Cocaine
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| + | Way in my brain, no cocaine I don't wanna, I don't wanna go insane. --"[[Under Mi Sleng Teng]]" (1995) - Wayne Smith | ||
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| + | "[[Robert Louis Stevenson]] was another great discovery for me - the notion that the story of ''[[Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde|Jekyll and Hyde]]'' had emerged from a cocaine binge makes so much sense of the story itself, as well as serving as a great example of the subtle ways in which an illicit drug like cocaine has found its way into mainstream culture." -- [[Sadie Plant]] [http://www.absolutewrite.com/novels/sadie_plant.htm] | ||
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| + | "The basic tenet proposed by [[Jürgen vom Scheidt|J. V. Scheidt]] states that the narcotic drug, cocaine played a role in the development of psychoanalysis which has been underestimated up to the present day."[http://cocaine.org/history/sigmundfreud.html] See [[Freud and cocaine]]. | ||
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| + | [[Image:Napoleon III nose caricatures from Schneegans History of Grotesque Satire.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cocaine is generally insufflated through the nose. | ||
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| + | Illustration: [[Napoleon III]] nose caricatures from Schneegans's ''[[History of Grotesque Satire]]'' ]] | ||
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| - | :''[[drugs in literature]], [[Cocaina]], [[Popularization and suppression of cocaine]]'' | + | '''Cocaine''' is a [[stimulant]] [[narcotic]] in the form of a white [[powder]] that users generally self-administer by [[insufflation]] through the [[nose]]. |
| - | # A [[stimulant]] [[narcotic]] in the form of a white [[powder]] that users generally self-administer by [[insufflation]] through the nose. | + | It is obtained from the leaves of the [[South America]]n [[coca]] plant. It is a [[stimulant]] of the [[central nervous system]] and an [[appetite suppressant]], giving rise to what has been described as a [[euphoric]] sense of [[happiness]] and increased [[energy]]. It is most often used [[recreation]]ally for this effect. Nonetheless, cocaine is formally used in medicine as a [[topical]] [[anesthesia|anesthetic]], specifically in [[eye surgery|eye]], nose and throat [[surgery]]. |
| - | # Any derivative of [[cocaine]]. | + | |
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| - | '''Cocaine''' is obtained from the leaves of the [[South America]]n [[coca]] plant. It is a [[stimulant]] of the [[central nervous system]] and an [[appetite suppressant]], giving rise to what has been described as a [[euphoric]] sense of [[happiness]] and increased [[energy]]. It is most often used [[recreation]]ally for this effect. Nonetheless, cocaine is formally used in medicine as a [[topical]] [[anesthesia|anesthetic]], specifically in [[eye surgery|eye]], nose and throat [[surgery]]. | + | |
| In modern [[Western countries]], cocaine has been a feature of the [[counterculture]] for over a century. There is a long list of prominent [[intellectual]]s, [[artist]]s, politicians, and [[music]]ians who have used the drug, ranging from [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] and [[Sigmund Freud]] to former U.S. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. | In modern [[Western countries]], cocaine has been a feature of the [[counterculture]] for over a century. There is a long list of prominent [[intellectual]]s, [[artist]]s, politicians, and [[music]]ians who have used the drug, ranging from [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] and [[Sigmund Freud]] to former U.S. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. | ||
| Its possession, cultivation, and distribution are [[illegal]] for non-medicinal and non-government sanctioned purposes in virtually all parts of the world. Although its free commercialization is illegal and has been severely penalized in virtually all countries, its use worldwide remains [[widespread]] in many social, cultural, and personal settings. | Its possession, cultivation, and distribution are [[illegal]] for non-medicinal and non-government sanctioned purposes in virtually all parts of the world. Although its free commercialization is illegal and has been severely penalized in virtually all countries, its use worldwide remains [[widespread]] in many social, cultural, and personal settings. | ||
| - | ===Popularization=== | + | ==Cocaine in literature== |
| - | In 1859, an Italian [[physician|doctor]], [[Paolo Mantegazza]], returned from [[Peru]], where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the natives. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to [[Milan]] he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper he declared coca and cocaine (at the time they were assumed to be the same) as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, [[flatulence]], [and] whitening of the teeth.” | + | :''[[Drugs in literature]] |
| - | + | By the late [[Victorian era]] cocaine use had appeared as a vice in [[literature]], for example as the ''cucaine'' injected by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]’s fictional [[Sherlock Holmes]]. | |
| - | A chemist named [[Angelo Mariani]] who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In 1863, Mariani started marketing a [[wine]] called [[Vin Mariani]], which had been treated with coca leaves, to become [[cocawine]]. The [[alcohol|ethanol]] in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani, which was to be exported, contained 7.2 mg per ounce to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States. A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton's original 1886 recipe for [[Coca-Cola]], though the company began using decocainized leaves in 1906 when the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]] was passed. The only known measure of the amount of cocaine in Coca-Cola was determined in 1902 as being as little as 1/400 of a [[grain (measure)|grain]] (0.2 mg) per ounce of syrup (6 [[parts per million|ppm]]). The actual amount of cocaine that Coca-Cola contained during the first twenty years of its production is practically impossible to determine. | + | |
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| - | In 1879 cocaine began to be used to treat [[morphine]] addiction. Cocaine was introduced into clinical use as a [[local anaesthetic]] in Germany in 1884, about the same time as [[Sigmund Freud]] published his work ''[[Über Coca]]'', in which he wrote that cocaine causes: | + | |
| - | {{cquote|...exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person...You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work....In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug....Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue...This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcohol....Absolutely no craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug...}} | + | |
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| - | In 1885 the U.S. manufacturer [[Parke-Davis]] sold cocaine in various forms, including cigarettes, powder, and even a cocaine mixture that could be injected directly into the user’s veins with the included needle. The company promised that its cocaine products would “supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and ... render the sufferer insensitive to pain.” | + | |
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| - | By the late [[Victorian era]] cocaine use had appeared as a vice in [[literature]], for example as the ''cucaine'' injected by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]’s fictional [[Sherlock Holmes]], see [[cocaine in literature]]. | + | |
| - | In early 20th-century [[Memphis, Tennessee]], cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on [[Beale Street]], costing five or ten cents for a small boxful. Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers. | + | ===Titles=== |
| - | + | *''[[Cocaina]]'', 1921, an Italian novel by Pitigrilli | |
| - | In 1909, [[Ernest Shackleton]] took “Forced March” brand cocaine tablets to [[Antarctica]], as did [[Captain Scott]] a year later on his ill-fated journey to the [[South Pole]]. Even as late as 1938, the ''[[Larousse Gastronomique]]'' was published carrying a recipe for “cocaine pudding”. | + | *''[[Cocain]]'', 1921, a German novel by Franz Wolfgang Koebner |
| + | *''[[Cocain Romance]]'', 1934, a Russian novel by M. Ageyev | ||
| - | ===Prohibition=== | + | === See also === |
| - | By the turn of the twentieth century, the addictive properties of cocaine had become clear, and the problem of cocaine abuse began to capture public attention in the United States. The dangers of cocaine abuse became part of a [[moral panic]] that was tied to the dominant racial and social anxieties of the day. In 1903, the ''[[American Journal of Pharmacy]]'' stressed that most cocaine abusers were “[[Bohemianism|bohemians]], gamblers, high- and low-class [[prostitutes]], night porters, bell boys, burglars, racketeers, pimps, and casual laborers.” In 1914, Dr. Christopher Koch of [[Pennsylvania]]’s State Pharmacy Board made the racial innuendo explicit, testifying that, “Most of the attacks upon the white women of the South are the direct result of a cocaine-crazed Negro brain.” Mass media manufactured an epidemic of cocaine use among [[African Americans]] in the [[Southern United States]] to play upon racial prejudices of the era, though there is little evidence that such an epidemic actually took place. In the same year, the [[Harrison Narcotics Tax Act]] outlawed the sale and distribution of cocaine in the United States. This law incorrectly referred to cocaine as a [[narcotic]], and the misclassification passed into popular culture. As stated above, cocaine is a stimulant, not a narcotic. Although technically illegal for purposes of distribution and use, the distribution, sale and use of cocaine was still legal for registered companies and individuals. Because of the misclassification of cocaine as a narcotic, the debate is still open on whether the government actually enforced these laws strictly. Cocaine was not considered a controlled substance until 1970, when the United States listed it as such in the [[Controlled Substances Act]]. Until that point, the use of cocaine was open and rarely prosecuted in the US due to the moral and physical debates commonly discussed. | + | *''[[Morfii]]'' by [[Bulgakov]], In which the author tries to kick his morphine addiction with cocaine |
| + | ==Cocaine in music== | ||
| + | *"[[Cocaine in My Brain]]", a song by [[Dillinger (musician)|Dillinger]] | ||
| + | *"[[Cocaine Decisions]]", a song by Frank Zappa | ||
| - | ====Synonyms==== | + | ==See also== |
| - | * [[blow]], [[boots]], [[charlie]], [[coke]], [[girl]], [[nose candy]], [[powder]], [[rock]], [[slim]], [[snow]], [[snuff]], [[yayo]] | + | |
| + | :''[[drugs in literature]], [[Cocaina]], [[Popularization and suppression of cocaine]], [[Cocaine dependence]]'' | ||
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Way in my brain, no cocaine I don't wanna, I don't wanna go insane. --"Under Mi Sleng Teng" (1995) - Wayne Smith "Robert Louis Stevenson was another great discovery for me - the notion that the story of Jekyll and Hyde had emerged from a cocaine binge makes so much sense of the story itself, as well as serving as a great example of the subtle ways in which an illicit drug like cocaine has found its way into mainstream culture." -- Sadie Plant [1] "The basic tenet proposed by J. V. Scheidt states that the narcotic drug, cocaine played a role in the development of psychoanalysis which has been underestimated up to the present day."[2] See Freud and cocaine. |
Illustration: Napoleon III nose caricatures from Schneegans's History of Grotesque Satire
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Cocaine is a stimulant narcotic in the form of a white powder that users generally self-administer by insufflation through the nose.
It is obtained from the leaves of the South American coca plant. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. It is most often used recreationally for this effect. Nonetheless, cocaine is formally used in medicine as a topical anesthetic, specifically in eye, nose and throat surgery.
In modern Western countries, cocaine has been a feature of the counterculture for over a century. There is a long list of prominent intellectuals, artists, politicians, and musicians who have used the drug, ranging from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Sigmund Freud to former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.
Its possession, cultivation, and distribution are illegal for non-medicinal and non-government sanctioned purposes in virtually all parts of the world. Although its free commercialization is illegal and has been severely penalized in virtually all countries, its use worldwide remains widespread in many social, cultural, and personal settings.
Contents |
[edit]
Cocaine in literature
By the late Victorian era cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature, for example as the cucaine injected by Arthur Conan Doyle’s fictional Sherlock Holmes.
[edit]
Titles
- Cocaina, 1921, an Italian novel by Pitigrilli
- Cocain, 1921, a German novel by Franz Wolfgang Koebner
- Cocain Romance, 1934, a Russian novel by M. Ageyev
[edit]
See also
[edit]
Cocaine in music
- "Cocaine in My Brain", a song by Dillinger
- "Cocaine Decisions", a song by Frank Zappa
[edit]
See also
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Cocaine" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
