European colonization of the Americas

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The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by most of the naval powers of Western Europe. thumb|Political map of the Americas in 1794 thumb|Spanish conquistador style armour [[File:Benton American Discovery Viewed by Native Americans.jpg|thumb|American Discovery Viewed by Native Americans (Thomas Hart Benton, 1922). European "discovery" and colonization would have disastrous effects on the indigenous peoples of the Americas and their societies.]] Systematic European colonization began in 1492, when a Spanish expedition headed by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the "New World". He ran aground on 5 December 1492 on the northern part of Hispaniola, which the Taino people had inhabited since the 9th century; the site became the first permanent European settlement in the Americas. Western European conquest, large-scale exploration and colonization soon followed. Columbus's first two voyages (1492–93) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands, including Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. In 1497, Italian explorer John Cabot, on behalf of England, landed on the North American coast, and a year later, Columbus's third voyage reached the South American coast. As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus's voyages, Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas, from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America.

The Spaniards began building their empire of the Americas in the Caribbean, using islands such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola as bases. The North and South American mainland fell to the conquistadors precipitating an estimated 8,000,000 deaths of indigenous populations primarily through the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases.

Some authors have argued this demographic collapse to be the first large-scale act of genocide in the modern era. Florida fell to Juan Ponce de León after 1513. From 1519 to 1521, Hernán Cortés waged a campaign against the Aztec Empire, ruled by Moctezuma II. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, became Mexico City, the chief city of what the Spanish were now calling "New Spain". More than 240,000 Aztecs died during the siege of Tenochtitlan. Of these, 100,000 died in combat.

Between 500 and 1,000 of the Spaniards engaged in the conquest died. Later, the areas that are today California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Missouri, Louisiana, and Alabama were taken over by other conquistadors, such as Hernando de Soto, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. Farther to the south, Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire during the 1530s. The de Soto expedition was the first major encounter of Europeans with North American Indians in the eastern half of the United States. The expedition journeyed from Florida through present-day Georgia and the Carolinas, then west across the Mississippi and into Texas. De Soto fought his biggest battle at the walled town of Mabila in present-day Alabama on October 18, 1540. Spanish losses were 22 killed and 148 wounded. The Spaniards claimed that 2,500 Indians died. If true, Mabila was the bloodiest battle ever fought between Native Americans and Europeans in the present-day United States.

The centuries of continuous conflicts between the North American Indians and the Anglo-Americans were secondary to the devastation wrought on the densely populated Meso-American, Andean, and Caribbean heartlands.

The British colonization of the Americas started with the unsuccessful settlement attempts in Roanoke and Newfoundland. The English eventually went on to control much of Eastern North America, the Caribbean, and parts of South America. The British also gained Florida and Quebec in the French and Indian War.

Other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas: in eastern North America, a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America. Portugal colonized Brazil, tried colonizing the eastern coasts of present-day Canada and settled for extended periods northwest (on the east bank) of the River Plate. The Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries. Europe had been preoccupied with internal wars and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the Black Death; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century.

Eventually, most of the Western Hemisphere came under the control of Western European governments, leading to changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In the 19th century over 50 million people left Western Europe for the Americas. The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange, a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), ideas, and communicable disease between the North and South American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus's voyages to the Americas.

Henry F. Dobyns estimates that immediately before European colonization of the Americas there were between 90 and 112 million people in the Americas; a larger population than Europe at the same time.

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-The start of the '''European colonization of the Americas''' is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one earlier colonization effort. The first known [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]] to reach the [[Americas]] are believed to have been the [[Viking]]s ("[[Norse]]") during the 11th century, who established [[Norse colonization of the Americas|several colonies]] in [[Greenland]] and one short-lived settlement at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in the area the Norse called [[Vinland]], present day [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. Settlements in [[History of Greenland|Greenland]] survived for several centuries, during which time the Greenland Norse and the [[Inuit]] people experienced mostly hostile contact. By the end of the 15th century, the Norse Greenland settlements had collapsed.
+The '''European colonization of the Americas''' describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by most of the naval powers of [[Western Europe]].
+[[File:America 1794.png|thumb|Political map of the Americas in 1794]]
+[[File:Spanish conquistador style armour 05.jpg|thumb|Spanish conquistador style armour]]
+[[File:Benton American Discovery Viewed by Native Americans.jpg|thumb|''American Discovery Viewed by Native Americans'' ([[Thomas Hart Benton (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton]], 1922). European "discovery" and colonization would have disastrous effects on the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] and their societies.]]
+Systematic European colonization began in 1492, when a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Columbus's first voyage|expedition]] headed by the [[Italians|Italian]]<!-- As discussed repeatedly on the CC Talk page, Italian is not a modern word. Italy did exist in name, and the words "Italy" and "Italians" were commonly used at the time. See Name of Italy for more etymology --> explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] sailed west to find a new trade route to the [[Far East]] but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the "[[New World]]". He ran aground on 5 December 1492 on the northern part of [[Hispaniola]], which the [[Taíno|Taino people]] had inhabited since the 9th century; the site became the first permanent European settlement in the Americas. Western European conquest, large-scale exploration and colonization soon followed. Columbus's first two voyages (1492–93) reached the [[Bahamas]] and various [[Caribbean islands]], including Hispaniola, [[Puerto Rico]], and [[Cuba]]. In 1497, Italian explorer [[John Cabot]], on behalf of [[Kingdom of England|England]], landed on the North American coast, and a year later, Columbus's [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus#Third voyage|third voyage]] reached the South American coast. As the sponsor of [[Christopher Columbus's voyages]], [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas, from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America.
+The [[Spain|Spaniards]] began building [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|their empire of the Americas]] in the [[Caribbean]], using islands such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola as bases. The North and South American mainland fell to the [[conquistador]]s precipitating an estimated 8,000,000 deaths of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous populations]] primarily through the spread of [[Old World|Afro-Eurasian]] [[Infection|diseases]].
+Some authors have argued this [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|demographic collapse]] to be the first large-scale act of [[Genocide of indigenous peoples|genocide]] [[Genocides in history#1490 to 1914|in the modern era]]. [[Florida]] fell to [[Juan Ponce de León]] after 1513. From 1519 to 1521, [[Hernán Cortés]] waged a [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|campaign]] against the [[Aztec Empire]], ruled by [[Moctezuma II]]. The Aztec capital, [[Tenochtitlan]], became [[Mexico City]], the chief city of what the Spanish were now calling "[[New Spain]]". More than 240,000 [[Aztecs]] died during the [[Fall of Tenochtitlan|siege of Tenochtitlan]]. Of these, 100,000 died in combat.
+Between 500 and 1,000 of the Spaniards engaged in the conquest died. Later, the areas that are today [[California]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Colorado]], [[Texas]], [[Missouri]], [[Louisiana]], and [[Alabama]] were taken over by other conquistadors, such as [[Hernando de Soto]], [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]], and [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]]. Farther to the south, [[Francisco Pizarro]] [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|conquered]] the [[Inca Empire]] during the 1530s. The de Soto expedition was the first major encounter of Europeans with North American Indians in the eastern half of the United States. The expedition journeyed from Florida through present-day [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[the Carolinas]], then west across the Mississippi and into Texas. De Soto fought his [[Mabila|biggest battle]] at the walled town of Mabila in present-day Alabama on October 18, 1540. Spanish losses were 22 killed and 148 wounded. The Spaniards claimed that 2,500 Indians died. If true, Mabila was the bloodiest battle ever fought between Native Americans and Europeans in the present-day United States.
+The centuries of [[American Indian Wars|continuous conflicts]] between the North American Indians and the Anglo-Americans were secondary to the devastation wrought on the densely populated Meso-American, Andean, and Caribbean heartlands.
+The [[British colonization of the Americas]] started with the unsuccessful settlement attempts in [[Roanoke Colony|Roanoke]] and [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]. The English eventually went on to control much of [[British America|Eastern North America]], the Caribbean, and parts of South America. The British also gained Florida and Quebec in the [[French and Indian War]].
+Other powers such as [[French colonization of the Americas|France]] also founded colonies in the Americas: in eastern North America, a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America. [[Portugal]] [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|colonized]] [[History of Brazil|Brazil]], tried colonizing the [[Atlantic Canada|eastern coasts]] of present-day [[Canada]] and settled for extended periods northwest (on the east bank) of the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]]. The [[Age of Exploration]] was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries. Europe had been [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|preoccupied with internal wars]] and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the [[Black Death]]; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century.
+Eventually, most of the [[Western Hemisphere]] came under the control of Western European governments, leading to changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In the 19th century over 50 million people left Western Europe for the Americas. The post-1492 era is known as the period of the [[Columbian Exchange]], a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]]), ideas, and [[Native American disease and epidemics|communicable disease]] between the North and South American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus's voyages to the Americas.
+Henry F. Dobyns estimates that immediately before European colonization of the Americas [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|there were]] between 90 and 112 million people in the Americas; a larger population than Europe at the same time.
-In 1492, a [[Spain|Spanish]] expedition headed by [[Christopher Columbus]] reached the Americas, after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded, first through much of the [[Caribbean Sea]] region (including the islands of [[Hispaniola]], [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Cuba]]) and, early in the 16th century, parts of the mainlands of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]. Eventually, the entire [[Western Hemisphere]] would come under the domination of European nations, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population, and plant and animal life. In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left [[Europe]] for the Americas. The post-1492 era is known as the period of the [[Columbian Exchange]].
 ==See also==
 * [[Martín de Argüelles]]
 * [[Atlantic world]]
 * [[Norse colonization of the Americas]]
 * [[Francisco Pizarro]]
-* [[Population history of American indigenous peoples]]
+* [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
 * [[Portuguese Empire]]
 * [[Romanus Pontifex]] and [[Inter caetera]]

European colonization of the Americas

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Revision as of 19:09, 20 April 2020

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