Concentration of media ownership  

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-:''[[Media cross-ownership in the United States]]+'''Concentration of media ownership''' (also known as '''media consolidation''' or Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already [[Market concentration|highly concentrated]] and [[oligopoly|dominated by a very small number of firms]].
-'''Concentration of media ownership''' (also known as '''media consolidation''') is a commonly used term that refers to the majority of the media outlets being owned by a small number of [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]s and [[corporation]]s — especially by those who view such consolidation as detrimental, dangerous, or otherwise problematic — to characterize ownership structure of [[mass media]] industries. Media ownership may refer to states of [[oligopoly]] or [[monopoly]] in a given media industry, or to the importance of a low number of [[media conglomerate]]s. Large media conglomerates include [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[National Amusements]], [[Viacom]], [[CBS Corporation]], [[Time Warner]], [[News Corp]], [[Bertelsmann AG]], [[Sony]], [[General Electric]], [[Vivendi SA]], [[Hearst Corporation]], and [[Lagardère Group]].+
-For example, movie production is known to be dominated by major studios since the early 20th Century; before that, there was a period in which [[Motion Picture Patents Company|Edison's Trust]] monopolized the industry. The music and television industries recently witnessed cases of media consolidation, with [[Sony Music Entertainment]]'s parent company merging their music division with Bertelsmann AG's [[BMG]] to form [[Sony BMG]] and TimeWarner's [[The WB]] and CBS Corp.'s [[UPN]] merging to form [[The CW]]. In the case of Sony BMG, there existed a "[[Big Five]]" (now "[[Big Four]]") of major [[record company|record companies]], while The CW's creation was an attempt to consolidate ratings and stand up to the "[[Big Four]]" of [[United States|American]] [[network television|network (terrestrial) television]].+Globally, large media conglomerates include [[Bertelsmann]], [[National Amusements]] ([[ViacomCBS]]), [[Sony|Sony Corporation]], [[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]], [[Comcast]], [[The Walt Disney Company]], [[AT&T|AT&T Inc.]], [[Fox Corporation]], [[Hearst Communications]], [[MGM Holdings|MGM Holdings Inc.]], [[Grupo Globo]] (South America) and [[Lagardère Group]].
-There may also be some large-scale owners in an industry that are not the causes of monopoly or oligopoly. [[Clear Channel Communications]], especially since the [[Telecommunications Act of 1996]], acquired many [[radio station]]s across the United States, and came to own more than 1,200 stations. However, the radio broadcasting industry in the United States and elsewhere can be regarded as oligopolistic regardless of the existence of such a player. Because radio stations are local in reach, each licensed a specific part of airwave by the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] in a specific local area, any local market is served by a limited number of stations. In most countries, this system of licensing makes many [[markets]] local oligopolies. The similar market structure exists for [[television]] broadcasting, cable systems and [[newspaper]] industries, all of which are characterized by the existence of large-scale owners. Concentration of ownership is often found in these industries.+As of 2020, the largest media conglomerates in terms of revenue rank Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, AT&T and ViacomCBS per Forbes.
 + 
 +In nations described as authoritarian by most international think-tanks and NGOs, media ownership is generally something very close to the [[state monopoly|complete state control]] over information in direct or indirect ways.
 +==See also==
 +* [[Agenda-setting theory]]
 +* [[Alternative media]]
 +* [[Big Three television networks]]
 +* [[Corporate media]]
 +* [[Deregulation]]
 +* [[Freedom of speech]]
 +* [[Freedom of the press]]
 +* [[Gleichschaltung]]
 +* [[Lists of corporate assets]]
 +* [[Local News Service]]
 +* [[Mainstream]]
 +* [[Mainstream media]]
 +* [[Media bias]]
 +* [[Media conglomerate]]
 +* [[Media cross-ownership in the United States]]
 +* [[Media democracy]]
 +* [[Media imperialism]]
 +* [[Media manipulation]]
 +* [[Media proprietor]]
 +* [[Media transparency]]
 +* [[Monopolies of knowledge]]
 +* [[Network neutrality]]
 +* [[Old media]]
 +* [[Partido da Imprensa Golpista]]
 +* [[Politico-media complex]]
 +* [[Prometheus Radio Project]]
 +* [[Propaganda model]]
 +* [[Retail concentration]]
 +* [[State controlled media]]
 +* [[Telecommunications Act of 1996]]
 +* [[Western media]]
 +* [[Transparency of media ownership in Europe]]
 + 
 +==Film==
 +* ''[[Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media]] (1992)
 +* ''[[Orwell Rolls in His Grave]]'' (2004) documentary available on DVD considers media concentration in the U.S.
 +* ''[[Beyond Citizen Kane]]'' by [[Simon Hartog]] (1993); about [[Roberto Marinho]]'s [[Rede Globo|Globo Group]] in Brazil
 +* ''[[Broadcast Blues (documentary)|Broadcast Blues]]'' (2009) Award-winning documentary by former Emmy Winning Radio and TV producer Sue Wilson available on DVD <http://www.SueWilsonReports.com> shows how poor U.S. media policy created media consolidation and teaches people how to force broadcasters to serve the public interest.
-In the [[United States]], data on ownership and market share of media companies is not held in the public domain. Academics, for example at [[MIT Media Lab]] and [[NYU]], have struggled to find data that show reliably the concentration of media ownership. 
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Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms.

Globally, large media conglomerates include Bertelsmann, National Amusements (ViacomCBS), Sony Corporation, News Corp, Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, AT&T Inc., Fox Corporation, Hearst Communications, MGM Holdings Inc., Grupo Globo (South America) and Lagardère Group.

As of 2020, the largest media conglomerates in terms of revenue rank Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, AT&T and ViacomCBS per Forbes.

In nations described as authoritarian by most international think-tanks and NGOs, media ownership is generally something very close to the complete state control over information in direct or indirect ways.

See also

Film


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