (that is, life filmed surreptitiously) and "life caught unawares" (life provoked or surprised by the camera). Cinema vérité borrows from both Italian neorealism's penchant for shooting non-actors on location, and the French New Wave's use of largely unscripted action and improvised dialogue; the filmmakers took advantage of advances in technology allowing smaller, handheld cameras and synchronized sound to film events on location as they unfold. The films Harlan County, U.S.A. (directed by Barbara Kopple), Don't Look Back (D. A. Pennebaker), Lonely Boy (Wolf Koenig and Roman Kroitor) and Chronicle of a Summer (Jean Rouch) are all considered cinema verite. The genre has different names in different countries; "cinema verite" is perhaps the most common now, but in the United Kingdom the same movement was called "free cinema" and in the United States, "direct cinema." The directors of the movement also take different viewpoints on their degree of involvement, Kopple and Pennebaker, for instance, choosing non-involvement, and Rouch, Koenig, and Kroitor favoring direct involvement or even provocation when they deem it necessary.

Compilations

Another recent development in the field of documentary is the creation of compilation films: for instance, The Atomic Cafe is made entirely out of found footage which various agencies of the U.S. government made about the safety of nuclear radiation (e.g., telling troops at one point that it's safe to be irradiated as long as they keep their eyes and mouths shut). Meanwhile The Last Cigarette combines the testimony of various tobacco company executives before the U.S. Congress with archival propaganda extolling the virtues of smoking.

Reality television

Modern documentaries have a substantial overlap with other forms of television, with the development of so-called reality television that occasionally verges on the documentary but more often veers to the fictional.

List of documentary films

• 14 Up in America (1998, Phil Joanou)
• 14 Up Born in the USSR (1998, Sergei Miroshnichenko)
• 7 Up in South Africa (1992, Angus Gibson)
• 21 Up (1977, Michael Apted)
• 28 Up (1985, Michael Apted)
• 35 Up (1991, Michael Apted)
• 42 Up (1998, Michael Apted)
• Age 7 in America (1991, Phil Joanou)
• Age 7 in the USSR (1990, Sergei Miroshnichenko)
• American Movie (1999, Chris Smith)
• Bowling for Columbine (2002, Michael Moore)
• A Brief History of Time (1991, Errol Morris)
• Chang (1927) Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack
• The Corporation (2003, Jennifer Abbott and Mark Achbar)
• Cosmos: A Personal Voyage (1980, Carl Sagan)
• Crumb (1994, Terry Zwigoff)
• A Diary for Timothy (1945), (Humphrey Jennings)
• Dot com
• Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004, Michael Moore)
• Fast, Cheap and Out of Control (Errol Morris)
• Fires Were Started (1943), (Humphrey Jennings)
• The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara (2003, Errol Morris)
• Heart of Darkness
• Kon-Tiki (1950, Thor Heyerdahl)
• The Living Desert (1953), (James Algar) (a Disney "True-Life Adventure")
• Louisiana Story (1948), (Robert J. Flaherty)
• Life in the Freezer (David Attenborough)
• Le Monde du Silence (The Silent World) (1956, Jacques-Yves Cousteau)
• Le Peuple Migrateur (Winged Migration) (2001, Jacques Cluzaud and Michel Debats)
• Listen to Britain (1941), (Humphrey Jennings)
• London Can Take It (1940), (Harry Watt)
• Lost in La Mancha (2001)
• Man of Aran
• Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media (1992, Mark Achbar and Peter Wintonick)
• March of the Penguins (2005, Luc Jacquet)
• Nanook of the North (1922, Robert J. Flaherty)
• Nicaragua Was Our Home (1986, Lee Shapiro)
• Night Mail (1936), (Basil Wright, Harry Watt)
• Olympia (1936), (Leni Riefenstahl)
• The Plow that Broke the Plains (1936, Pare Lorentz)
• The River (1938), Pare Lorentz
• Roger & Me (1989, Michael Moore)
• Salesmen
• Scared Straight!, (1978, Arnold Shapiro)
• Seven Plus Seven, (1970, Michael Apted)
• Seven Up! (1964, Michael Apted)
• Shoah
• Sieg im Westen (1941), (Svend Noldan)
• Spellbound, 2002
• Standing in the Shadows of Motown, 2002
• Super Size Me (2004, Morgan Spurlock)
• Target for Tonight (1941), (Harry Watt)
• Touching the Void (2003, Kevin Macdonald)
• Trembling Before G-d
• Triumph of the Will (1934), (Leni Riefenstahl)
• When We Were Kings (1996, Leon Gast)
• Woodstock, (1970), Michael Wadleigh

See also

• Docu-drama
• List of documentaries
• Mockumentary
• Mondo film
• Political cinema
• Reality film