Argument
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In logic and philosophy, an argument is a series of statements typically used to persuade someone of something or to present reasons for accepting a conclusion. The general form of an argument in a natural language is that of premises (variously propositions, statements or sentences) in support of a claim: the conclusion. The structure of some arguments can also be set out in a formal language, and formally defined "arguments" can be made independently of natural language arguments, as in math, logic, and computer science.
In a typical deductive argument, the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion, while in an inductive argument, they are thought to provide reasons supporting the conclusion's probable truth.<ref>"Deductive and Inductive Arguments," Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</ref> The standards for evaluating non-deductive arguments may rest on different or additional criteria than truth, for example, the persuasiveness of so-called "indispensability claims" in transcendental arguments,<ref>hCharles Taylor, "The Validity of Transcendental Arguments", Philosophical Arguments (Harvard, 1995), 20-33. "[Transcendental] arguments consist of a string of what one could call indispensability claims. They move from their starting points to their conclusions by showing that the condition stated in the conclusion is indispensable to the feature identified at the start… Thus we could spell out Kant's transcendental deduction in the first edition in three stages: experience must have an object, that is, be of something; for this it must be coherent; and to be coherent it must be shaped by the understanding through the categories."</ref> the quality of hypotheses in retroduction, or even the disclosure of new possibilities for thinking and acting.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The standards and criteria used in evaluating arguments and their forms of reasoning are studied in logic.<ref>"Argument", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy."</ref> Ways of formulating arguments effectively are studied in rhetoric (see also: argumentation theory). An argument in a formal language shows the logical form of the symbolically represented or natural language arguments obtained by its interpretations.
See also
- Abductive reasoning
- Analogy
- Argument map
- Argumentation theory
- Argumentative dialogue
- Belief bias
- Boolean logic
- Deductive reasoning
- Defeasible reasoning
- Fallacy
- Dialectic
- Formal fallacy
- Inductive reasoning
- Informal fallacy
- Inquiry
- Practical arguments
- Soundness theorem
- Soundness
- Truth
- Validity
