Academic discipline
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| ==History of the concept== | ==History of the concept== | ||
| - | The [[University of Paris]] in 1231 consisted of four [[Faculty (division)|faculties]]: [[Theology]], [[Medicine]], [[Canon Law]] and [[Liberal Arts|Arts]]. Educational institutions originally used the term "discipline" to catalog and archive the new and expanding body of information produced by the scholarly community. Disciplinary designations originated in German universities during the beginning of the nineteenth century.{{cn|date=February 2024}} | + | The [[University of Paris]] in 1231 consisted of four [[Faculty (division)|faculties]]: [[Theology]], [[Medicine]], [[Canon Law]] and [[Liberal Arts|Arts]]. Educational institutions originally used the term "discipline" to catalog and archive the new and expanding body of information produced by the scholarly community. Disciplinary designations originated in German universities during the beginning of the nineteenth century. |
| - | Most academic disciplines have their roots in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century [[secularization]] of universities, when the traditional [[curriculum|curricula]] were supplemented with non-classical languages and [[literatures]], [[social sciences]] such as [[political science]], [[economics]], [[sociology]] and [[public administration]], and [[natural science]] and [[technology]] disciplines such as [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], and [[engineering]].{{cn|date=February 2024}} | + | Most academic disciplines have their roots in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century [[secularization]] of universities, when the traditional [[curriculum|curricula]] were supplemented with non-classical languages and [[literatures]], [[social sciences]] such as [[political science]], [[economics]], [[sociology]] and [[public administration]], and [[natural science]] and [[technology]] disciplines such as [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], and [[engineering]]. |
| - | In the early twentieth century, new academic disciplines such as [[education]] and [[psychology]] were added. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an explosion of new academic disciplines focusing on specific themes, such as [[media studies]], [[women's studies]], and [[Africana studies]]. Many academic disciplines designed as preparation for careers and professions, such as [[nursing]], [[Hospitality management studies|hospitality management]], and [[corrections]], also emerged in the universities. Finally, interdisciplinary scientific fields of study such as [[biochemistry]] and [[geophysics]] gained prominence as their contribution to knowledge became widely recognized. Some new disciplines, such as [[public administration]], can be found in more than one disciplinary setting; some public administration programs are associated with business schools (thus emphasizing the public management aspect), while others are linked to the political science field (emphasizing the [[policy analysis]] aspect).{{cn|date=February 2024}} | + | In the early twentieth century, new academic disciplines such as [[education]] and [[psychology]] were added. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an explosion of new academic disciplines focusing on specific themes, such as [[media studies]], [[women's studies]], and [[Africana studies]]. |
| As the twentieth century approached, these designations were gradually adopted by other countries and became the accepted conventional subjects. However, these designations differed between various countries. In the twentieth century, the natural science disciplines included: [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[geology]], and [[astronomy]]. The social science disciplines included: [[economics]], [[politics]], [[sociology]], and [[psychology]]. | As the twentieth century approached, these designations were gradually adopted by other countries and became the accepted conventional subjects. However, these designations differed between various countries. In the twentieth century, the natural science disciplines included: [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[geology]], and [[astronomy]]. The social science disciplines included: [[economics]], [[politics]], [[sociology]], and [[psychology]]. | ||
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| * [[Curriculum]] | * [[Curriculum]] | ||
| * [[Interdisciplinarity]] | * [[Interdisciplinarity]] | ||
| + | * [[Mickey Mouse degrees]] | ||
| * [[Transdisciplinary studies]] | * [[Transdisciplinary studies]] | ||
| - | * [[Classification of Instructional Programs]] | ||
| - | * [[Joint Academic Classification of Subjects]] | ||
| * [[Outline of education]] | * [[Outline of education]] | ||
| * [[List of fields of doctoral studies]] | * [[List of fields of doctoral studies]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 16:27, 26 March 2024
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An academic discipline, or field of study, is a branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part) and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong.
History of the concept
The University of Paris in 1231 consisted of four faculties: Theology, Medicine, Canon Law and Arts. Educational institutions originally used the term "discipline" to catalog and archive the new and expanding body of information produced by the scholarly community. Disciplinary designations originated in German universities during the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Most academic disciplines have their roots in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century secularization of universities, when the traditional curricula were supplemented with non-classical languages and literatures, social sciences such as political science, economics, sociology and public administration, and natural science and technology disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering.
In the early twentieth century, new academic disciplines such as education and psychology were added. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an explosion of new academic disciplines focusing on specific themes, such as media studies, women's studies, and Africana studies.
As the twentieth century approached, these designations were gradually adopted by other countries and became the accepted conventional subjects. However, these designations differed between various countries. In the twentieth century, the natural science disciplines included: physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and astronomy. The social science disciplines included: economics, politics, sociology, and psychology.
Prior to the twentieth century, categories were broad and general, which was expected due to the lack of interest in science at the time. With rare exceptions, practitioners of science tended to be amateurs and were referred to as "natural historians" and "natural philosophers"—labels that date back to Aristotle—instead of "scientists". Natural history referred to what we now call life sciences and natural philosophy referred to the current physical sciences.
Prior to the twentieth century, few opportunities existed for science as an occupation outside the educational system. Higher education provided the institutional structure for scientific investigation, as well as economic support for research and teaching. Soon, the volume of scientific information rapidly increased and researchers realized the importance of concentrating on smaller, narrower fields of scientific activity. Because of this narrowing, scientific specializations emerged. As these specializations developed, modern scientific disciplines in universities also improved their sophistication. Eventually, academia's identified disciplines became the foundations for scholars of specific specialized interests and expertise.
See also
- Academia
- Academic genealogy
- Curriculum
- Interdisciplinarity
- Mickey Mouse degrees
- Transdisciplinary studies
- Outline of education
- List of fields of doctoral studies
