The Poets and Poetry of Europe
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The Poets and Poetry of Europe (1845) is an 800-page compilation of translations made by other writers compiled by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, including many by his friend and colleague Cornelius Conway Felton.
Longfellow intended the anthology "to bring together, into a compact and convenient form, as large an amount as possible of those English translations which are scattered through many volumes, and are not accessible to the general reader".
Text of book without the poems
THE
POETS AND POETRY
OF
EUKOPE.
INTEODUCTIONS AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW.
PROM Helicon's harmonious springs •
a thousand bills their mazy progress take.
Gray.
PHILADELPHIA:
CAREY AND HART, CHESTNUT STREET.
M DCCC XLV.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by
Carey and Hart,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
CAMBRIDGE:
STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY
METCALF AND COMPANY,
PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.
PEEFACE.
" The art of poetiy," says the oW Spanish Jew, Alfonso de Baena, " the gay
science, is a most subtle and most delightful sort of writing or composition.
It is sweet and pleasurable to those who propound and to those who reply ; to
utterers and to hearers. This science, or the wisdom or knowledge dependent
on it, can only be possessed, received, and acquired by the inspired spirit of the
Lord God ; who communicates it, sends it, and influences by it, those alone, who
well and wisely, and discreetly and correctly, can create and arrange, and compose
and polish, and scan and measure feet, and pauses, and rhymes, and syllables, and
accents, by dextrous art, by varied and by novel arrangement of words. And
even then, so sublime is the understanding of this art, and so difficult its attainment,
that it can only be learned, possessed, reached, and known to the man who is of
noble and of ready invention, elevated and pure discretion, sound and steady
judgment; who has seen, and heard, and read many and divers books and writ-
ings ; who understands all languages ; who has, moreover, dwelt in the courts of
kings and nobles ; and who has witnessed and practised many heroic feats.
Finally, he must be of high birth, courteous, calm, chivalric, gracious ; he must
be polite and graceful ; he must possess honey, and sugar, and salt, and facility
and gayety in his discourse."
Tried by this standard, many of the poets in this volume would occupy a smaller space than has been allotted to them ; and others would have been rejected alto- gether, as being neither "of ready invention, elevated and pure discretion, nor sound and steady judgment." But it has not been my purpose to illustrate any poetic definition, or establish any theory of art. I have attempted only to bring together, into a compact and convenient form, as large an amount as possible of those English translations which are scattered through many volumes, and are not easily accessible to the general reader. In doing this, it has been thought advisable to treat the subject historically, rather than critically. The materials have in consequence been arranged according to their dates ; and in order to render the literary history of the various countries as complete as these materials and the limits of a single volume would allow, an author of no great note has some- limes been admitted, or a poem which a severer taste would have excluded. The work is to be regarded as a collection, rather than as a selection ; and in judging any author, it must be borne in mind that translations do not always preserve the
PREFACE.
rhythm and melody of the original, but often resemble soldiers moving onward when
the music has ceased and the time is marked only by the tap of the drum.
The languages from which translations are here presented are ten. They are the six Gothic languages of the North of Europe, — Anglo-Saxon, Icelandic, Dan- ish, Swedish, German, and Dutch ; and the four Latin languages of the South of Europe, — French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese. In order to make the work fulfil entirely the promise of its title, the Celtic and Sclavonic, as likewise the Turkish and Romaic, should have been introduced ; but with these I am not acquainted, and I therefore leave them to some other hand, hoping that ere long a volume may be added to this which shall embrace all the remaining European tongues.
The authors upon whom I have chiefly relied, and to whom I am indebted for the greatest number of translations, are Bowring, Herbert, Costello, Taylor, Jamieson, Brooks, Adamson, and Thorpe.* Some of these are already beyond the reach of praise or thanks. To the rest, and to all the translators by whose labors I have profited, I wish to express my sincere acknowledgments. I need not repeat their names ; they will, for the most part, be found in the Table of Contents, and in the list entitled "Translators and Sources."
In the preparation of this work I have been assisted by Mr. C. C. Felton, who has furnished me with a large portion of the biographical sketches prefixed to the translations. I have also received much valuable aid from the critical taste and judgment of Mr. George Nichols, during the progress of the work through the press.
Cambridge, May, 1845.
- Since the Anglo-Saxon portion of this book was printed, a copy of the " Codex Exoniensis,"
spoken of on pages 6, 7, as " the Exeter Manuscript," has been received. The work has been published by 3Ir. Thorpe, with the following title : " Codex Exoniensis ; a Collection of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, from a Manuscript in the Library of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter, with an English Translation and Notes, by Benjamin Thorpe, F. S. A." London. 1842. 8vo. The following translations may also be mentioned : " Master Wace his Chronicle of the Norman Conquest, from the Roman du Rou," by Edgar Taylor, London, 8vo. ; and " Reynard the Fox, a renowned Apologue of the Middle Age, reproduced in Rhyme," by S. Naylor, London, 1845, 8vo.
CONTENTS.
ANGLO-SAXON.
Page
ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE AND POETRY 1
POEM OF BEOWULF 8
Beowulf the Shyld W. Taylor. . 8
The Sailing of Beowulf lb. . .■ . 8
Beowuirs Kxpedition to Heort . . . H. W. Longfelloa. 8
An OIJ Man's Sorrow Ktmble. . . 10
Good Night lb. ... 10
CiEDMON 10
The First Day Thorpe. . . 10
The Fall of the Rebel Angela lb. ... 11
Satan's Speech lb. ... 12
The Temptation of Eve Jb. ... 13
The Flight of the Israelites lb. ... 17
The Destruction of Pharaoh lb. ... 18
HISTORIC ODES 19
The Battle of Brunanburh Ingram. . . 19
The Death of King Edgar ....... lb. ... 20
The Death of King Edward lb. ... 21
POEM FROM THE POETIC CALENDAR . Turner. . . 21
KING ALFRED'S METRES OF BOETHIUS Fox. ... 23
POEM OF JUDITH 26
The Revel of Holofemes Turner. . . 26
The Death of Holofernea lb. ... 27
MISCELLANEOUS POEMS 27
The Exile's Complaint Conybeare. . 27
The Soul's Complaint H.W.Long/ellou. W
The Grave lb. ... 28
The Ruined Wall-stone Conybeare. . 29
The Song of Summer Warton. . , 29
ICELANDIC.
ICELANDIC LANGUAGE AND POETRY 30
SiEMUND'S EDDA 37
The Voluspa Henderton. . 37
The Hava-mal W. Taylor. . 39
Vafthrudni's-mal lb. ... 41
Thrym'a (luida Herbert. . . 43
.■91cirnia-for lb. ... 45
Brj-nhilda's Ride to Hell lb. ... 46
Grutta-savngr Jamieaon. . , 47
Veglam's avida Pigott. . . 49
Gunlaugand Rafen Herbert. . . 50
MISCELLANEOUS POEMS 51
The Biarkemaal Pigott. . . 51
The Death-song of RegncrLodbrock . . Herbert. . . 51
The Battle of Hafur's Bay lb. ... 53
Death-song of Hakon W.Taylor, . 53
The Song of Harald the Hardy Herbert. . . 55
Songof the Berserks W. Taylor. . 55
The Combat of Hialmar and Oddur . . . Herbert. . . 56
The Dying Song of Asbiorn lb. ... 56
The Songof Hroke the Black lb. ... 57
The Lamentation of Starkader lb. ... 58
Gryraur and Hialmur lb. ... 56
DANISH.
DANISH LANGUAGE AND POETRY BALLADS
Stork Tiderick and Olger Danike . .
Lady Grimild's Wrack
The Etiin Langshanks
Hero Hogen and the ^ueen ofDanmarc
SirGuncelin
Ribolt and Guldborg
Young Child Dyrinj
Child AxelTold
The Waiiel Dance
OlufPant
Roimer Hafmand
Wit at Need
The Mer-man and Marati^'i Daughter
ElferHill
Jamieton.
. lb
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
Ih.
lb.
lb.
Page
King Oluf the Saint For. Quart. Hev. 79
Auger and Eliza lb. ... 81
The Elected Knight H.W. Longfellow. »i
MISCELLANEOUS POEMS 82
THOMAS KINGO 82
' Morning Song Far. Quart. Hev. 82
CHRISTIAN BRAUMAN TULLIN 83
Extract from May-day Herbert. . . 83
JOHANNES EVALD 83
King Christian H.W. Long/ellou. 84
The Wiahea Walker. . . 84
Song r . . . . Herbert. . . 84
EDWARD STORM • . . 84
The Ballad of Sinclair Walker. . . 85
Thorvald For.Quart. Reo.So
THOMAS THAARUP 86
The Love of our Country Walker. . . 86
To Spring lb. ... 87
KNUD LYNE RAHBEK 87
Peter Colbiornsen For. Quart. Hev. S7
PETER ANDREAS HEIBERG 88
Norwegian Love-song Walker. . . 88
Tycho Brahe, or the Ruins of Uranienborg For. Quart. Jlev.SS
JENS BAGGESEN 89
Childhood H.W. Longfellow. 90
To my Native Land Walker. . . go
ADAM GOTTLOB OEHLENSCHLAGER 91
From Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp 93
From the Dedication Oilliet. . . 93
Noureddin and Aladdin lb. ... 94
Aladdin at the Gates of Ispahan . ... lb. ... 96
Aladdin in Prison lb. ... 96
Aladdin in his Mother's Chamber . ... lb. ... 97
Aladdin at his Mother's Grave lb. ... 98
From Hakon Jarl 98
Hakon and Thorer, in the Sacred Grove . . lb. ... 98 Hakon discloses his Designs to Thorer , . lb. ... 100
Hakon and Messenger lb. ... 101
HnkonandhisSonErling, in theSacredOrove /4. . . . 102
Defeat and Death of Hakon lb. . . . 103
Soliloquy of Thora lb. ... 110
From the Tragedy of Correggio 110
Antonio da Correggio, and Maria bis Wife .lb. ... 110
Antonio and Giulio Romano lb. . . . 112
Michael Angelo, Maria, and Giovanni . . lb. . . .115 Antonio in the Gallery of Count Octavian .lb. . . .117
Soliloquy of Correggio lb. ... 118
Thor's Fishing Pigott. . . 118
The Dwarfs lb. ... 119
The Bard Walker. . . 122
Lines on leaving Italy For. Quart. /Jer. 122
The Morning Walk lb. ... 122
BERNHARD SEVERIN INGEMANN 123
Progress of Axel Hwide lb. . . . 123
From Masanicllo liM
Masanicllo, Mad, in the Church-jrird Blackwood' $ Mag. 124
The Aspen For. Quart. Rev. 125
Dame Martha's Fountain lb. ... 125
SWEDISH.
SWEDISH LANGUAGE AND POETRY 128
BALLADS 138
The Mountain-taken Maid /"or. Quart. Am. 132
Hillebrand lb. ... 133
The Dance in the Grove of Roeee lb. ... 134
The Maiden that was told lb. . . . 134
The Little Seaman lb. . . . I3S
Sir Carl, or the Cloister Robbed lb. ... 131
Rosegrove-side N.A. Rn. . 137
Sir OloPa Bridal lb. ... 138
Duke Magnui lb. ... 133
The Power of the Harp lb. ... 139
Little Karin'a Death lb. ... 139
CONTENTS.
MISCELLANEOUS POEMS HO
JOHAN HENRIK KELLGREN 140
The Xew Creation For. Rev. . .140
TheFoesofLijht "b. ... 141
Folly is no Proof of Genius For. Quar«. flee. 143
ANXA aiARIA LENNGREN 144
Family Portraits lb. ... 144
CARL GUSTAF AF LEOPOLD 145
Ode on the Desire of Deathless Fame ... 15. . . . 145
ESAIAS TEGNER 146
From Frithiofs Saja 154
Canto 1. Ftithiof and Injeborg . . . Strong. . .154
III. Frithiofs Homestead . H. W. Longfellow. 156
IV. FrithioPsSuit Strong. . . 156
VI. Frithiof at Chess Tb. . . . 158
X. Frithiof at Sea lb. ... 159
XI. Frithiof at the Court of Angantyr lb. . . .160
XIX. FrithioPs Temptation . H.W. Longfellow. 163
The Children of the Lord's Supper .... 76. . . . 164
From Aiel 169
te Veteran Latham. . . 169
i- Charles's Guard /*. ... 170
Love -fi- . . . IVO
PER DANIEL AMADEtJS ATTERBOM 170
From the Island of the Blest For. Rev. . 171
The Hyacinth For. Quart, flee. 173
ERIC JOHAN STAGNELIUS 173
From the Trajedy of the Martyrs 173
Emilia and Perpetua For. Quart, flee. 173
Marcion and Eubulus For. Rev. . . 175
TJie Birds of Passage Tb. ... 176
Amanda H. ... 177
ERIC SJOGREN (VITALIS) 177
To the Moon. — A Dedication lb. . . . 178
Spring Fancy lb. ... 179
Life and Death lb. ... 179
GERMAN.
GERMAN LANGUAGE AND POETRY 180
FIRST PERIOD. — CENTURIES VIII. -XI.
MISCELLANEOUS 189
SongofOld Hildebrand Weber. . .189
Fragmentof the Song of Louis the Third . W.Taylor. .189 From the Rhyme of St. Anno lb. ... 189
SECOND PERIOD. — CENTURIES XH., XIII.
MINNESINGERS 190
CONRAD VON KIRCHBERG 190
May, sweet May E. Tat/lor. . 190
HEINRICH VON RISPACH 190
The woodlands with my songs resound . . . lb. ... 191 WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH 191
Would I the lofty spirit melt lb. . . . 192
THE EMPEROR HENRY 192
I greet in song that sweetest one lb. ... 192
WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE 192
When from the sod the flowereU spring . . lb. ... 194
'T was summer Jb. ... 194
HEINRICH VON MORUNG 195
My lady dearly loves a pretty bird . . . . Ih. ... 195
Hast thou seen Jb. ... 195
BURKHART VON HOHENFELS 195
Like the sun's uprising light Jb. ... 195
GOTTFRIED VON NIFEN 195
Up, up ! let us greet lb. ... 196
DIETMAR VON AST 196
By the heath stood a lady lb. ... 196
There sal upon the linden-tree Jb. ... 196
CHRISTIAN VON HAMLE 196
Would that the meadow could speak ... 75. . . . 196 RUDOLPH VON ROTHENBERG 197
A stranger pilgrim spoke to me Jb. . . . 197
HEINRICH, HERZOG VON ANHALT 197
Stay I let the breeze still blow on me . . . Jb. ... 197 COUNT KRAFT OF TOGGENBURG 197
Does any one seek the soul of mirth . ... lb. ... 197 STEINMAR 197
With the graceful com upepringing .... Jb. . . . 197 CONRAD VON WURTZBURG 198
See how from the meadows pass Jb. . . . 198
OTHO, MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 198
Again appears the cheerful May Jb. ... 198
Make room unto my loved lady bright . . Weber. ... 198
THE CHANCELLOR 198
Who would summer pleasures try . . . E. Taylor. . 198
HEINRICH, HERZOG VON BRESLAU 199
To thee, O May, I must complain . . . E. Taylor. .199
ALBRECHT VON RAPRECHTSWEIL 199
Once more mounts my spirit gay Jb, . . . 199
ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN 200
Lady beauteous, lady pure lb. ... 200
GOESLI VON EHENHEIM 200
Now will the foe of every flower Jb. , . . 200
THE THURINGIAN 200
The pleasant season must away Jb. ... 200
WINCESLAUS, KING OF BOHEMIA 201
Now that stern winter each blossom is blighting 75. . . .201
LUTOLT VON SEVEN 201
In the woods and meadows green .... 75. . . . 201
JOHANN HADLOUB 201
Far as I journey from my lady fair .... 75. . . . 201 I saw yon infant in her arms caressed . . . 75. . . . 201
WATCH-SONGS .202
The sun is gone down 75. . . . 202
I heard before the dawn of day 75. . . .202
THE HELDENEUCH, OR BOOK OF THE HEROES ... 203
I._Otnit 205
Sir Omit and Dwarf Elberich Weber. . . . 205
II._Wolfdietrich 206
Wolfdietrich's Infancy 74." ... 206
Wolfdietrich and the Giants 75. ... 206
Wolfdietrich and Wild Else 75. ... 207
The Fountain of Youth 75. . . . 208
Wolfdietrich and the Stag with Golden Horns 75. . . .209 Wolfdietrich in the Giant's Castle .... 75. ... 209
Wolfdietrich and Sir Belligan 75. . . . 210
Wolfdietrich and the Fiends ...... 76. . . . 2U
The Tournament 75. ... 213
Wolfdietrich's Penance 75. ... 213
III. — The Garden of Roses 213
Friar Usan in the Garden of Roses .... 75. . . . 213 Friar Ilsan's Return to the Convent .... 74. . . . 214
IV. — The Little Garden of Roses 215
King Laurin the Dwarf 75. . . . 215
The Court of Little King Laurin 75. . . . 216
THE NIBELUNGENLIED 217
The Nibelungen 75. ... 223
Chrimhild 75. ... 224
Siegfried at the Fountain 75. ... 224
Hagen at the Danube 75. . . . 225
Hagen and Volter the Fiddler 75. . . . 226
Death of Gunther, Hagen, and Chrimhild . .76. . . . 226
THIRD PERIOD. — CENTURIES XIV., XV.
HALB SUTER 227
The Battle of Sempach Scott. . . . 227
ULRICH BONER 229
The Frog and the Steer Cartyle. . . 229
VEIT WEBER 230
The Battle of Murten C. C. Felton. 230
ANONYMOUS POEMS OP UNCERTAIN DATE .... 231
SongofHildebrand Weber. . . .231
The Noble Moringer Scott. ... 232
The Lay of the Young Count N. A. Rev. .235
Song of the Three Tailors 74. . . . 236
The Wandering Lover 75. . . . 236
The Castle in Austria 75. . . . 237
The Dead Bridegroom 75. ... 237
The Nightingale E. Taylor. . 237
Absence 75. ... 238
The Faithless One 75. ... 238
The Nightingale 76. ... 238
The Hemlock-tree H.W. Longfellow. 238
Silent Love .75. . . . 2S8
The German Night- Watchman's Song . . Anonymous. . 767
FOURTH PERIOD. — CENTURY XVI. MARTIN LUTHER 239
Psalm Carlyle. . .239
HEINRICH KNAUST 239
Dignity of the Clerks C. C. Felton. 2S9
FIFTH PERIOD. —CENTURY XVII.
SIMON DACH 240
Annie of Tharaw H.W.Longfellow. iiO
Blessed are the Dead 75. ... 240
ABRAHAM A SANCTA CLARA 241
Saint Anthony's Sermon to the Fishes . Anonymous. . 241
SIXTH PERIOD. — FROM 1700 TO 1770. JOHANN JACOB BODMER 242
The Deluge W. Taylor. . 242
FREDERIC HAGEDORN 242
The Merry Soap-boiler W. Taylor. . 242
CONTENTS.
ALBRECHT VON HALLER 243
Ziiract from Doris W. Taylor. . 243
CHRISTIAN FURCHTEGOTT GELLERT 244
The Widow c. T. Brooks. 244
EWALD CHRISTIAN VON KLEIST ........ 245
Sigba for Resl w. Taylor. . 245
JOHANN WILHELM LUDWIG GLEIM 246
War-sonf /J. ... 246
The Inviution S. H.Whilmttn.2i7
The Wanderer Macray. . . 247
FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB KLOPSTOCK 247
Ode to God For. Hen. . . 248
The Lake of Zurich W.Taylor. . 249
ToYounj lb. ... 250
My Recovery yj. ... 250
The Choirs /J. ... 250
CARL WILHELM RAMLER 251
Ode to Winter lb. ... 251
Ode to Concord lb. ... 252
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSINQ 252
From Nathan the Wise 253
Sitlah, Saladin, and Nathan lb. ... 253
SALOMON GESSNER 253
A Scene from the Deluge J. A. Heraud. 258
JOHANN GEORG JACOBI 260
Song Beresford. . 260
SEVENTH PERIOD. — FROM 1770 TO 1844.
CHRISTOPH MARTIN WIELAND 261
Extract from Oberon Sotheby, , . 263
GOTTLIEB CONRAD PFEFFEL 266
The Tobacco-pipe C. T. Brookt. 267
MATTHIAS CLAUDIUS 267
Rhine-wine Macray. . . 268
Winter C. T. Brookt. 268
The Hen N. Y. Rev. . 268
Night-song C.T. Brookt. 269
JOHANN GOTTFRIED VON HERDER 269
Voice of a Son W. Taylor. . 271
Esthonian Bridal Song Jb. ... 271
Chance lb. , , . 271
To a Dragon-fly lb. ... 271
The Organ C.T. Brooks. 271
A Legendary Ballad Mary Hotcitl, 272
CARL LUDWIG VON KNEBEL 273
Moonlight For. Quar«. i?«). 273
Adrastea lb. ... 273
GOTTFRIED AUGUST BURGER 274
Ellenore W. Taylor. . 275
The Brave Man N. Eng. Mag. 277
CHRISTIAN GRAF ZU STOLBERG 278
To my Brother For. Rev. , . 278
LUDWIG HEINRICH CHRISTOPH HOLTY 279
Death of the Nightingale C.T.Brooks. 280
HariestSong lb. ... 280
Winter Song lb. ... 280
Elegy at the Grave of my Father lb. . . . 280
Country Life Fraser^t Mag. W\.
JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE 281
From Faust 288
Dedication BalUck. . . 288
The Cathedral Hayuard. . . 288
May-day Night Shelley. . .289
The Loved One ever near J.S. Duight. 294
Solace in Tears /J. ... 294
The Salutation of a Spirit O. Bancroft. .294
To the Moon J. S. Dwight. 294
Vanitas 7J. ... 2S5
Maliomet'sSong lb. ... 295
Song of the Spirits lb. ... 296
Prometheus Jb. . . . 296
FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD GRAF ZU STOLBERG .... 297
Song of Freedom W. Taylor. , 297
The Stream of the Rock W.W.Story. 298
To the Sea C.T. Brook*. 299
To the Evening Star For. Rev, . .299
The Seas lb. ... 299
Michael .4ngelo 74. ... 300
JOHANN HEINRICH V0S3 300
The Beggar. An Idyl Fmter't Mag. 302
Extract from Luis* lb. ... 303
CHRISTOPH AUGUST TIEDGE 303
To the Memory of Komet C. 7". Broob. 304
The Wa»eofLife B.W. Long/ellov. 3M
LUDWIG THEOBUL KOSEGARTEN 304
The Amen of the Stonea C.T. Brooks. 304
Via Crucis, Via Lucia Jb. ... 305
b
JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER 305
SongoflheBell . . . S.A.Eliot. .309
The Entrance of the New Century . If. L. Frothingham. 312
Knight Toggenburg Edinburgh Rev. 3\3
Indian Death-song 7^. i. Frothingham. 313
The Division of the Earth C.P. Crunch. 314
Extract from Wallenstein'i Camp . . . Moir 314
The Glove :« Tale BulJer.' '. ! 315
The Dance MeHvaU. . . 319
From Mary Stuart jjr Pdfr. . . 767
From Don Carlo. c. H. Calvert'. 768
From the Death of Wallenstein .... Coleridge 769
JOHANN PETER HEBEL .'315
Sunday Morning . . . . • F. Graeter. ! 317
FRIEDRICH VON MATTHISSON 317
E'^?y Knickerbocker. 318
The Spring Evening Anonymous. .318
For ever thine Macray. . . 319
AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON KOTZEBUE . 319
From the Tragedy of Hugo Grotius .319
The Flight from Prison W. Taylor. . 319
From the Tragedy of GustavusWasa 322
The Arrest and Escape lb. . 322
JOHANN GAUDENZ VON SALIS 326
Cheerfulness Anonynwus. '. 326
Song of the Silent Land H. W. Longfellow. 326
Harvest Song c. T. Brooks. 326
The Grave Gower. . . 327
VALERIUS WILHELM NEUBECK 327
The Praise of Iron Beresford. . 327
FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS WERNER ... 328
From the Templars in Cyprus 329
Adalbert in the Church of the Templais . Carlyle. . . 329
Adalbert in the Cemetery Jb. ... 330
ERNST MORITZ ARNDT 332
The German Fatherland Macray. . . 332
Field-Marshal Blucher C. C. Felton. 333
LUDWIG TIECK 333
Spring C.T. Brookt. 334
Song from Bluebeard Blackwood's Mug. 334
LUDOLF ADALBERT VON CHAMISSO 334
The Last Sonnets Anonymous. . 335
JOHANN LUDWIG UHLAND 336
The Luck of Edenhall H.W. Longfellow. 337
The Mountain Boy Anonymous. . 337
On the Death of a Country Clergyman . . W. W. Story. 337
The Castle by the Sea H. W. LousfMow. 337
The Black Knight /5. ... 338
The Dream Edinburgh Rev. 333
The Passage Jb. , . . 338
The Nun For. Quart. /Jeo. 339
The Serenade Jb. , , , 339
The Wreath Jb. ... 339
To Jb. ... 339
ERNST CONRAD FRIEDRICH SCHULZE 339
Song w. Taylor. . 340
The Huntsman Death Jb. ... 340
May Lilies Jb. ... 340
Extract from Cecilia 7S. ... 340
FRIEDRICH RUCKERT 341
Strung Pearls N.L. F^thingham. 341
The Sun and the Brook J. S. Dwight, 343
Nature more than Sciencs .... Ihtblin Vniv. Mag. 343
The Patriot's Lament C. C. Felton. 343
Christkindlein German Wreath. 344
JOSEPH CHRISTIAN VON ZEDLITZ 345
The Midnight Review Anonymous, . 345
KARL THEODOR KORNER S45
My Fatherland Richardson. . 346
Good Night Jb. ... 346
Sword-song ChorUy. . . 346
The Oak-tree Jb, ... 347
ADOLF LUDWIG FOLLEN 347
Blucher'B Ball C, C, Felton. 348
WILHELM MULLER 348
The Bird and the Ship II. W. LongfeUow. 348
Whither? lb. ... 349
AUGUST GRAF VON PLATEN-HALLERMUNDE ... 349
Sonnet* Anonymous. . 349
HEINRICH HEINE 349
The Voyage Edinburgh Rev. 350
The Tear Jh. ... 350
The Evening Gossip Jb, ... 350
The Lore-lei Jb. ... 351
The Hostile Brother* Jb. ... 351
The Sea halh its Pearit V. W. Longfellow. 351
The Fir-tree and the Palm W. W. Story. 351
CONTENTS.
HEINRICH AUG. HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN 352
On the Walhalla Lond. AthencEum, 352
Lamentatiun fur Ihe Golden Age lb. . . . 353
German National Weallh lb. ... 353
DIETRICH CHRISTIAN GRABBE 353
Extract from Cinderella Biackvood's Mag. 35i
KARL SIMROCK 355
Waniing ajainst the Rhine C. C. Fetton, 355
JULIUS MOSEN 355
The Statue over the Cathedral Door . H. W. Longfellow. 355 The Legend of the Crossbill Jb. . . . 356
ANTON ALEXANDER VON AUERSPERG 356
Saloon Scene Lond. Alhenaum. 356
The Censor lb. ... 357
The Customs-cordon lb. ... 357
The Last Poet N. L. Frolkingkam. 358
Henry Frauenloh Edinburgh Rev. 358
GITSTAV PFIZER 359
The Two Locks of Hair H.W. Longfellow. 359
FERDINAND FREILIGRATH 359
The Moorish Prince C. T. Brookt. 360
The Emigrants lb. ... 361
The Lion's Ride Dublin Univ. Mag. 3S\
Iceland-moss Tea lb. ... 362
The Sheik of Mount Sinai lb. . . . 363
To a Skating Negro /*. ... 363
The Alexandrine Metre lb. ... 364
The King of Congo and his Hundred VFives .lb. . . .364
Sand-songs lb. ... 365
My Themes lb. ... 366
Grabbe's Death lb. ... 367
FRANZ DINGELSTEDT 368
The Watchman Lond. Athcnaum. 368
The German Prince lb. ... 368
GEORG HERWEGH 369
The Fatherland FoT.CiuaTt. Rev. 36B
The Song of Hatred lb. . . . 369
The Protest lb. ... 369
To a Poetess lb. . . . 370
BENEDIKT DALEI 370
Enviable Poverty Lond. Athenaum. 370
The Walk lb. ... 370
DUTCH.
DUTCH LANGUAGE AND POETRY 371
BALLADS 377
The Hunter from Greece Bowring. . . 377
The Fettered Nightingale lb. ... 377
The Knijht and his Squire lb. ... 378
The Three Maidens For. Quart, fleu. 378
Day in the east is dawning lb, ... 378
MISCELLANEOUS POEMS 379
JACOB CATS 379
The Ivy Bowring. . . 379
The Statue of Memnon lb. . . . 379
PIETER CORNELIS HOOFT 379
Anacreontic lb. ... 380
MARIA TESSELSCHADE VISSCHER 380
The Nightingale lb. ... 380
HUIG DE GROOT 381
Sonnet lb. ... 381
JAN DE BRUNE 381
Song lb. ... 381
GERBRAND BREDERODE 382
Song lb. ... 382
DIRK RAFAEL KAMPHUYZEN 382
Psalm CXXXIII lb. ... 382
JOOST VAN DEN VONDEL 383
js, on the Loss of his Son . Pi.
echt van Aemstel . . . Jb.
383
ToGeeraert Vt
ChoniB from G;
Chorus from Palameiles Tb. ... 384
ChorusofBatavian Women lb. . . . 385
CONSTANTIJN HUIJGENS 386
A King Jb. ... 387
JACOB WESTERBAEN 387
Song Jb. ... 387
Song Jb. ... 388
JERE.MIAS DE DECKER 388
Tea Brother who died at Batavia .... 76. . . . 388
Ode to my Mother Jb. ... 389
REINIER ANSLO 390
From the Plague of Naples Jb. . . . 390
JOANNES ANT0NIDE3 VAN DER GOES 391
Overlbrow of the Turks Jb. . . . 391
JAN VAN BROEKHUIZEN 392
Song Bowring. . . 392
Sonnet lb. ... 392
Morning . . /6. ... 392
DIRK SMIT3 393
On the Death of an Infant YanDyk. . . 393
WILLEM BILDERDUK 393
Ode to Beauty Westminster Jlev. 39i
The Roses . Van Dyk. . . 395
JACOB BELLAMY 771
Ode to God Bowring. . . 772
H. TOLLENS 396
Summer Morning's Song Westminster Jiev. 396
Winter Evening's Song For. Quart. Jiev. 396
John a' SchafTelaar Van Dyk. . . 397
Birthday Verses Jb. . . . 398
ELIAS ANNE BORGER 399
Ode to the Rhine For. Quart. Jiev. 399
DA COSTA 400
Introduction to a Hymn on Providence . Westminster Jiev. 400 The Sabbath For. Quart. Jiev. 401
KINKER 40l
Virtue and Truth Westminster Jiev. 401
LOOTS 402
The Nightingale Jb. ... 402
WITHUIS 402
Ode to Time For. Quart. Rev. 402
FRENCH.
FRENCH LANGUAGE AND POETRY
FIRST PERIOD. — CENTURIES XII., XIII. JONGLEURS, TROUVERES, AND TROUBADOURS . . I.— CHANSONS DE GESTE, ETC
Death of Archbishop Turpin .... H.W.Longfellow.
From the Roman du Rou
Duke William at Rouen Blackwood's Mag.
Richard's Escape ' .... lb. ...
The Lay of the Little Bird Way. . . .
Paradise Blackwood's Mag.
The Gentle Bachelor Way. . . .
The Priest who ate Mulberries lb. ...
The Land of Cokaigne Jb. . . .
The Lay of Bisclaveret Costello. . .
From the Romaunt of the Rose .... Chaucer. . .
IL— LYRIC POEMS OF THE TROUVERES
LE CHATELAIN DE COUCY
My wandering thoughts awake to love anew Costello. . ,
The first approach of the sweet spring . . E. Taylor. HUGUES D'ATHIES
Fool I who from choice can spend his hours . Jb. . . . THIBAUD DE BLAZON
lam to blame I — Why should I sing? . . Costello. . . THIBAUD, KING OP NAVARRE
Lady, the fates command, and I must go . E. Taylor. GACE BRULEZ
The birds, the birds of mine own land ... /J. . . . RAOUL, COMTE DE SOISSONS
Ah! be
Jb.
JAaUES DE CHISON
When the sweet days of summer come at last . Jb. DOETE DE TROIES
When comes the beauteous summer time . . Jb. BARBE DE VERRUE
The wise man sees his winter close . . . . Jb. THE AUTHOR OF THE PARADISE OF LOVE . .
Hark I hark I Jb. .
III. — LYRIC POEMS OF THE TROUBADOURS . GUILLAUME, COMTE DE POITOU
Anew I tune my lute to love Costello.
PIERRE ROGIERS
Who has not looked upon her brow . . . . Jb. GEOFFROI RUDEL
Around, above, on every spray Jb.
GAUCEI.M FAIDIT
And must thy chords, my lute, be strung . . Jb. GUILLAUME DE CABESTAING
No, never since the fatal time Jb.
LA COMTESSE DE PROVENCE
I fain would think thou hast a heart . . . . Jb. . THE MONK OF MONTAUDON
1 love the court by wit and worth adorned . . Jb. CLAIRE D'ANDUZE
They who may blame my tenderness . . . Jb.
. 427
, 427
427
427
427
, 427
428
428
CONTENTS.
n.
436
ARNAUD DANIEL 43'
When leaves and flowers are newly springing Coiltllo. . . 432 BERNARD DE VENTADOUR 432
When I beholil the lark upspring . . . E. Taylor. . 432 FOULaUES DE MARSEILLE «32
I would not any man should heat . ... lb. ... 432 BERTRAND DE BORN 33
Lady, since thou host driven me forth . . . lb. . . . 433
The beautiful spring delights me well . . . lb. . . . 434 ARNAUD DE MARVEIL 434
O, how sweet the breeze of April lb. . . . 434
PIERRE VIDAL 435
Of all sweet birds, I love the most . ... lb. ... 435 PIERRE D'AUVERGNE 435
Go, nightingale, and find the beauty I adore . lb GIRAUD DE BORNEII
Companion dear ! or sleeping or awakin TOMIERS ^36
I Ml make a song shall utter forth lb. . . . 436
RICHARD CCEUR-DE-LION 437
No captive knight, whom chains confine . Anonymous^ .437
SECOND PERIOD. -CENTURIES XIV., XV.
JEAN FROISSART 437
ipfjolgt Costello. . . 437
Virelay ■.'.■;: -f*- • • • 438
Ron jel fi-^- Longfeltoiv. 438
CHRISTINE DE PISAN 438
Rondel Costello. . . 438
On the Death of her Father lb. . . . 438
ALAIN CHARTIER 438
From La Belle Dame sans Mercy . . . . Chaucer. . .439
CHARLES D'ORLEANS 440
Rondel H.W.Lonsfellow.m
Renouveau -f*- • • • 440
Renouveau ^*- • • • 440
gon, Costello. . . 441
Song ; : : -f*- . • -441
Soni "• • • .441
Son^ li- . • • 441
CLOTILDE DE SURVILLE 441
The Child Asleep H.W.Longfellow. H\
FRANCOIS CORBUEIL, DIT VILLON 442
The Ladies of Long Ago Costello. . . 442
MARTIAL DE PARIS, DIT D'AUVERGNE 442
The Advantages of Adversity lb. . . . 442
Song "• . • -443
GUILLAUME CRETIN 443
Song -fi- . • .443
CLEMENCE ISAURE 443
Son' "• • • • 443
Sonj lb. ... 443
THIRD PERIOD. — FROM 1500 TO 1650.
MELLIN DE SAINT-GELAIS 444
Huitain Costello. . . 444
MARGUERITE DE VALOIS, REINE DE NAVARRE . . 444 On the Death of her Brother, Francis the First Costello. . 444
FRANCOIS 1 444
Epitaph on Franeoise de Foix lb. ... 444
Epitaph on Agnes Sorel lb. . . . 444
CLEMENT MAROT 445
Friar Lubin H.W. Longfelloie. 4iS
To Anne Costello. . . 445
The Portrait lb. ... 445
Huitain lb. ... 445
To Diane de Poitiers lb. ... 445
HENRI II 445
To Diane de Poitiers /*• ... 446
PIERRE DE RONSARD 446
To hi. Lyre lb- ... 446
Love. «• . . .447
To Mary Stuart lb. ... 447
JOACHIM DU BELLAY '. 447
From the Vision. Spmsrr. . . 447
JEAN DORAT 448
To Catherine de Medici., Regent . . . Costello. . . 449
LOUISE LABE 449
Sonnet /&• ... 449
Elegy /*. ... 449
REMl BELLEAU 450
The Pearl lb. ... 450
April /*. . . .450
JEAN ANTOINE DE BAIF 451
The Calculation of Life /. . . . 451
Epitaph on Rabelai* /&• ... 451
ETIKNNE JODELLE 451
To Madame de Primadi. Costello. . . 451
AMADIS JAMYN 452
Culliree /*• ... 452
MARIE STUART 452
On the Death of her Husband, Francis II. Anonymous. . 452
Farewell lo Franco lb. ... 452
PHILIPPE DESPORTES 453
Diane Costello. . .453
JEAN BERTAUT 453
Loneliness lb. ... 453
HENRI IV 453
Charming Gabriello lb. ... 453
D'HUXATIME 454
Repentance lb. ... 454
FOURTH PERIOD. — FROM 1650 TO 1700. PIERRE CORNEILLE 455
From the Tragedy of the Cid Colley Gibber. 456
JEAN-BAPTISTE POCaUELIN DE MOLIERE .... 459
From the Misanthrope Lady's Ann. Reg. 460
JEAN DE LA FONTAINE 481
The Council held by the Rata E. Wright. . 462
The Cat and the Old Rat lb. . . . 463
The Cock and the Fox lb. ... 463
The Wolf and the Dog lb. . . . 464
The Crow and the Fox Anonymous. . 464
NICHOLAS BOILEAU DESPREA0X 464
Ninth Sa^tire N. A. Rev. .465
JEAN RACINE 469
From the Tragedy of Andromaque . . Ambrose Philips. ilO
FIFTH PERIOD. — CENTURY XVllI.
ANONYMOUS 472
Malbrouck Eraser's Mag. 472
FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE .... 472
From the Tragedy of AUira 474
Alzira's Soliloquy Aaron Hill. .474
Don Alvarez, Don Guzman, and Alzira . . lb~. ... 474
JEAN-BAPTISTE-LOUIS CRESSET 476
Ver-Vert, the Parrot 477
His Original Innocence Franer's Mag. 477
Ills Fatal Renown lb. ... 477
His Evil Voyage lb. ... 478
The Awful Discovery /*. . . . 479
JOSEPH ROUGET-DE-L'ISLE 481
The Marseilles Hymn Anonymous. .481
SIXTH PERIOD. — FROM 1800 TO 1844. FRANCOIS-AUGUSTE, VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND 481
Jeune Fille et Jeune Fleur ./IrionymouK. . 482
Home lb. ... 773
CHARLES DE CHENEDOLLE 482
Ode to the Sea London Mag. 482
The Youn" Matron among the Ruins of Rome lb. . . .483
Regret I- • • • 483
CHARLES. HUBERT MILLEVOYE 484
The Fall of the Leaves Eraser's Mng. *Bi
Pray for me lb- ... 484
PIERRE-JEAN DE BERANGER 485
The Little Brown Man Tail's Mag. .485
The Old Vagabond lb. . . . 485
The Garret Eraser's Mag. 486
The Shooting Star. Anonymous. . 486
Louis the Eleventh Eraser's Mag. 487
The Songs of Ihc People lb. ... 487
ALPHONSE DE LAMARTINE 487
On leaving France for the East . . . Eor.Qunrl.Jtev.iS3
The Guardian Angel Knickerbocker. 489
Hvmn lb. ... 490
JEAN-FRANCOIS CASIMIR DELAVIGNE 491
Battle of Waterloo London Mag. 491
Parlhenope and the Stranger /*. ... 492
LaParisienno Reynolds. . . 493
VICTOR-MARIE HUGO 494
Infancy -Por. Quart. Rev. 494
Her Name DuUin Univ. Mag. 495
The Veil Demoerntic Rev. 495
The Djinn. /»• ... 496
Moonlight lb. ... 497
The Sack of the City lb. . . . 497
Expectation /*■ ... 497
AMABLE TASTU W
Leave, of the Willow-tree Eraser's Mag. 497
Death «• ... 498
The Echo of the Harp lb. . . . 499
AUGUSTE BARBIER 499
Thi- Bronje Sl.me of Napoleon . . . Eor. Qtiart. Rev. 499 Sonnet to Madame Roland lb. ... 600
CONTENTS.
ITALIAN.
501
517
ITALIAN LANGUAGE AND POETRY
FIRST PERIOD. — CENTURIES XIII., XIV.
GUIDO GUINICELLI 511
The Nature of Love H.W.Longfellow. 511
FRA GUITTONE D' AREZZO 511
Sonnets London Mag. 511
LAPO GIANNI - 512
Canzone !>>• . . • 5'2
DANTE ALIGHIERI S12
Sonnets from the Vita NuoTa • • • 516
What is Love ? ". . Lyell. ... 516
Loveliness of Beatrice Il>. . . . 516
Beatrice's Salutation H- ... 516
The Anniversary ■?*• ... 516
The Pilgrims lb. ... 517
Sonnets from the Canzoniere 517
The Curse lb. ... 517
The Farewell lb. ... 517
Beauty and Virtue lb.
The Lover lb.
To Guido Cavaloanli lb. ... 517
To Bossone d' Agobio lb. ... 517
Canzoni from the Vita Nuova 518
Vision of Beatrice's Death H. ... 518
Dirge of Beatrice lb. . . . 518
Canzoni from the Canzoniere 519
Beatrice lb. ... 519
Farewell «• ... 520
Canzone from the Convilo 520
Philosophy lb- ... 520
From the Divina Commedia.— Inferno 521
Francesca da Rimini Byron. . . .521
Farinata T. W. Paraonf. 521
From the Divina Commedia. — Purgatorio 522
The Celestial Pilot HW. Longfellow. 522
The Terrestrial Paradise Tb. ... 522
Beatrice lb. ... 523
From the Divina Commedia. — Paradiso 523
Spiritsin the Planet Mercury .... J.C.Wright. 523
Spirits in the Sun lb. ... 524
Heavenly Justice lb. ... 524
Beatrice -P- C. Gray. . 524
FRANCESCO PETRARCA 524
Sonnets 527
The palmer bent, with locks of silver-gray Lady D acre. .527 Poor, solitary bird, that pour'st thy lay . . lb. . . .528 Alone and pensive, the deserted strand . G. W. Greene. 528 The soft west wind, returning, brings again lb. . . .528 Swift current, that from rocky Alpine vein . lb. . . .528 In tears I trace the memory of the days . . lb. . . . 528 In what ideal world or part of heaven . T. Roscoe. .528 Creatures there be, of sight so keen and high lb. . . . 528 Waved to the winds were those long locks .lb. ... 528 Those eyes, my bright and glowing theme .lb. ... 529
I feel the well known breeze lb, ... 529
C^ojoni 529
In the still evening, when with rapid flight Lady Dacre. .529
Ye waters clear and fresh lb. ... 529
From hill to hill I roam lb. ... 530
O my own Italy I though words are vain .lb. ... 531
Yjgiona Spenser. . . 532
GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO 533
Dante -f • C. Cray. . 534
Songs from the Decamerone 534
Cupid, the charms that crown my fair . Anonymous. .534 Go, Love, and to ray lord declare . ... lb. ... 534 SECOND PERIOD. — CENTURY XV.
LUIGI PULGI 535
From the Morgante Maggiore 535
Orlando and the Giant Byron. ... 535
Morgante at the Convent lb. . . . 537
MATTEO MARIA BOJARDO 539
Sonnets 539
Beautiful gift, and dearest pledge of love For. Quart. Rev. 539 I saw that lovely cheek grow wan and pale .lb. ... 539
LORENZO DE' MEDICI 539
Stanzas London Mag. 510
Sonnet /*• ... 540
Oriizione W. Roscoe. . 541
ANGELO POLIZIANO 541
From the Stanze sopralaGiostra . . . W.Parr Cretwell. 5A\
The .Mountain Maid lb. ... 542
Europa T. Roscoe. . 543
ANTONIO TIBALDEO 543
Sonnets 543
From Cyprus' isle London Mag. 543
Lord of my love I my soul's far dearer part . lb. . . .543
ANDREA DEL BASSO 543
Ode to a Dead Body Leigh Hunt. . 543
JACOPO SANNAZZARO 544
Elegy from the Arcadia T. Roscoe. . 545
Sonnets 545
Beloved, well thou know'st howmanyayear lb. . . .545
O thou, so long the Muse's favorite theme W.Roscoe. .545
Stanze Mrs. Hemans. 545
THIRD PERIOD. — CENTURY XVI.
PIETRO BEMBO 546
Sonnets 546
To Italy U.S. Lit. Gas. 5i6
Turning to God lb. ... 546
Solitude London Mag. 547
Death Mrs. Hemans. 547
Politiani Tumulus W. Roscoe. . 547
LODOVICO ARIOSTO 547
Sonnet London Mag. 549
From the Capitoli Amorosi 550
The Laurel Jb. ... 550
From the Orlando Furioso 550
Orlando's Madness Rose, , . . 550
MICHEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI 553
Sonnets 553
Yes I hope may with my strong desire . Wordsworth. 553 No mortal object did these eyes behold . . lb. . . .553 The prayers I make will then be sweet indeed Jb. . . . 554
My wave-worn bark London Mag. 554
If it be true that any beauteous thing . J. E. Taylor. 554 O, blessed ye who find in heaven the joy . lb. . . . 554 How, lady, can it be, — which yet is shown . lb. . . . 554 Thou high-born spirit, on whose countenance lb. . . . 554 Return me to the time when loose the curb lb. ... 554 Already full of years and heaviness . . . lb. . . . 555 If much delay doth oft lead the desire . . lb. , . . 555 I scarce beheld on earth those beauteous eyes Jb. . . .555
On Dante Jb. ... 555
Canzone lb. . . . 555
Song lb. ... 556
GALEAZZO DI TARSIA 556
Sonnet London Mag. 556
GIROLAMO FRACASTORO 556
Sonnets 556
To a Lady U.S. Lit. Gaz. 55S
Homer London Mag. 556
VITTORIA COLONNA 556
Sonnets 557
Father of heaven I if by thy mercy's grace .lb. . . .557 Blest union, that in heaven was ordained J. E. Taylor. 557
CLAUDIO TOLOMEI 557
Sonnet. — To the Evening Star .... London Mag. 558
BERNARDO TASSO 558
Sonnet Jb. ... 559
AGNOLO FIRENZUOLA 559
Sonnet lb. ... 559
LUIGI ALAMANNI 559
Sonnets 560
To Italy U.S. Rev. . . 560
Petrarca's Retreat lb. ... 560
GIOVANNI GUIDICCIONI 560
Sonnets 560
To Rome U. S.I,!!. Got:. 560
To Italy lb. ... 560
FRANCESCO BERNI DA BIBBIENA 560
From the Orlando Innamorato 561
The Author's own Portrait Rose. . . . 561
The Two Fountains in the Forest of Arden .lb. . . .563
Microcosmos lb. . . . 563
BENEDETTO VARCHI 564
Sonnet. — On the Tomb of Petrarca . . . U. S. Lit. Gaz. 56i
GIOVANNI DELLA CASA 565
Sonnets 565
Sweet lonely wood, that like a friend . London Mag. 665
Venice Mrs. Hemans. 565
ANGELO DI COSTANZO 565
Sonnet . . '. London Mag. 565
BERNARDINO ROTA 566
Sonnet. — On the Death of Porzia Capece . U. S. Lit. Caz. 566
LUIGI TANSILLO 566
FromLaBalia 566
The Mother W. Roscoe. . 566
The Hireling Nurse /*• ... 567
GIOVANNI BATTISTA GUARINI 567
From II Pastor Fido Fanshaa. . . 568
CONTENTS.
TORaUATO TASSO 568
Trom Aminta 570
The Golden Ag» Leigh Hunt. . 570
From La Gerusalemme 570
Arrival of the Crusaders at Jerusalem . Fairfax. , , 570
Erminia's Flight lb. ... 571
Canione. — To the Princesses of Ferrara . Wilde. . . .573
Sonnets 574
If Love his captive bind with ties so dear London Mag. 574 Thy unripe youth seemed like the purple rose lb. , . .574 I see the anchored bark with streamers gay lb. . , .574 Three high-born dames it was my lot to see Wilde. . . .574 Whileof the age in which the heart but ill 76. . . . 574 Till Laura comes, —who now, alas . . . lb. . . . 575 To his Lady, the Spouse of another • . . lb. , , . 575
To the Duchess of Ferrara lb. . . . 575
On two Beautiful Ladies, one gay and one sad lb. , . .575
To the Countess of Scandia 76. . . . 575
To an Ungrateful Friend 76. ... 575
To Lamberlo, against a Calumny .... lb. . . . 576 He compares himself to Ulysses .... 76. . . . 576
To Alphonso, Duke of Ferrara 76. . . . 576
A hell of torment is this life of mine . . . 76. . . .576
To the Duke Alphonso 76. ... 576
To the Duke Alphonso, asking to be liberated 76. . . .576
To the Princesses of Ferrara 76. . . . 576
To the Most Illustrious and Serene Lord Duke 76. . . .577
To Scipio Gonzaga 76. ... 577
FOURTH PERIOD. — FROM 1600 TO 1844.
GABRIELLO CHIABRERA 577
To his Mistress's Lips London Mag. 577
Epitaphs Wordeworth. , 578
ALESSANDRO TASSCfNl , ... 530
From La Secchia Rapita 580
The Attack on Modena Ozell. . . .580
The Bucket of Bologna 76. . . . 581
GIAMBATTISTA MARINI 582
Fading Beauty Daniel. . . 582
lb. — Supplementary Stanzas Anonymous. . 773
FRANCESCO REDI . 583
From Bacchus in Tuscany 583
His Opinion of Wine and other Beverages Leigh Hunt. .583
Ice necessary to Wine 76. ... 584
Bacchus grows musical in his Cups . . . 76. . . . 585
Good Wine a Gentleman 76. . . . 585
The Praise of Chianti Wine 76. ... 585
A Tune on the Water 76. . . . 586
Montepulciano Inaugurated lb. . . . 586
VINCENZO DA FILICAJA 586
Canzone. — The Siege of Vienna . . . U. S. Lit. Gaz. 5S7
Sonnets 588
To Italy 76. ... 588
On the Earthquake of Sicily 76. . . . 588
Time Anonymoua. . 588
BENEDETTO MENZINI 588
Cupid's Revenge London Mag. 588
ALESSANDRO GUIDI 589
Canzoni 589
Fortune Milman. . . 589
To the Tiber Fraser's Mag. 591
CORNELIO BENTITOGLIO 592
Sonnet Mrs. Hemans. 592
GIOVANNI GOTTA 592
Sonnet London Mag. 592
GIOVANNI BARTOLOMMEO CASAREGl 592
Sonnet 76. ... 593
PIETRO METASTASIO 593
From the Drama of Titus 593
Titus, Publius, Annius, and Sextus . . Hoole. , . . 593
Annius and Servilia 76. . • . 595
CARLO GOLDONI 595
Cecilia's Dream For. Rev. . . 596
CARLO GOZZI 596
From Turandot Blackvood't Mag. 596
GIUSEPPE PARINI 699
From II Giorno 76. ... 600
LUIGI VITTORIO SAVIOLI 600
To Solitude V.S.lAt.Gax.601
VITTORIO ALFIERI 601
From the First Brutus 604
Brutus and Collatinus Lloyd. . . . 604
Brutus, Collatinus, and People 76. ... 605
VINCENZO MONTI 607
From the Bassevilliana 608
The Soul's Doom FoT.^/iart. Rn. 608
The Soul's Arrival in Paris 76. . . . 608
The Passion of Christ Fraitr't Mag. 608
IPPOLITO PINDEMONTE 610
From the Tragedy of Arminio 610
Lament of the Aged Bards .... For. Quart. Rev. 6\Q Lament on the Death of Baldur . . Blackwood* a Mag. G\i
Night Am. Quor(. Rev. 774
NICCOLO UGO FOSCOLO 612
ToLuigia Pallavicini For. Rev. . .612
The Sepulchres Am. Quart. Rev. Tli
ALESSANDRO MANZONI 613
II Cinque Maggio F.C. Gray. . 614
Chorus from the Conte di Carmagnola . . Mre. Hemans. 614 GIOVANNI BATTISTA NICCOLINI 616
From the Tragedy of Nabucco .... For. Quart. Rev. 5X6 SILVIO PELLICO 617
Canzone, written in Prison Knickerbocktr. 618
TOMMASO SGRICCI 618
From La Morte di Carlo I For. Quart. Rev. 618
MISCELLANEOUS POEMS IN THE ITALIAN DIALECTS 619 CALABRIAN 619
Popular Song N. A. Rev. . 619
NEAPOLITAN 619
Christmas Carol 76. ... 619
Soldier's Song 76. . . . 619
Song 76, ... 620
FLORENTINE 620
From the Tancia of Michel Angelo .... 76. . . . 620 MILANESE 620
From the Fuggitivaof Tommaso Grossi . . 76. ... 620 GENOESE 620
Song. — By Cicala Casero 76. ... 6i0
SPANISH.
SPANISH LANGUAGE AND POETRY 621
FIRST PERIOD. — FROM 1150 TO 1500.
FROM THE POEMA DEL CID 632
Argument 632
The Cid and the Infantes de Carrion . . Frere. . . . 632
ALFONSO THE SECOND, KING OF ARAGON .... 634 Song E. Taylor. . 634
GONZALO DE BERCEO 635
From the Vida de San Millan N. A. Rev. . 635
From the Milagros de Nuestra Senora 635
Introduction 76. ... 635
San Miguel de la Tumba 76. ... 636
ALFONSO THE TENTH, KING OF CASTILE .... 637 From the Libro del Tesoro Retrospective Rev. 637
JUAN LORENZO DE ASTORGA 638
From the Poema de Alexandre 76. ... 638
MOSSEN JORDI DE SAN JORDI 638
Song of Contraries 76. ... 638
DON JUAN MANUEL 639
Ballad Soaring. . . 639
JUAN RUIZ DE HITA 640
Praise of Little Women N. A. Rev. .610
Hymn to the Virgin Retrospective Rev. Sil
Love 76. ... 641
RABBI DON SANTOB, OR SANTO 641
The Dttnce of Death lb. . . . 641
BALLADS 642
I. — HISTORICAL BALLADS 642
Lamentation of Don Roderick Loekhart. . . 642
March of Bernardo del Carpio 76. ... 642
Bavieca 76. ... 643
The Pounder 76. ... 643
The Death of Don Pedro 76. ... 644
II ROMANTIC BALLADS 644
Count Arnaldos 76. . . . 644
The Admiral Guarinos 76. ... 644
Count AlarcoB and the Infanta Solisa ... 76, ... 646
III. — MOORISH BALLADS 649
The Lamentation for Celin 76. ... 649
The Bull-fight of Gatul 76. ... 650
The Bridal of Andalla 76. . . . 651
Woe is me, Alhama Byron, . . . 651
POETS OF THE CANCIONEROS 653
JUAN II., KING OF CASTILE 653
I never knew it, Love, till now .... Bouring. . .653
LOPE DE MENDOZA, MARQ.UES DE SANTILLANA . 6S3
Song Wiffen. . . 853
Serrana : • • T. Roieoe. . 653
JUAN DE MENA '. 654
From the Lnberinto 654
Marias ol Enamorado Wijfen. ... 654
Lorenio Davalos For. Rev. . . 654
CONTENTS.
ALONSO DE CARTAGENA
Pain in Pleasure Bowring. . .
No, lh;i; can never be Jb. . . .
JORGE MANRiaUE
Ode on the Dealh of his Father . . . H.W. Longfellow. RODRIGUEZ DEL PADRON
Prayer Bowring. . .
JUAN DE LA ENZINA
Don't shut your door H- . . .
"Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die " lb. . . . ANONYMOUS POEMS FROM THE CANCIONEROS, ETC.
What will they say of you and met . . . Bowring. . .
Fount of freshness lb. . . .
The two Streamlets If>. . . .
She comes to gather flowers /*. . . .
Dear maid of hazel brow lb. . . .
Emblem '*• . . ■
Who Ml buy a heart ? lb. . . .
The Maiden waiting her Lover lb. . . .
The Thrush -f*- . • •
•T is time to rise -fft- ...
'Sweet were the hours Jb. . . .
The Prisoner's Romance lb. . . .
Yield, thou castle lb. . . .
Amaryllis Il>. . . .
Sharply I repent of it lb. . . .
The Siesta '. Bryant. , .
The Song of the Galley Lockhart.
The Wandering Knight's Song Ih. . . .
Serenade lb. , . .
Son" Edinburgh Rev,
SECOND PERIOD. -CENTURIES X7I., XVII. JUAN BOSCAN ALMOGAVER
On the DeathofGarcilaso Wijfen. . .
From his Epistle to Mendozi Anonymous. .
DIEGO HURTADO DE MENDOZA
From his Epistle to Luis de Zuniga . . . T. Roscoe.
Sonnet lb. . . .
GARCILASO DE LA VEGA
From the First Eclogue Wiffen.
From the Third Eclogue lb.
Ode to the Flower of Gnido lb.
Son
As the fond mother, when her suffering child Bowring,
Lady, thy face is written in my soul . . Wiffen. . . ,
FERNANDO DE HERRERA
Ode on the Battle of Lepanto Fraser's Mag.
Ode on the Death of Don Sebastian . . . Herbert. . . From an Ode to Don John of Austria . . . lb. . . .
Ode to Sleep T. Roscoe.
JUAN FERNANDEZ DE BEREDIA
Parting Bowring, . .
EALT AS AR DEL ALCAZAR
Sleep lb. . . .
SANTA TERESA DE ATILA
Sonnet lb. . . .
CASPAR GIL POLO
From the Diana Enamorada
LoTe and Hate lb, . . .
I cannot cease to love lb, , , ,
GREGORIO SILVESTRE
Tell me, lady I tell me I — yes? lb. . . .
Ines sent a kiss to me lb, , , .
JORGE DE MONTEMAYOR
From the Diana Enamorada
Diana's Song Fraser^s Mag.
Sireno's Song Sir Philip Sidney.
CRISTOVAL DE CASTILLEJO
Women Bowring. . ,
LUIS PONCE DE LEON
Noche Serena Pi. . . .
Virgin borne by Angels lb, . . .
The Life of the Blessed Bryant. . .
Retirement Edinburgh Rev
ANTONIO DE VILLEGAS
Sleep and Dreams Bowring. . ,
Love's Riiremes lb, , . ,
PEDRO DE PADILLA
The Chains of Love lb. , . ,
The Wandering Knight Jb, , . .
FRANCISCO DE FIGUEROA
Sonnet on the Death of Garcilaso . . . . Herbert, . .
ALONSO DE ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA
From the Arancana
A Battle with the Araucanians . . . For. Quart. Rev. A Storm at Sea Jb. . . .
VICENTE ESPINEL 6S7
Faint Heart never won Fair Lady . . . Bowring. . .687 MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA 688
From the Tragedy of Numancia .... Quart. Rev. .690
Poems from Don Q,uixote 691
Cardenio's Song Jarvis. . , . 691
Song lb. ... 691
Sonnet lb. ... 692
Song lb. ... 692
LOPEZ MALDONADO 692
Song H.W.Longfellow. 59i
JUAN DE TIMONEDA 692
Nay, shepherd I nay Bowring. , , 692
ALONSO DE LEDESMA 693
Sleep lb. ... 693
LUIS DE GONGORA Y ARGOTE 693
The Songof Catharine of Aragon lb. . . . 694
Come, wandering sheep 1 O, come .... lb. . , . 694
Not all Sweet Nightingales lb. ... 694
Let me go warm N. Eng. Mag. 695
HIERONIMO DE CONTRERAS 695
Sighs Bowring. , , 695
FRANCISCO DE OCANA 695
Open the door lb. ... 695
LOPE FELIX DE VEGA CARPIO 696
From the Estrellade Sevilla 697
The King and Sancho Ortiz Lord Holland, 697
Bustos Tabera and Sancho Ortiz . ... lb, . . . 698 Estrella and Theodora Jb. ... 699
Sonnets 700
The Good Shepherd H.W.Longfellow. "iOO
To-morrow Jb. ... 701
Country Life Mrs. Hannns. 701
LUPERCIO LEONARDO ARGENSOLA 701
Mary Magdalen Bryant, . . 701
BARTOLOME LEONARDO ARGENSOLA 701
Sonnet Herbert. . . 702
JUAN DE RIBERA 702
The good old count in sadness strayed . . Bowring. , , 702
Romance ,,,.,,, Jb, ... 702
FRANCISCO DE VELASCO 702
The World and its Flowers ', , Jb, ... 702
I told thee so lb. ... 703
ALONSO DE BONILLA 703
Let 's hold sweet converse Jb, ... 703
ALVARO DE HINOJOSA Y CARBAJAL 703
The Virgin and her Babe Jb. ... 703
FRANCISCO DE BORJA Y ESQ,UILACHE 704
Sylvia's Smile 76. ... 704
Epitaph lb. ... 704
FRANCISCO DE aUEVEDO Y VILLEGAS 704
Sonnets 7U5
Rome Mrs, Hemnns, 705
Ruthless Time Herbert. . . 705
My Fortune T. Roscoe. . 706
ESTEVAN MANUEL DE VILLEGAS 706
Ode Bryant. . . 706
The Nightingale T. Roscoe. .706
To the Zephyr Wiffen. . . 707
FRANCISCO DE RIOJA 707
Epistle to Fabio For. Rev. . . 707
PEDRO CALDERON DE LA BARCA 708
From El Magico Prodigioso Shelley. . , 710
PEDRO DE CASTRO Y ANAYA 718
The Rivulet Bryant, , , 718
THIRD PERIOD. — FROM 1700 TO 1844.
IGNACIO DE LUZAN 718
From the Address to La Academia, etc 718
Virtue For. Quart. Rev. 718
Painting Jb. ... 718
NICOLAS FERNANDEZ DE MORATIN 719
From an Ode to Pedro Romero .... For. Rev. . . 719
JOSE DE CADALSO 719
Anacreontic Fraser's Mag. 720
Imitation of Gongora Jb, ... 720
CASPAR MELCHIOR DE JOVELLANOS 720
To the Sun For, Quart. Rev. 720
TOMAS DE YRIARTE 721
From the Fabulas Literariaa 721
The Ass and the Flute T. Roscoe. . 721
The Bear and the Monkey Jb. ... 721
JOSE ICLESIAS DE LA CASA 721
Song Bryant. . . 722
JUAN MELENDEZ VALDES 722
Sacred Ode Fraser's Mag, 722
CONTENTS.
Nuoii Eraser' a Mag. Ti2
To Don Caspar Melchior Jovellanos . . . For. Rev. . .723 LEANURO FEUNANDEZ MORATIN 724
FromEl Viejoy laNiiia Jb. . . . 724
From the Epislle tu Laeo ....'... /6. ... 725 JUAN BAUTISTA DE ARRIAZA Y SUPERVIELA . . .726
The Vain Resolution Anonymous. . 726
FRANCISCO MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA 726
TheAlhambra For. Quart. Rev. Til
ANGEL DE SAAVEDRA, DUaUE DE RIVAS .... 727
Ode to the Lighthouse at 'iVIalta .... Anonymous. . 728 JOSE MARIA HEREDIA 728
Niagara U.S. Rev, . 728
PORTUGUESE.
PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE AND POETRY 730
FIRST PERIOD. -CENTURIES XII. -XV. ANONYMOUS 735
Fragmenlof an Old Historic Poem . . . T. Roscoe. .735 BERNARDIM RIBEYRO 735
From the Third Eclogue , . . /6. ... 735
FRANCISCO DE PORTUGAL, CONDE DO VIMIOSO . 736
Love and Desire Bowring. . , 736
FERNANDO DE ALMEYDA 736
The Timbrel lb. ... 736
SECOND PERIOD CENTURIES XVI., XVIL
GIL VICENTE 736
Song H.W.Lonsfellou.nS
How fair the maiden Bowring. . . 736
The Nightingale lb. . . . 737
FRANCISCO DE SAA DE MIRANDA 737
Sonnets 737
I know not, lady, by what nameless cbariA T. Roscoe. . 737 As now the sun glows broader in the west . 2b. . . . 737
The sun is high Adair^on. . 737
That spirit pure lb. ... 738
From his Epistle to King John . . . . For. Q,uarl. Rtv. 12&
O base Galician Bowring. . . 738
LUIS DE CAM0EN3 738
From the Lusiad 740
Ignez de Castro Mickle. . . 740
The Spirit of the Cape lb. . . . 742
Cancao Strangford. . 744
Canzonet lb. ... 744
Stanzas lb. ... 744
Cancao lb. ... 745
Cancao lb. ... 745
Stanzas. — To Night lb. . . . 745
Canzonet lb. ... 745
Canzonet lb. ... 745
Cancao T. Roscoe. . 746
Sonnets 746
Few years I number, — years of anxious care lb. ... 746 Ah, vain desires, weak wishes, hopes that fade /6. . . . 746 What is there left in this vain woi-ld to crave lb. . . .746 Sweetly was heard the anthem's choral strain S'iran^ord. , 746 Silent and cool, now freshening breezes blow lb. ... 747 On the Death of Catharinade Attayda . . lb. . , .747 High in the glowing heavens .... Mrs. Hemaiu. 747 FairTejo! thou, whose calmly flowing tide lb. . • . 747 Spirit beloved I whose wing so soon hath flown /i. . . .747 Saved from the perils of the stormy wave . lb. . . .747 WavesofMondego, brilliant and serene .lb. . . .747
ANTONIO FERREIRA 748
Sonnets 748
O spirit pure, purer in realms above . . Adanuon. .748 To thy clear streams, Mondego, I return . lb. . . . 748
From the Tragedy of Ignez de Castro 748
Semi-chorua /or. Quart, ^e. 748
Second Semi-chorus lb. ... 748
Doin Pedro's Lament Blackuood't Mag,7l9
PEDRO DE ANDRADE CAMINHA 750
Sonnet AdamMort. . 750
DIOGO BERNARDE3 751
Sonnets 751
OLima! thou that in this valley's sweep .lb. . . .751 If thee, my friend, should Love, of nature kind /A. . . .751 Since, now that Lusitania's king benign . lb. . . . 751
From the First Eclogue T. Roscoe. . 751
From the Eclogue,ofMarilia .... for. Quart. Am. 751
FRA AGOSTINHO DA CRUZ 752
Sonnets 752
To his Sorrowful State Adnmaon. . 752
To his Brother, Diogo Bernardes . ... lb. ... 752
FERNAO ALVARES DO ORIENTE 752
Sonnet lb. ... 752
FRANCISCO RODRIGUEZ LOBO 753
Bonnets 753
Waters, which, pendent from your airy height /&. . . .753 How, lovely Tagus, dilTorent to our view .lb. ... 753
MANOEL DE FARIA E SOUZA 753
Sonnet lb. ... 753
VIOLANTE DO CEO 753
Sonnet lb. ... 754
• While to Bethlem we are going .... Bouring. . . 754
Night of Marvels lb. ... 754
ANTONIO BARBOSA BACELLAR 751
Sonnet Adamson. . 754
THIRD PERIOD. — FROM 1700 TO 1844. FRANCISCO DE VASCONCELLOS COUTINHO . . .755
Sonnets 755
To tell of sorrows doth the pangs increase Adamson. .755 O thoughtless bird, that thus, with carol sweet /i. . . .755
To a Nightingale lb. ... 755
PEDRO ANTONIO CORREA GARCAO 755
Sonnets 755
The gentle youth, who reads ray hapless strain /i. . . .755 In Moorish galley chained, unhappy slave .76. ... 756
Dido. — A Cantata For. Quart. Rev. 756
DOHINGOS DOS REI3 aUITA 756
Sonnets 757
The wretches. Love Adamson. . 757
'T was on a time lb. . . . 757
Amidst the storms which chilling winter brings 74. . . .757
CLAUDIO MANOEL DA COSTA 757
Sonnet lb. ... 757
The Lyre T. Roscoe. . 758
JOAO XAVIER DE MATOS 758
Sonnet Adamson. . 738
PAULINO CABRAL DE VASCONCELLOS 758
Sonnet 71. ... 758
J. A. DA CUNHA 758
Lines written during Severe Illness ... 7". Roscoe. . 758 JOAaUIM FORTUNaTO DE VALADARES GAMBOA . 739
Sonnets 759
My gentle love, — to bid this valley smile Adamson. . 759 How calm and how serene yon river glides .76. . . .759 Adieu, ye Nine I 0, how much woe I prove lb. . , . 759
ANTONIO DINIZ DA CRUZ 760
Sonnets 760
One time, when Love lb. ... 760
Here, lonely in this cool and verdant seat .76. . . .760
From 0 Hysope For. Quart. Rev. 760
FRANCISCO MANOEL DO NASCIMENTO 761
Sonnets 761
On ascending a Hill leading to a Convent Mrs. Hemans. 761
Descend, O Joy I descend in brightest guise Adamson. . 761
As yet unpractised in the ways of Love . . lb. . . .761
Ode. — Neptune to the Portuguese . . For. Quart. Rev. 162
MANOEL MARIA DE BARBOSA DU BOCAGE . . . .762
Sonnets 762
Scarce wasputofl' my infant swathing-band ilAimson. . 762 If it is sweet, in summer's gladsome day .76. ... 762
The Fall of Goa For. Quart. iJeii. 763
The Wolf and the Ewe 74. . . . 763
CONDE DA BARCA 763
Sonnet Adanuon. . 763
ANTONIO RIBEIRO DOS SANTOS 764
Sonnet 76. ... 764
DOMINGOS MAXIMIANO TORRES 764
Sonnet 74. ... 764
BELCHIOR MANOEL CURVO SEMEDO 764
Sonnet Bryant. . . 764
JOAM BAPTISTA GOMEZ 764
From the Tragedy of Ignez de Castro . Btacktcood's Mag. lii
JOSE AGOSTINHO DE MACEDO 765
A Meditation For. Quart. Rev. 765
JOAO EVANGELISTA DE MORAES SAR.MENTO . . 766
Ode on War 76. ... 766
J. B. LEITAO DE ALMEIDA GARRETT 766
Prom Adozinda 76. ... 766
APPENDIX 767
INDEX OF AUTHORS TH
TEANSLATORS AND SOURCES.
Adamson. Lusitania lUustrata : Notices on the History,
Antiquities, Literature, &c., of Portugal. Literary De-
partment, Part L Selection of Sonnets, with Biograph-
ical Sketches of the Authors. By John Adamson. New-
castle-upon-Tyne. 1S42. 870.
Bancroft, G. In D wight's Select Minor Poems of Goethe and Schiller.
Beresford. Specimens of the German Lyric Poets. Lon- don. 1823. 8vo.
Bowrinq. Matins and Vespers, with Hymns and Occa- sional Devotional Pieces. By John Bowring. Boston. 1844. 32mo.
. Batavian Anthology, or Specimens of the Dutch
Poets, with a History of the Poetical Literature of Hol- land. By John Bowring and Harry S. Van Dyli. Lon- don. 1824. 18mo.
-. Ancient Poetry a^d Romances of Spain. Se-
lected and translated by John Bowring. London. 1824.
Svo. — Also in the London Magazine.
British Dhjlma ; a Collection of the most esteemed Trag- edies, Comedies, Operas, and Farces in the English Lan- guage. 2 vols. Philadelphia. 1837. Svo.
Brooks. Songs and Ballads, translated from Uhland, Kbr- ner, Biirger, and other German Lyric Poets. By Charles T.Brooks. Boston. 1842. 12mo. — Also in the Dial.
Bryant. Poems by William CuUen Bryant. New York. 1336. 12mo.
Bulwer. The Poems and Ballads of Schiller. Translated by Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, Bart. With a brief Sketch of the Author's Life. London. 1844. Svo. New York. 1844. 12mo.
Byron. The Works of Lord Byron, with his Letters and Journals, and his Life, by Thomas Moore, Esq. 17 vols. London. 1833. 12mo.
Calvert, G. H. Don Carlos ; a Dramatic Poem, by Fred- erick Schiller. Translated from the German. Baltimore. 1834. 12mo.
Carlyle. Critical and Miscellaneous Essays. By Thomas Carlyle. 4 vols. 1838 -.39. 12mo.
Chaucer. The Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, with an Essay, Notes, and a Glossary. By Thomas Tyrwhitt. London. 1843. Svo. — Also in Chalmers's English Poets, Vol. I. London. 1810. Svo.
Chorlev. The Lyre and Sword of Charles Theodore Kdr- ner. With a Life, &c. Translated from the German, by W. B. Chorley. London and' Liverpool. 1835. 24mo.
CiBBER. Xiraena, or the Heroic Daughter; a Tragedy, in Five Acts. By Colley Cibber, Esq. [Translated from the Cid of Corneille]. In the British Drama, Vol. II.
Coleridge. The Poetical Works of S. T. Coleridge. 3 vols. London and Boston. 1835. 16mo.
CoNYBEARE. lUustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry. By John J. Conybeare. London. 1826. Svo.
CosTELLO. Specimens of the Early Poetry of France, from the Time of the Troubadours and Trou vires to the Reign of Henri Quatre. By Louisa Stuart Costello. London. ia35. Svo.
CrAnch, C. p. In Dwight's Select Minor Poems of Goethe and Schiller.
Dacre. Translations from Petrarch. By Barbarina Lady Dacre. Forming Appendix VH. to Essays on Petrarch, by Ugo Foscolo. London. 1822. Svo.
Daniel, S. In Anderson's British Poets, Vol. IV. Edin- burgh. 1793. Svo.
DwioHT. Select Minor Poems, translated from the German of Goethe and Schiller, with Notes. By John S. Dwight. Boston. 1839. 12mo.
Eliot. Schiller's Song of the Bell. Translated for the Boston Academy of Music. By S. A. Eliot. Boston. 1837. Svo.
Fairfax. Godfrey of BuUoigne ; or the Recovery of Jeru-
salem. Done into English Heroical Verse, from the Italian
ofTasso. By Edward Fairfax, 2 vols. Windsor. 1817. Svo.
Fanshaw, R. Extract from his Translation of the Pastor Fido, in the Lives of the most eminent Literary and Sci- entific Men of Italy, Spain, and Portugal. 3 vols. Lon- don. 1835. 16mo.
Felton. German Literature. Translated from the German of Wolfgang Menzel. By C. C. Felton. 3 vols. Boston. 1840. 12mo. — AlsoMS.
Fox. King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of the Metres of Boethius, with an English Translation and Notes. By the Rev. Samuel Fox. London. 1835. Svo.
Frere. In Southey's Chronicle of the Cid. London. 1808. 4to.
Frothingham, N. L. In the Collections of Brooks and Dwight, and the Christian Examiner.
German Wreath. Translations in Poetry and Prose, from celebrated German Writers. Selected by Herman Bokum. Boston, 1836. 16mo.
Gillies. In Blackwood's Magazine.
GowER. Translations from the German ; and Original Po- ems. By Lord Francis Leveson Gower. London. 1824. Svo.
Graeter, F. In the Juvenile Miscellany.
Gray, F. C. MS.
Greene, G. W. In the North American Review.
Greswell, W. Parr. Memoirs of Politian, quoted in Roscoe's Sismondi.
Halleck. Alnwick Castle, with other Poems. By Fitz- Greene Halleck. New York. 1845. 12mo.
Hayward. Faust; a Dramatic Poem, by Goethe. Trans- lated into English Prose, with Remarks on former Transla- tions, and Notes. By A. Hayward, Esq. Second Edition. London. 1834. Svo.
Hemans. The Poetical Works of Mrs. Felicia Hemans, complete in one volume. Philadelphia. 1844. Svo.
Henderson. Iceland ; or the Journal of a Residence in that Island. Edinburgh. 1819. Svo.
Heraud, J, A. In Eraser's Magazine.
Herbert, W. Select Icelandic Poetry. Translated from the Originals, with Notes. London. 1804. Svo.
. Ibid. Part Second. London. 1S06. Svo.
. Translations from the German, Danish, &c.
London. 1804. Svo.
. Translations from the Italian, Spanish, Portu- guese, German, &c. London, 1806. Svo.
Hill. Alzira; a Tragedy, in Five Acts. By Aaron Hill, Esq. [Translated from the French of Voltaire.] In the British Drama, Vol. II.
Holland. Some Account of the Lives and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio and Guillen de Castro. By Henry Richard Lord Holland. 2 vols. London. 1817. Svo.
Hoole. The Works of Metastasio. Translated from the Italian, by John Hoole. 2 vols. London. 1767. Svo.
Howitt. The Poetical Works of Mary Howitt. Philadel- phia. 1844. Svo.
Hunt. Bacchus in Tuscany ; a Dithyrambic Poem, from the Italian of Francesco Redi, with Notes, Original and Select. By Leigh Hunt. London. 1825. 12mo.
. The Poetical Works of Leigh Hunt. London. 1832.
Svo.
Ingram. The Saxon Chronicle, with an English Transla- tion. By the Rev. J. Ingram. London. 1823. 4to.
Jamibson. Popular Ballads and Songs. By Robert Jamie- son. 2 vols. Edinburgh. Svo.
. Popular Heroic and Romantic Ballads, translated
from the Northern Languages. In the Illustrations of Northern Antiquities, from the earlier Teutonic and Scandinavian Romances. Edinburgh. 1814". 4to.
Jarvis. Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated from the
TRANSLATORS AND SOURCES.
Spanish of Miguel de Cervantes Saayedra. By Charles
Jarvis, Esq. 2 vols. London. 1842. 8vo. Kemblb. a Translation of the Anglo-Saxon Poem of Beo- wulf By John M. Kemble, Esq. London. 1837. 12mo. Latham. Axel. From the Swedish of Esaias Tegner. By
R. G. Latham, M. A. London. 1838. 8vo. Lloyd. The Tragedies of VittorioAlfieri. Translated from
the Italian, by Charles Lloyd. 3 vols. London. 1815. 12mo. LocKHART. Ancient Spanish Ballads, Historical and Ro- mantic. Translated, with Notes, by J. G. Lockhart, Esq.
London. 1841. 4lo. New York. 1842. Svo. Lyell. The Canzoniere of Dante Alighieri, including the
Poems of the Vita Nuova and Convito; Italian and Eng- lish. Translated by Charles Lyell, Esq. London. 1840. 8vo. Macray. Stray Leaves, including Translations from the
Lyric Poets of Germany. London. 1827. 12mo. Merivale. The Minor Poems of Schiller. By John Her- man Merivale, Esq., F. S. A. London. 1844. 12mo. MiCKLE. TheLusiad; or the Discovery of India; an Epic
Poem. Translated from Camoens. By William Julius
Mickle. London. 1809. 24mo. Milman. The Poetical Works of Henry Hart Milman.
Philadelphia. 1840. Svo. MoiR. Wallenstein's Camp. Translated from the German
of Schiller, by George Moir. With a Memoir of Albert
Wallenstein, by G.AVallis Haven. Boston. 1837. 12mo. OzELL. The Trophy Bucket ; a Mock Heroic Poem, done
from the Italian into English Rhyme. By Mr. Ozell.
London. 1710. 8vo. Parsons, T. W. The first ten Cantos of the Inferno of Dante
Alighieri, newly translated into English Verse. Boston.
18i3. Svo. Periodicals. American.
The American Quarterly Review.
The Christian Examiner.
The Democratic Review.
The Dial.
The Juvenile Miscellany.
The Knickerbocker.
The Lady's Annual Register.
The New England Magazine.
The New Yorls Review.
The North American Review.
The United Slates Literary Gazette.
The United Stales Review and Literary Gazette. . European.
The Athenaeum.
Blackwood's Magazine.
The Dublin University Magazine.
The Edinburgh Review.
The Foreign Quarterly Review.
The Foreign Review.
Eraser's Magazine.
The London Magazine.
The Quarterly Review.
The Retrospective Review.
Tail's Edinburgh Magazine.
The Westminster Review. Peter. Mary Stuart, a Tragedy, from the German of Schil- ler. By William Peter, A. M. Philadelphia. 1S40. ISmo. Philips. The Distressed Mother; a Tragedy, in Five Acts.
Translated by Ambrose Philips. [From the Andromaque
of Racine.] In the British Drama, Vol. II. PiGOTT. A Manual of Scandinavian Mythology. By Gren-
ville Pigott. London. 1839. Svo. Reynolds. The Modern Literature of France. By George
W. M. Reynolds. 2 vols. London. 1839. 12mo. Richardson. The Life of Carl Theodore Korner, with Se- lections from his Poems, Tales, and DramM. Translated from the German, by G. F. Richardson. 2 vols. London. 1827. Svo. RoscoE, Thomas. In Sismondi's Literature of the South of Europe. 4 vols. London. 1323. Svo. 2 vols. New York. 1827. Svo. RoscoE, William. The Life and Pontificate of Leo the Tenth. By William Roscoe. 4 vols. Liverpool. 1805. 4to.
RoscoE, William. The Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, called
the Magnificent. By William Roscoe. 3 vols. London.
1800. Svo.
. The Nurse, a Poem. Translated from
the Italian of Luigi Tansillo. By William Roscoe. Liver- pool. 1800. 12mo.
Rose. The Orlando Furioso. Translated into English Verse, from the Italian of Ludovico Ariosto, with Notes. By William Stewart Rose. 8 vols. London. 1823. Svo.
. The Orlando Innamorato. Translated into Prose from
the Italian of Francesco Berni, and interspersed with Ex- tracts in the same Stanza as the Original. By William Stewart Rose. Edinburgh. 1823. Svo.
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ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE AND POETEY.
An ancient manuscript tempted King Alfred, wJien a boy at liis mother’s knee, to learn the letters of the Saxon tongue. A volume, which that monarch minstrel wrote in after years, now lies before me, so beautifully printed, that it might tempt any one to learn not only the letters of the Saxon language, but the language also. The monarch himself is looking from the .ornamented initial letter of the first chapter. He is crowmed and care- worn j having a beard, and long, flowing locks, and a face of majesty. He seems to have ju.st uttered those remarkable words, with which his Preface closes: “And now he prays, and for God’s name implores, every one of those whom it lists to read this book, that he would pray for him, and not blame him, if he more rightly understand it than he could ; for every man must, according to the measure of his un- derstanding, and according to his leisure, speak that wiiicli he speaks, and do that which he does.”
I would fain hope, that the beauty of this and otiier Anglo-Saxon books may lead many Iv/the study of that venerable language. Through such gateways will they pass, it is true, into no gay palace of song ; but among the dark ciiainbers and mouldering walls of an old na- tional literature, all weather-stained and in ruins. They will find, however, venerable names recorded on those walls ; and inscrip- tions, worth the trouble of deciphering. To point out the most curious and important of these is my present purpose j and according to the measure of my understanding, and accord- ing to rny leisure, I speak that which I speak.
The Anglo-Saxon language was the language of our Saxon forefathers in England, though they riever gave it that name. They called it Engiish. Thus King Alfred speaks of trans- lating “from hook-latin into English” (of hec Ladcnc on Engllsc) ; Abbot .ffilfric was request- ed by .Ethelward “ to translate the book of Genesis from Latin into English ” (anwcndan of Lcdcne on EngUsc tha hoc Genesis) j and Bishop Leofric, speaking of the manuscript he gave to the Exeter Cathedral, calls it “ a great English book” (mycel EngUsc hoc). In other words, it is the old Saxon, a Gothie tongue, as spoken and developed in England. That it was .spoken and written nniformly throughout the land is not to be imagined, when we know that .Jutes and Angles were in the country as well as Sjixons. But that it was essentially tlie same language everywhere is not to be doubled, when we compare pure West Saxon 1
texts with Northumbrian glosses and books of
Durham. Hickes speaks of u. Dano-Snxon Pe-
riod in the history of the language. The Saxon
kings reigned six hundred years ; the Danish
dynasty, twenty only. And neither the Danish
boors, who were earthlings (yrtidingas) in the
country, nor the Danish soldiers, wJio were
dandies at the court of King Canute, could, in
the brief space of twenty years, have so over-
laid or interlarded the pure Anglo-Saxon with
their provincialisms, as to give it a new char-
acter, and thus form a new period in its history,
as was afterwards done by the Norm^ins.
The Dano-Saxon is a dialect of tlie language, not a period which was passed through in its history. Down to the time of the Norman Conquest, it existed, in the form of two princi- pal dialects ; namely, the Anglo-Saxon in the South; and the Dano-Saxon, or Northumbrian, in the North. After the Norman Conquest, the language assumed a new form, which has been called, properly enough, Norman-Saxon and Semi-Saxon.
This form of the language, ever flowing and filtering through the roots of national feeling, custom, and prejudice, prevailed about two hundred years ; that is, from the middle of the eleventh to the middle of the thirteenth cen- tury, when it became English. It is impossible to fix the landmarks of a language with any great precision ; but only floating beacons, here and there. Perhaps, however, it may be well, while upon this subject, to say more than I have yet said. I therefore subjoin, in a note, a very lucid and brief account of the language ; perhaps the clearest and briefest that can be given. It is by Mr. Cardale."*^
- “Note on tub Saxon Dialect3.
“Hickes, in c. 19 of the AagkvSaxon Grammar m hfs Thesaurus, slates, that there are three dialects of the Saxon language, distinguishable from the i^ire and regular language of which he has already treated, namely, that found in the authors who flourished in the southern and western pans of Britain. These dialects he arranges, ac- cording to certain periods of history, as follows: 1. The Britanno-Sasron, which, he says, was .spoken by our ances- tors, from their original invasion of Britain till the entrance of the Danes, being about Sf37 years.— -2. T\^ Dano-Saxon which, he says, was used from the entrance of the Danes till the Norman invasion, being 274 yeara. anil more espe- cially in the northern parts of England and the south of Scotland. — 3. Tlie Normunno-Dayio-Saxon, sjioken from the invasion by the Normans till the time of Hen. TI.,' which lowanls the end of lliat time, be says, might be termed —Writers of considerable eminence
appear to have con.shlereU this arrangement of tl>e dialucts us a complete history of the language, witlmut .Adverting to the circumstance of Hicfces^s distirtgurshing them all
a"
2
ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE AND POETRY.
Jt is oflentimes curious to consider the f;ir-oiF
beginnings oi* great events, and to study the
aspect of the cloud no bigger tluin one’s hand.
The British peasant looked seaward from his
harvest-field, and saw, with wondering eyes,
the piratical schooner of a Saxon Viking mak-
ing for the moutli of the Thames. A few
years — only a few years — afterward, wJiile
Iho same peasant, driven from his homestead
north or west, still lives to tell the story to his
grandchildren, another race lords it over the
land, speaking a dillerent language and living
under diTerent laws. This important event in
his history is more important in the world’s
history Thus began tlie reign of the Saxons
in England j and the downfall of one nation,
and the rise of another, seem to us at this dis-
tance only the catastrophe of a stage-play.
The Saxons came into England about the middle of the fifth century. They were pagans; they were a wild and warlike people ; brave,
from ‘ the pure and regular language,’ which is the primary
subject of his work. From this partial view, a noiion has
become current, that the Paiio Sa.vnn dialect, previously to
or durinii tlie reigns of the Canutes, became the general
language of this country, and that our present language
was formed l)y gradual alleralions superinduced the
Dano-.S'i.von. This lieiiig l.ak'f'ii for granted, it has a{)peart.'d easy to decide opon the niuitiidiy of some of the exist in, g remains, I’oems written in Daiie-Saxoii have lieen of course ascril)eil to * the n:Lno”Sa,vnn period and ‘ Beowtdf,’ and the pocMns of (Janlinon, have Iteen (h^prive.d <tf that high aiitiipiity which a perusal of the wrilimr.s themstdve.s ini'lines ns to aiirilniic to them, and refernal to a compara- i;v<dy tiiodeni era,
“With all due respect for the learning of the anthorof the T/ii\^<rnn/.ii. it may lie said, that he has intmdut'.ed an unnecossary tiegree of complexity on Ihe. .subject of tlui diiilecl.s. His first dialect, the I3riiann<t-Sa.xon, may lie fairly laiil out of the (piesiion. The only imli.spntalilc specimen of it, according to liis nccoiint, is vvlnit he calls ‘a fragment of the true Ca'dmoii,’ pntserv'ed in Alfred’s version of R(‘de, — a poem which has nothing in language or style to distinguish it from the mlndlted firodtictlous of .\lfred. Dismissing the siipposeil Rritarnu'-Saxou as un- worthy of consideration, the priiudpal remains of the Su.voii hmgtiagti may ho arranged in two classe.s, viz., those which are written in pitro A7iglu-S(txun^ and those which arc written in DatKi-Saxoti. Thu, sc, in fact, were the two great <lialnct.sof the language. The fotmer wa.s used (as Hickes observes) in the southern and western parts of Knglaiul; and the latter in the northerr parts of Kngland and the .south of Scotland. It i.s otnindy a gratuitous supposition, to imagine that cither of the.se dialects com- menced at a much later period lh:m the other. Kach was probably as old as the beginning of the hoplarchv. We know, that, among the various nali<)iis which composed it, the S'axons became predominant in llu! sunthern and vve.st- eru parts, and the Angle.s in ilie northern. As these utuinns were distinct in their original .seat.s on the contineni, so they arrived ai dilferent lime.s, and brought with them different dialects Thi.s variety of speech continued till the Norman conrincst, and even aficrward.s. It is not alTirmcd, that the dialect.s were alwolntely invariable. Each wnnhl be more or less changed hy lime, and l»y intercourse with foreignera The mutu.'d connexion, also, which stih* ai.sted hf.wecMt the ditferei.: 'unions of the lieptarchy w'ould necessarily leail to some iniernnXMire. Rni we may with safety assert, that the two great diiilsci.') „f llte Saxon lan- guage coniitmed substantially disiiuct as lon.^ the lan- guage itself was in uae, — that the Dano-Saxon, in .^hort,
rejoicing in sea-stonn.s, ;nid heauliliil in person,
with blue eyes, uiid long, flowing hair. Tliei
warriors wore tlieir sliitdds .sii.spetidfcd iVoti
tlieir necks by cluiins. Their liotsemen were
armed with iron sledge-hiumtiers. Their priests
rode upon mures, and carried iiitij the baltle-
field an image of the god liniin.stila ; in ligtire
like an armed man ; his helmet crested with a
cock 5 in his right hand a biinner, emblazoned
with a red rose; a betir ctirved nj>on his breast;
and, hanging from liis sliotildeis, a shield, on
which was a lion in a field of flowers.
Not two centuries elajised before this whole people was converted to Clirislianity. iElfric, ill his homily on the hirtlidny ol* St. Gregory, informs us, that this (njuversion wtis at-com- plished by the lioly wishes of' that good man, and tlie holy works of St. Aiignsline and other monks. St. Gregory hchohling one duy certain slaves set for sale in the m;irKei-pIace of Rome, who were “men of fair coiiiiteimnee and iiohly-
never superseded the Anglo-Saxon, In m formal dis.serlalion
on this subject, citations migbi be made from Uie^ Saxon
Law-s’ from Etlielbert lo Caiinie. from the ‘Saxon Clironi-
clc,’ from charters, and IVtuu work.s ('(Mife.ssedly wriiiem after
the Norman conquest, to show, that, wlialever change.s
took place in the dialect of iho .soiiihern aiul we.-<tern parts
of IJritaln. it never lost its disiinci i vc clniractcr, or brcartio
what, can with any propriety lie tornxol I loiio-.'^'a.von. After
the Norman conqinwT.. both the clioiccts wco’ gradually
corrupted, till tlajy l(;rniirialc(l in tnudero English During
this perie*d of the declen.sion of tlie Sa.xou lauguago, noth-
ing was [lermancnl ; and whetlnn* we call the mixed and
changeable language ‘ Nonnanno Daiio Saxnn,’ or ‘S'emi-
Saxon,’ or leave it wilhimt any pariirular appi‘ll;iiion. is
not very impo'-tant. — An adilitittnal proof ibat the two
gro.'it dialect.s were not con.seeiitive, hiil contemporary,
might lx's drawn from early wriliiig.s in and even
from such as were composetl Umg aft<n‘ the estaUlisbment of the Normans. We find trace.s of the pure Am^lo-Saxon dialect in Kobert of Gloucester, who wrote in the time of Edward the First, am) wlio.se work.s are now midersi(»od tdmost without tin; aid of a irlos-.iary ; whereas the huurtsaf'o of Tloliort hanglaiid, who wrote nearly a ('entnry later, in more closely CiunieCleii with tin* flaim Saxon, :md .so dilfer- oni from modern ICmjli.sh as to he ^.ometJUUH atmieit. unin- teUigihle. — Thoueh the.-T, diiVerence.t have been gr.idn.ally wearing away, our provi'.a’.ial elusoaries alfiu'd evidtmcc, that, even at the prttsent day, they am not cniiieiy obliutr* ateil.
“Alfred’s langnugo is eateomed ])Mre Amj-lo Saxon ; yet we find in his iHu:tical composiiiuns some wtud e which, according to Hlcko.s, helom* to the D.mo Saxon tit, alert. This may bo readily accounted for. It is exiremelv prob- able that the works of the poj'is who tlmiri 'lied in the north of Enelaud and the ndjuinimr p.arts of SVoiIaml, and who composed their poeims in Daiio Sa.v<»n , wro* cirrnl.ated. if not in writing, at least by itinerant rer.it«-r!, in all the nations of the heptarchy; that they were imitated liy tbo sdttiherri poets; and that ,'^ome particular word i and {dm n were at length considered as ti .sort t»f pijeiic.i) laierija'n!, and iudispensahle to that apecie.i of cotnpo-thion, Smno words which occur in the poem.s of Alfred, as welt a . in ‘Beowulf,’ Credmon, A:c., are srddom or m^ver met with in prn.se. Of Alfred’.s early attention to jioetiral reriintioiu wo have a remarkable to.siiimmy in As-^«)r; ' S(trnttirti poftn* atn die 7ioctHque Hohna auditor rrhitu a/iurutn piysime aitdieits, duciinlis vicmoriter rHiiud/titd Wi-a/s .-l.v.jfT, p. Ifi” — Kiinr Alfred's .\ngl(vSax(in Version of Enin bins, wilii an FaiTlish Translation and Xotc.s. By T, S,
Loudon : 1321). fivo.
ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE AND POETRY.
3
haired,” and learning that they were heathens,
and called Angles, heaved a long sigh, and said :
“ Well-away ! that men of so fair a hue should
be subjected to the swarthy devil ! Rightly
are they called Angles, for they have angels’
beauty ; and therefore it is fit that they in hea-
ven should be companions of angels.” As soon,
therefore, as he undertook the popehood (pa-
panhad underfeng)^ the moriks were sent to
their beloved work. In the Witejia, Gemot.^ or
Assembly of the Wise, convened by King Ed-
win of Northumbria to consider the propriety
of receiving the Christian faith, a Saxon Eal-
dorman arose, and spoke these noble words :
“ Thus seemeth to me, O king, this present life
of man upon earth, compared with the time
which is unknown to us ; even as if you were
sitting at a feast, amid your Ealdormen and
Thegris in winter time. And the fire is lighted,
and the hall warmed, and it rains, and snows,
and storms without. Then cometh a sparrow,
and flieth about the hall. It cometh in at one
door, and goeth out at another. While it is
within, it is not touched by the winter’s storm;
but that is only for a moment, only for the least
space. Out of the winter it cometh, to return
again into the winter eftsoon. So also this life
of man endureth for a little space. What goeth
before it and what followeth after, we know
not. Wherefore, if this new lore bring aught
more certain and more advantageous, then is it
worthy that we should follow it.”
Thus the Anglo-Saxons became Christians. For the good of their souls they built monaste- ries and went on pilgrimages to Rome. The wliole country, to use Malmesbury’s phrase, was “ glorious and refulgent with relics.” The priests s:ing psalms night and day ; and so great was the piety of St. Cuthbert, that, according to Bede, he forgot to take off his shoes for months together, — sometimes the whole year round; — from which Mr. Turner infers, that he had no stockings.* They also copied the Evangelists, and illustrated them with illumin- ations; m one of which St. John is represented in a pea-green dress with red stripes. They also drank ale out of buffalo horns and wooden- k nobbed goblets. A Mercian king gave to the Monastery of Croyland his great drinking-horn, that tlie elder monks might drink therefrom at festivals, and “ in their benedictions remember sometimes the soul of the donor, Witlaf.” They drank his health, with that of Christ, the Virgin Mary, the Apostles, and other saints. Malmes- bury says, that excessive drinking was the com- mon vice of all ranks of people. We know that King Havdicanute died in a revel ; and King Edmund, in a drunken brawl at Puckle- .cl urch, being, with all liis court, much over- taken by liquor, at the festival of St. Augustine. Tlius did mankind go reeling through the Dark Ages; quarrelling, drinking, hunting, hawking, ^in^rin^ psalms, wearing breeches,! grinding in
<j1‘ ilie Aii.glo-Siixoiis, Vol. H. p.
t In an old Anglo-Saxon dialogue, a shoemaker says, that
mills, eating hot bread, I'ocked in cradles, buried
in coffins, — weak, suffering, sublime Well
might King Alfred exclaim, “ Maker of all
creatures ! help now thy miserable mankind.”
A national literature is a subject which should always be approaclied with reverence. It is diffi- cult to comprehend fully the mind of a nation ; even when that nation still lives, and we can visit it, and its present history, and the lives of men we know, iielp us to a comment on the writ- ten text. But here the dead alone speak. Voices, half understood ; fragments of song, ending abruptly, as if the poet had sung no farther, but died with these last words upon his lips ; homilies, preached to congregations that have been asleep for many centuries ; lives of saints, who went to their reward long before the world began to scoff at sainthood ; and won- derful legends, once believed by men, and now, in this age of wise children, hardly credible enough for a nurse’s talc ; nothing entire, noth- ing wholly understood, and no farther comment or illufti-ation than may be drawn from an iso- lated ^ found in an old clironicle, or per- chance a rude illumination in an old manu- script 1 Such is the literature we have now to consider. Such fragments, and mutilated re- mains, has the human mind left of itself, com- ing down through tJie times of old, step by step, and every step a century Old men and venerable accompany us through the Past ; and, pausing at the threshold of the Present, they put into our hands, at parting, such written records of themselves as they have. We should receive these things with reverence. We should respect old age.
“ This leaf, is it not blown about by the wind?
Woe to it for its fate !
Alas ! it is old.”
What an Anglo-Saxon glee-man was, we know from such commentaries as are mentioned above. King Edgar forbade the monks to be ale-poets (eala-scopas) ; and one of his accusa- tions against the clergy of his day was, that they entertained glee-men in their monasteries, where they had dicing, dancing, and singing, till midnight. The illumination of an old man- uscript shows how a glee-man looked. It is a frontispiece to the Psalms of David. The great psalmist sits upon his throne, with a harp in his hand, and his masters of sacred song around him. Below stands the glee-man ; throwing three balls and three knives alternately into the air, and catching them as they full, like a modern juggler. But all the Anglo-Saxon poets were not glee-men. All the harpers were not, hoppesteres^ or dancers. The sceop^ the creator, the poet, rose, at times, to higher things. He sang the deeds of heroes, victorious odes, death-songs, epic poems ; or sitting in clois- ters, and afar from these things, converted holy writ into Saxon chimes.
The first thing which strikes the reader of
he makes “slippers, shoes, and leather breeches” (atoyft- Icras, sccos, and iether-fiose).
4
ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE AND POETRY.
Anglo-Saxon poetry is the structure of the .
verse ; tlte short exclamatory lines, whose
rliytlim depeijds on alliteration in the emphatic
syllables, and to whicli the general omission
of the particles gives great energy and vivacity.
Though alliteration predominates in all Anglo-
Saxon poetry, rhyme is not wholly wanting.
It had line-rJiymes and final rhymes; wJiicli,
being added to the alliteration, and brought so
near togctlier in the short, emphatic lines, pro-
duce a singular effect upon the ear. They ring
like blows of hammers on an anvil. For ex-
ample :
mah yiiteth,
jPlan man Invite Lh,
i3urg sor." Aiteth,
JSald aid thvviicih,
ITVaec-fiec toriihelh,
UVath ath sniiietli."
The strong dart (liltcth,
The spear man wlieiteth,
Care the city biteih,
Age the bold quclloth. Vengeance prevailelh, Wrath a city asaailctli.
Other peculiarities of Anglo-Saxon poetry,
which cannot escape the reader’s attention, are
its frequent inversions, its bold transitions, and
abundant metaphors. These are the things
which render Anglo-Saxon poetry so much more
difficult than Anglo-Saxon prose. But upon
tliese points I need not enlarge. It is enough
to have thus alluded to them.
One of the oldest and most important re- mains of Anglo-Saxon literature is the epic po- em of “ Beowulf.” Its age is unknown ; but it comes from a very distant and hoar antiquity ; somewliere between the seventh and tenth cen- turies. It is like u piece ol‘ ancient armor; rusty and battered, and yet strong. From with- in comes a voice sepulchral, as if tlie ancient armor spoke, telling a simple, straight-forward narrative ; vdth Jicre arid tlicrc the boasllul speech of a rough old Dime, reminding one of those made by tlic heroes of Homer, The stylo, likewise, i.s simple, — perhaps one should say, austere. The hold metaphors, whicii charac- terize nearly all the Anglo-Saxon poems we have read, arc for the most part wanting in this. The author seems mnirily bent upon telling us, liovv bis Sea- Goth slew the Grendel and the Fire-drake. He is too much in earnest to mul- tiply epithets and gorgeous figures. At times he is tedious ; at times obscure ; and be who undertakes to read the original will find it no easy task,
The poem begins with a description of King Hrothgar the Scylding, in his great hall of He- ort, wliich reiichoed with the sound of harj) and song. But tiot far off, in tlie feus and marshes of Jutland, dwelt, a grim and monstrous giant, called Grendel, a desceiulaiit of Cain. This troublesome individual was in the habit of occa- sionally visiting tiie Scylding's palace by night, to see, as the author rather quaintly says, “how the doughty Danes found tJieinselve.s after their beor-carouse.” On his first visit, he destroyed -omo thirty inmates, all asleep, with beer in theif' brains ; and ever afterwards kept the whe le land in fear of death. At length the fame of these evil deeds reached the ears of
Beowulf, the Thane of Higelac, a famous Vi-
king in those days, who had slain sea-monsters,
and wore a wild-boar for liis crest. Straight-
way lie sailed with fifteen lui lowers for the
court of Heort ; unarmed, in the great mead-
hall, and at midnight, fought the Grendel, tore
off* one of liis arms, and hung it :q) ^n the pal-
ace wall as a curiosity ; the fiend’s lingers being
armed with long nails, which the author calls the
Jiand-spurs of tlie lieallien hero (^/utfJiciics Itond-
sporu Itllde-rlnccs) . Retreating to liis cave, the
grim ghost (grhim gnat) departed this life ;
whereat tliere was great carousing at Heort.
But at night came tlie Greiiclers mother, and
carried away one of the heer-drunkeii heroes of
tlie ale-wassail {l)corc drunene ofer col-wagre).
Beowulf, witli a great escort, jiursiied Jier to the
fen-lands of tlie Grendel ; plunged, all armed,
into a dark-rolling and dreary river, tliat flowed
from the monster’s cavern ; slew worms and
dragons manifold ; was dragged to the bottom
by the old-wife ; and seizing a magic sword,
which lay among the treasures of that realm of
wonders, %vith one fell blow, let her lieatlieii
.soul out of its bone-house {han-hun.) Having
thus freed the land from llie giants, Beowulf,
laden' with gifts and treasures, departml home-
ward, as if nothing special had happened ; and,
after the deatli ol’ King Higelar, ascemled tlie
tlironc of tlie Scyllings. Here the j»oem should
end, and, we doubt not, did originally end. B it,
as it lias come down to us, eleven more canto-i
fiillow, containing a new si'ries of adventures,
Beowulf has grown old. He has reigned lil’ty
years; and now, in liis gray old ag(‘, i.s troubled
liy the devastations of a monstrous Fire-<lrake,
so that liis metropolis is ladeagnered, and lie can
no longer fly his hawks and merles in tlie ojien
country. He resolves, at length, to figlit with
this Fire-drake; and, with the lielp ol* Ins at-
tendant, Wiglal* ovmTomes Iiiin. J'lie land Is
made rich by the treasures I’oiuid in tlie. dragon’s
cave; hut Beowulf’ dies of his wounds.
Tims dcjiarts Beowulf, tin*. Sea-Got fi , of the world-kings the niild(.‘st to men, the strongest of hand, the most clement to hi.s people, the most desirous oi’ glory. And tluis (doses the oldest epic in any modern language ; writKm in forty-three cantos and some six thousand lines. The outline, hero given, is filled up with almn- dant episodes and warlike details. W’e have alc-revehs, and giving of bracelets, and presents of mares, and songs of hards. The hattle.s with the Grendel and the Fire-drake are. minnttdy descrihed ; as likewise are the dwellings and rich treasure-houses of these nmusters. The fire-streum flows with lurid light ; the dragon hreiitlies out flame and peslihmiial breath ; the gigantic sword, fl^rged by the Jutes of old, dis- solves and thaws like an ictele in the hero’s grasp ; and the swart raven tells the <?ngle imw he lured with the fell wolf at the death-feast. Such is, in brief, the maeliinery of the poem It pojqsesses great tqiic merit, and in parts is strikingly graphic in its descri])tians As w©
ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE AND POETRY
5
read, we can almost smell the brine, and hear
the sea-breeze blow, and see the main-land
stretch out its jutting promontories, those sea-
noses (sce-ncessas)^ as the poet calls them, into
the blue waters of the solemn main.
In the words of Mr. Kemble, I exhort the reader “to Judge this poem not by the measure of our times and creeds, but by those of the times which it describes; as a rude, but very faithful picture of an age, wanting indeed in scientific knowledge, in mechanical expertness, even in refinement ; but brave, generous, and right-prin- cipled ; assuring him of what I well know, that these echoes from the deserted temples of the past, if listened to in a sober and understanding spirit, bring with them matter both strengthen- ing and purifying the heart.”*
The next work to which I would call the attention of my readers is very remarkable, both in a philological and in a poetical point of view ; being written in a more ambitious style than “ Beowulf.” It is Caedmon’s “ Paraphrase of Portions of Holy Writ.” Caedmon was a ! monk in the Minster of Whitby. He died in the year 680. The only account we have of his life is that given by the Venerable Bede in his “ Ecclesiastical History.”
By some he is called the Father of Anglo- Saxon Poetry, because his name stands first in the history of Saxon song-craft ; by others, the Milton of our Forefathers ; because he sang of Lucifer and the Loss of Paradise.
The poem is divided into two books. The first is nearly complete, and contains a para- phrase of parts of the Old Testament and the Apocrypha.' The second is so mutilated as to be only a series of unconnected fragments. It contains scenes from the New Testament, and is chiefly occupied with Christ’s descent into the lower regions ; a favorite theme in old times, and well known in the history of mira- cle-plays, as the “ Harrowing of Hell.” The author is a pious, prayerful monk ; “ an awful, reverend, and religious man.” He has all the simplicity of a child. He calls his Creator the Blithe-heart King ; the patriarchs, Earls ; and their children. Noblemen. Abraham is a wise- heedy man, a guardian of bracelets, a mighty earl ; and his wife Sarah, a woman of elfin- b^auty. The sons of Reuben are called Sea- I%ates. A laugher is a laughter-smith (lileah- tOT-smith) ; the Ethiopians, a people brown with the hot coals of heaven (prune leode hatum hco- fon-col/im ) .
Striking poetic epithets and passages are not, however, wanting. They are sprinkled here and tliere throughout the narrative. The sky is called the roof of nations, the roof adorned
- The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, the Traveller’s
Song ami the Battle of Finnesbiirgh, edited, together with a Glossary of the more Difficult WonU, and an Historical Preface, by John M. Kemble, Esq., M. A. London : 1833. 12mo.
A Tianslation of the Anglo-Saxon Poem of Beowulf. By oi‘M M. Kemble, Esq., M. A. London: 1837. 12mo.
with stars. After the overthrow of Pharaoh and
his folk, he says, the blue air was with corrup-
tion tainted, and the lurstlng ocean whooptd a
bloody storm. Nebuchadnezzar is described as
a naked^ unwilling wanderer^ a wondrous wretch
and wcedless. Horrid ghosts, swart and sinful,
“Wide through windy halls
Wail vvoful.”
And, in the sack of Sodom, we are told how many a fearful, pale-faced damsel must trem- hling go into a stranger's embrace ; and how fell the defenders of brides and bracelets, sick with wounds. Indeed, whenever the author has a battle to describe, and hosts of arm-bearing and war-faring men draw from their sheaths the ring- hilted sword of edges doughty (hring-moeled sujcord eegum dihtig), he enters into the matter with so much spirit, that one almost imagines he sees, looking from under that monkish cowl, the visage of no parish priest, but of a grim war-wolf, as the brave were called, in the days when Caedmon wrote.
The genuineness of these remains has been called in question, or, perhaps I should say, denied, by Hickes and others. They suppose the work to belong to as late a period as the tenth century, on account of its similarity in style and dialect to other poems of that age. Besides, the fragment of the ancient Caedmon, given by Bede, describing the Creation, does not correspond exactly with the passage on the same subject in the Junian or Pseudo Caedmon ; and, moreover, Hickes says he has detected so many Dano-Saxon words and phrases in it, that he “ cannot but think it was written by some Northymbrian (in the Saxon sense of the word), after the Danes had corrupted their language.” Mr. Thorpe* replies very conclusively to all this ; that the language of the poem is as pure Anglo-Saxon as that of Alfred himself; that the Danisms exist only in the “ imagination of the learned author of the Thesaurus ” ; and that, if they were really to be found in the work under consideration, it would prove no more than that the manuscript was a copy made by a Northum- brian scribe, at a period when the language had become corrupted. As to the passage in Bede, the original of Caedmon was not given ; only a Latin translation by Bede, which Alfred, in his version of the venerable historian, has retrans- lated into Anglo-Saxon. Hence the difference between these lines and the opening lines of the poem. In its themes the poem corresponds exactly with that which Bede informs us Caed- mon wrote ; and its claim to genuineness can hardly be destroyed by such objections as have been brought against it.
Such are the two great narrative poems of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. Of a third, a short fragment remains. It is a mutilated thing ; a mere torso. Judith of the Apocrypha is the he-
- CiBdmori’s Metrical Paraphrase of Parts of the Holy
Scriptures in Anglo-Saxon ; with an English Translation, Notes, and a Verbal Index, by Benjamin Thorpe, F. S. A London : 1832. Svo.
a2
ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE AND POETRY.
ii
roine. The part preserved describes the death
uf Holoteriies in a fine, brilJiant style, de-
lighting the hearts of all Anglo-Saxon scholars.
The original will be found in Mr. Thorpe’s
.■ludlecta '^ ; and translations of some passages in
Turner’s “ History.” But a more important frag-
ment is that on the “ Death of Byriitnoth ” at the
liattle of Maldon. This, likewise, is in Thorpe;
and a prose translation is given by Conybeare
in his “ Illustrations. ”t It savors of rust and of
aTitir|uity, like “ Old Hildebrand ” in German.
What a fine passage is this, spoken hy an aged
vassal over the dead body of the hero, in the
tliickest of the fight 1
“ Byrhtwold spoke; lie was an aged vassal; he raised his shield; he brandished liis ashen spear; he full baldly exhorted the warriors. Our spirit shall bo the hardier, our heart shall be the keener, our soul shall be the greater, the more our forces diminish. Here licth our chief all mangled ; the brave one in the dust ; ever may he lament his shame that thinketh to Hy from this play of weapons! Old am I in life, yet will I not stir hence ; but I think to lie by the side of my lord, hy that much loved man ! ’ ”
Sliorter tlian either of these fragments is a third on the “Fight of Finsborough.” Ihs chief value seems to be, tliat it rehites to the same action which formed tlie theme of one of Hrothgar’s bard.s in “.Beowulf.” Mr. CoJiy- beure has given it a place, in iiis work. In ad- dition to these narrative poems luul fragments, two others, founded on Lives of Saints, are mentioned, though Ihc}" have never been pub- lished. Tliey are the “ Life and Passion of St. Juliana” ; and the “ Visions of the Hermit Guthhic.”
There is another narrative poem, wljicth I must mention here on accoutit of its subject, though of a mucli later date than the forego- ing. It is the “ Chronicle of King Lear and his Daughters,” in Nonnan-Saxon ; not rliyined rhrouglioiit, hut with rhymes too ollcn recurring to be accidental. As a poem, it has no merit, but shows that the story of Lciir is very old ; for, in speaking of the old King's death and burial, it refer.s to a previou.s account, “ as tJie book telleth” (asc the lock tcUcth). Cordelia i.s married to Aganippus, king of France ; and, after liis deatli, reigns over England, tliough Maglaudus, king of Scotland, declares, that it is a “ mucklc shame, that a queen should be hhisr over the land.” t
Besides these long, elaborate poems, the An- glo-Saxons had their odes and btdlads. Thus, when King Canute was sailing by the abbey of Ely, he beard the voices of the monks chanting their vesper hymn. Whereupon he sang, in
Anakcta Artglo-Saxoiiim. A Sulcctiou, in Frciao and Vor:ie, froju Anglo-Saxon Auilvor-s of Various Aga.s, with u Glossary. Designed chiolly as a First Book for Students. By RE.vjAMrN Tiioupe. London : ISIM. Svo.
t Illustrations of .Anglo-Saxon Poetry. By John Josias jONYUEAre. London: 1S26. Svo.
1 For hit was swllhe inochel same, and eke hit was mochcl graine, that a cvvene soldo be king in thisae land.
the best Anglo-Saxon he was master of, the fol-
lowing rhyme :
“ Merry sang tlic monks in Ely,
As King Canute was .steering by;
Row, ye knights, near ilie land,
And hear we these monks’ .song,”'-<'
The best, and, properly speaking, j)erliaps the only, Anglo-Saxon oile.s we have, arc those pre- served in tlm “Saxon Chronicle,” in recording the events they celebrate. They ;ire live in number. “ iEtiielstan’s Victory at Brnnaiibnrli,” A. D. 938; the “Victories of Edinujid ./‘Etlie- ling,” A. D. 942 ; the “ Coroimtion of King Ed- gar,” A. D. 973; the “Death ol'King Edgar,” A. D. 975; and the “Death of King Edward,” A. D. 1065, The “Battle ol‘ Brniianbnrli ” is already pretty well known by the numertms English versions, and attempts thereat, which have been given of it. 'Phis ode is one of ll»e most characteristic specinicns of Anglo-Saxon poetry. What a striking piclnn; is (bat of the lad with haxcM hair, mangled with wounds ; and of the seven earls of Aiilal’, au<l the five young kings, lying on the hattle-liehl, lulled tisleep by the sw<ird ! Imleed, the whole (xle is striking, hold, grapiiic. Tlni furious onslaught; the cleaving ofthc’*wnll ofshields; the hewing down of banners; the din of the light; the hard liand-play ; the retreat of the Northmen, in nailed ships, over the slr)rmy sea ; and tlie de- .serted dead, on tlie battle-ground, lell to the .swart raven, tlic w'ar-hawk, and the wolf; — all these images appeal strongly to the imagina- tion. The hard has nobly dcs<u-ihcd tills victo- ry of the illnstriotis war-smiths (irtunce ?r/o'- sniUhdn)^ the most signal victory since the c.om- ing of the Saxons into England; .so say tlie book.s of the edd wise. men.
And here I would make due and honorahlo mention of tlic “ Poetic Calendar,” and of King Alfred’.s “Version ol’ tlie Metres of Boethius.” TJie “Poetic Calendar” is a chroniide of great events in the lives of saints, martyrs, and apos- tles, referred to the <lay.s on which tluyv took place. At the end is a strange poem, cotisisting of a scries of aphorisms, not unlike those that adorn a rtmderu ahnamua
In addition to these n.'irrJitivos atid ode.s tind didactic poems there, is ;i vtist number of minor poems on various subjects, smtic (if which have been published, thougii for the most part ti^cy still lie asleep in iiianusm’ipts, — liymns, alh.*go- ries, (loxologies, provcrlis, (.uiignias, paraphra.siss of the Lord’s Prayer, ptuuns on l)«‘ath and tluj Day of Judgnumt, and tlie lik(\ A great <]iian- tity of them is contairual in the celcl)ratcd E.xe- ter Manus('npt; a folio given by Bisliop Leo- frie to the Cathednd of Exeter in the eleventh century, and called hy the donor, a “ wtjed Englisc hoc he gehwtjhuvi on Icoihtcl^
san gcuDorkt^^^ a gretit Eugli.sli book about every
^ Merits sunken the muuorhus h'muou Ely,
Tha Cnut r.biii'J: rcuilicr by ;
Rowolb, cnihb.s, uurr ilu; land,
And hero wc thea numuchcH waug.
ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE AND POETRY.
7
thing, composed in verse. A minute account
of the contents of this manuscript, with numer-
ous extracts, is given by Conyheare in his “Il-
lustrations.” Among these is the beginning of
a very singular and striking poem, entitled,
“ The Soul’s Complaint against the Body.” But perhaps the most curious poem in the Exe- ter Manuscript is tlie Rhyming Poem, to which 1 have before alluded.
I will close this introduction with a few remarks on Anglo-Saxon Prose. At the very boundary stand two great works, like land- marks. These are the “Saxon Laws,” pro- mulgated by the various kings that ruled the land ; and the “Saxon Chronicle,”* in which all great liistoric events, from the middle of the fifth to the middle of the twelfth century, are recorded by contemporary writers, mainly, it would seem, the monks of Winchester, Peter- borough, and Canterbury. Setting these aside, doubtless the most important remains of Anglo- Saxon prose are the writings of King Alfred tlie Great.
What a sublime old character was King Al- fred I Alfred, the Truth-teller ! Thus the an- cient historian surnamed him, as others were surnamed the Unready, Ironside, Harefoot. The principal events of his life are known to all menj — the nine battles fought in the first year of his reign ; his flight to the marshes and for- ests of Somersetshire ; his poverty and suffer- ing, wherein was fulfilled the prophecy of St. Neot, that he should “ be bruised like the ears of wheat” ; his life with the swineherd, whose wife bade him turn the cakes, that they might not be burnt, for she saw daily that he was a great eater ; t liis successful rally ; his victories, and his future glorious reign j these things are known to all men. And not only these, which are events in his life, but also many more, which are traits in his character, and controlled events ; as, for example, that he was a wise and virtuous man, a religious man, a learned man for that age. Perhaps they know, even, how he measured time with his six horn lan- terns ; also, that he was an author and wrote many books. But of these books how few persons have read even a single line ! And yei it is well worth one’s while, if he wish to see ail the calm dignity of that great man’s character, and how in him the scholar and the man outshone the king. For example, do we not know iiim better, and honor him more, when we hear from his own lips, as it were,
^ Tho style of this Chronicle rises at times far above that of most monkish historians. For instance, in record- in" the death of William the Conqueror, the writer says:
Sh irp death, that passes by neither rich men nor poor, >eized him also. Alas! how false and how uncertain is due win'ld’s weal ’ He that was before a rich king, and ord of many lands, had not then of all his land more than a space of seven feet ! and he that was whilom enshrouded ir gold and gems lay there covered with mould.” A .D, I0f?“
t " Wend th\i thao hlafes, tha he n) forbeornen, fortham c geseo deighamlice tha thu mycel ete eart.” — Asset,
Life of Alfred.” See Turner.
such sentiments as these ? “ God has made
all men equally noble in their original nature. True nobility is in the mind, not in tJic flesh.
I wished to live honorably whilst I lived, and, after my life, to leave to the men who were after me my memory in good works 1 ”
The chief writings of this Royal Author are his translations of Gregory’s “ Paste ralis,” Boe- thius’s “ Consolations of Philosophy,” Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History,” and the “History of Orosius,” known in manuscripts by the mys- terious title of “ Horinesta.” Of these works the most remarkable is the BoGthius ; so much of his own mind has Alfred infused into it. Properly speaking, it is not so much a transla- tion as a gloss or paraphrase ; for the Saxon King, upon his throne, had a soul which was near akin to that of the last of the Roman phi- losophers in his prison. He had suffered, and could sympathize with suffering humanity. He adorned and carried out still farther the reflec- tions of Boethius. He begins his task, how- ever, with an apology, saying, “Alfred, king, was translator of this book, and turned it from book-latin into English, as he most plainly and clearly could, amid the various and manifold worldly occupations which often busied him in mind and body ” ; and ends with a prayer, beseeching God, “ by the sign of the holy cross, and by the virginity of the blessed Mary, and by the obedience of the blessed Michael, and by the love of all the saints and their merits,” that his mind might be made steadfast to the divine will and his own soul’s need.
Other remains of Anglo-Saxon prose exist in the tale of “ Apollonius of Tyre ” ; the “ Bible- translations ” and “Colloquies” of Abbot ffic ; “ Glosses of the Gospels,” at the close of one of which, the conscientious scribe has writ- ten, “ Aldred, an unworthy and miserable priest, with the help of God and St- Cuthbert, over- glossed it in English ” ; and, finally, various miscellaneous treatises, among which the most curious is a “ Dialogue between Saturn and Solomon.”
Hardly less curious, and infinitely more val- uable, is a “ Colloquy ” of .®lfric, composed for the purpose of teaching boys to speak Latin. The Saxon is an interlinear translation of the Latin. In this “ Colloquy ” various laborers and handicraftsmen are introduced, — plough- men, herdsmen, huntsmen, shoemakers, and others ; and each has his say, even to the blacksmith, who dwells in his smithy amid iron fire-sparks and the sound of beating sledge- hammers and blowing bellows (isenne fyr- spcarcan^ and sioegincga heatendra slecgea, and blawendra hjliga).
To speak farther of Anglo-Saxon prose would lead me beyond my plan. I have only to re- mark, that, in the selections from Anglo-Saxon poetry which follow, I have, for the most part, selected s.rr pie prose translations, as best cal- culated to convey a clear idea of the rhythmic but unrhymed originals.
