Rebellion
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| [[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (detail) (1831) by [[Eugène Delacroix]]]] | [[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (detail) (1831) by [[Eugène Delacroix]]]] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | A '''rebellion''' is, in the most general sense, a refusal to accept authority. It may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of [[behaviour]]s from [[civil disobedience]] to a violent organized attempt to destroy established authority. It is often used in reference to armed resistance against an established [[government]], but can also refer to mass [[nonviolent resistance]] movements. Those who participate in rebellions are known as "rebels". | + | '''Rebellion''', '''uprising''', or '''insurrection''' is a refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of [[behaviors]] aimed at destroying or taking over the position of an established [[authority]] such as a [[government]], [[governor]], [[president]], [[political leader]], or person in charge. On the one hand the forms of [[behaviour]] can include non-violent methods such as the (overlapping but not quite identical) phenomena of [[civil disobedience]], [[civil resistance]] and [[nonviolent resistance]]. On the other hand it may encompass violent campaigns. Those who participate in rebellions, especially if they are armed rebellions, are known as "rebels". |
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| + | Throughout history, many different groups that opposed their governments have been called rebels. Over 450 [[Popular revolt in late medieval Europe|peasant revolts]] erupted in southwestern [[France]] between 1590 and 1715. In the United States, the term was used for the [[Continental Army|Continentals]] by the British in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], and for the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] by the Union in the [[American Civil War]]. Most armed rebellions have not been against authority in general, but rather have sought to establish a new government in their place. For example, the [[Boxer Rebellion]] sought to implement a ''stronger'' government in China in place of the weak and divided government of the time. The [[Jacobite Rising]]s (called "Jacobite Rebellions" by the government) attempted to restore the deposed [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] kings to the thrones of [[England]], [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]], rather than abolish the monarchy completely. | ||
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| + | ==Types of rebellion== | ||
| + | An armed but limited rebellion is an insurrection, and if the established government does not recognize the rebels as [[belligerent]]s then they are insurgents and the revolt is an [[insurgency]]. In a larger conflict the rebels may be recognised as [[belligerent]]s without their government being recognised by the established government, in which case the conflict becomes a [[civil war]]. | ||
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| + | [[Civil resistance]] movements have often aimed at, and brought about, the fall of a government or head of state, and in these cases could be considered a form of rebellion. Examples include the [[People Power Revolution]] in the [[Philippines]] in the 1980s that ousted President [[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos]]; the mass mobilization against authoritarian rule in Pinochet's [[Chile]], 1983–88; the various movements contributing to the [[revolutions of 1989]] in eastern Europe, and to the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991; and the revolutions in [[Bulldozer Revolution|Serbia]] in 2000, [[Rose Revolution|Georgia]] in 2003, [[Orange Revolution|Ukraine]] in 2004, and the [[Arab Spring]] in 2011. In many of these cases the opposition movement saw itself not only as nonviolent, but also as upholding their country's constitutional system against a government that was unlawful, for example if it had refused to acknowledge its defeat in an election. Thus the term "rebel" does not always capture the element in some of these movements of acting as a defender of legality and constitutionalism. | ||
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| + | There are a number of terms that are associated with ''rebel'' and ''rebellion''. They range from those with positive connotations to those with pejorative connotations. Examples include: | ||
| + | * [[Civil resistance]], [[civil disobedience]], and [[nonviolent resistance]] which do not include violence or paramilitary force | ||
| + | * [[Mutiny]], which is carried out by military or security forces against their commanders | ||
| + | * Armed [[resistance movement]], which is carried out by [[Resistance movement#Freedom fighter|freedom fighters]], often against an occupying foreign power | ||
| + | * Revolt, a term that is sometimes used for a more localized rebellions rather than a general uprising | ||
| + | * [[Revolution]], which is carried out by radicals, usually meant to overthrow the current [[government]] | ||
| + | * [[Subversion]], which are non-overt attempts at sabotaging a government, carried out by spies or other subversives | ||
| + | * [[Terrorism]], which is carried out by different kinds of political, economic or religious [[Militant (word)|militant]] individuals or groups | ||
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| == See == | == See == | ||
| *[[Counterculture]] | *[[Counterculture]] | ||
Revision as of 12:05, 9 December 2013
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Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of behaviors aimed at destroying or taking over the position of an established authority such as a government, governor, president, political leader, or person in charge. On the one hand the forms of behaviour can include non-violent methods such as the (overlapping but not quite identical) phenomena of civil disobedience, civil resistance and nonviolent resistance. On the other hand it may encompass violent campaigns. Those who participate in rebellions, especially if they are armed rebellions, are known as "rebels".
Throughout history, many different groups that opposed their governments have been called rebels. Over 450 peasant revolts erupted in southwestern France between 1590 and 1715. In the United States, the term was used for the Continentals by the British in the Revolutionary War, and for the Confederacy by the Union in the American Civil War. Most armed rebellions have not been against authority in general, but rather have sought to establish a new government in their place. For example, the Boxer Rebellion sought to implement a stronger government in China in place of the weak and divided government of the time. The Jacobite Risings (called "Jacobite Rebellions" by the government) attempted to restore the deposed Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland, rather than abolish the monarchy completely.
Types of rebellion
An armed but limited rebellion is an insurrection, and if the established government does not recognize the rebels as belligerents then they are insurgents and the revolt is an insurgency. In a larger conflict the rebels may be recognised as belligerents without their government being recognised by the established government, in which case the conflict becomes a civil war.
Civil resistance movements have often aimed at, and brought about, the fall of a government or head of state, and in these cases could be considered a form of rebellion. Examples include the People Power Revolution in the Philippines in the 1980s that ousted President Marcos; the mass mobilization against authoritarian rule in Pinochet's Chile, 1983–88; the various movements contributing to the revolutions of 1989 in eastern Europe, and to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991; and the revolutions in Serbia in 2000, Georgia in 2003, Ukraine in 2004, and the Arab Spring in 2011. In many of these cases the opposition movement saw itself not only as nonviolent, but also as upholding their country's constitutional system against a government that was unlawful, for example if it had refused to acknowledge its defeat in an election. Thus the term "rebel" does not always capture the element in some of these movements of acting as a defender of legality and constitutionalism.
There are a number of terms that are associated with rebel and rebellion. They range from those with positive connotations to those with pejorative connotations. Examples include:
- Civil resistance, civil disobedience, and nonviolent resistance which do not include violence or paramilitary force
- Mutiny, which is carried out by military or security forces against their commanders
- Armed resistance movement, which is carried out by freedom fighters, often against an occupying foreign power
- Revolt, a term that is sometimes used for a more localized rebellions rather than a general uprising
- Revolution, which is carried out by radicals, usually meant to overthrow the current government
- Subversion, which are non-overt attempts at sabotaging a government, carried out by spies or other subversives
- Terrorism, which is carried out by different kinds of political, economic or religious militant individuals or groups
See
- Counterculture
- Subversion
- Alternative lifestyle
- Opposition
- Anti-elitism
- Luther Blissett
- Activism
- Punk ideology
- Popular revolt in late medieval Europe
- Non-conformity
- Youth rebellion
- Slave rebellion
