Pseudoscience
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | "[[astrology|Astrologers]] and [[Fortune-telling|fortune-tellers]], who practise [[palmistry]] and calculate [[nativities]], [[guess]] at things past by the motion of a sieve, and show undimmed truth in a [[looking-glass]] or in a cup of water, are publicly tolerated; such people are, indeed, not without their use; they [[Prediction|predict]] to men they'll make their [[fortune]], to girls they shall [[marry]] their sweethearts, console those children whose fathers are too long dying, and calm the restlessness of young women married to old men; in a word, they [[Deception|deceive]], but not at a very high rate, those who wish to be deceived."--''[[The Characters of Jean de La Bruyère]]'' (1688) by Jean de La Bruyère | ||
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| + | "We confess our sympathy with many of [[Paul Virilio|Virilio]]'s political and social views; but the cause is not, alas, helped by his pseudo-physics." --''[[Fashionable Nonsense]]'' (1997) by Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont | ||
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| + | "Max Nordau's ''[[Degeneration (Nordau)|Degeneration]]'' aims at being a literary [[nosology]] of the [[Decadent movement|Decadent Movement]], but it is completely discredited by its [[pseudoscience|pseudo-erudition]], its grossly [[positivist]] point of view, and its [[insincere]] moral tone."--[[Frank Kermode]] in the introduction to ''[[The Romantic Agony]]'' by Mario Praz | ||
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| + | [[Image:Speculum Sophicum Rhodostauroticum.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[mysticism]] series. | ||
| + | <br><small>Illustration: ''[[The Temple of the Rose Cross]]''</small>]] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| + | '''Pseudoscience''' consists of statements, [[belief]]s, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the [[scientific method]]. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or [[falsifiability|unfalsifiable claims]]; reliance on [[confirmation bias]] rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; absence of systematic practices when developing [[Hypothesis|hypotheses]]; and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific hypotheses have been experimentally discredited. The term ''pseudoscience'' is considered [[pejorative]], because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively. Those described as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization. | ||
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| + | The [[demarcation problem|demarcation between science and pseudoscience]] has [[philosophical]] and [[scientific]] implications. Differentiating science from pseudoscience has practical implications in the case of [[health care]], [[Expert witness|expert testimony]], [[Environmental policy|environmental policies]], and [[science education]]. Distinguishing scientific facts and theories from pseudoscientific beliefs, such as those found in [[astrology]], [[alchemy]], [[alternative medicine]], [[occult]] beliefs, [[religion|religious beliefs]], and [[creation science]], is part of science education and [[scientific literacy]]. | ||
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| + | Pseudoscience can be harmful. For example, pseudoscientific [[anti-vaccine]] activism and promotion of [[homeopathic]] remedies as alternative disease treatments can result in people forgoing important medical treatment with demonstrable health benefits. | ||
| + | ===Related concepts=== | ||
| :''[[pseudo-]], [[science]]'' | :''[[pseudo-]], [[science]]'' | ||
| - | '''Pseudoscience''' is defined as a body of knowledge, [[methodology]], [[belief]], or [[practice]] that is claimed to be [[scientific]] or made to appear scientific, but does not adhere to the [[scientific method]]. | + | |
| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | ; Related concepts | + | |
| - | * [[Analytic philosophy]] | + | |
| * [[Antiscience]] | * [[Antiscience]] | ||
| - | * [[Common misconception]] | + | * [[Climate change denial]] |
| * [[Credulity]] | * [[Credulity]] | ||
| - | * [[List of topics characterized as pseudoscience]] | + | * [[Factoid]] |
| - | * [[Scientism]] | + | |
| - | * [[Scientific method]] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ; Similar terms | + | |
| * [[Junk science]] | * [[Junk science]] | ||
| - | * [[Pathological science]] | + | * [[List of topics characterized as pseudoscience]] |
| - | * [[Protoscience]] | + | * [[Lysenkoism]] |
| - | * [[Pseudohistory]] | + | * [[Not even wrong]] |
| + | * [[Scientific racism]] | ||
| + | ===Similar terms=== | ||
| + | * [[Normative science]] | ||
| + | * [[Pseudolaw]] | ||
| + | * [[Pseudomathematics]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Fashionable Nonsense]]'' | ||
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"Astrologers and fortune-tellers, who practise palmistry and calculate nativities, guess at things past by the motion of a sieve, and show undimmed truth in a looking-glass or in a cup of water, are publicly tolerated; such people are, indeed, not without their use; they predict to men they'll make their fortune, to girls they shall marry their sweethearts, console those children whose fathers are too long dying, and calm the restlessness of young women married to old men; in a word, they deceive, but not at a very high rate, those who wish to be deceived."--The Characters of Jean de La Bruyère (1688) by Jean de La Bruyère "We confess our sympathy with many of Virilio's political and social views; but the cause is not, alas, helped by his pseudo-physics." --Fashionable Nonsense (1997) by Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont "Max Nordau's Degeneration aims at being a literary nosology of the Decadent Movement, but it is completely discredited by its pseudo-erudition, its grossly positivist point of view, and its insincere moral tone."--Frank Kermode in the introduction to The Romantic Agony by Mario Praz |
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Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method. Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; absence of systematic practices when developing hypotheses; and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific hypotheses have been experimentally discredited. The term pseudoscience is considered pejorative, because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively. Those described as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization.
The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has philosophical and scientific implications. Differentiating science from pseudoscience has practical implications in the case of health care, expert testimony, environmental policies, and science education. Distinguishing scientific facts and theories from pseudoscientific beliefs, such as those found in astrology, alchemy, alternative medicine, occult beliefs, religious beliefs, and creation science, is part of science education and scientific literacy.
Pseudoscience can be harmful. For example, pseudoscientific anti-vaccine activism and promotion of homeopathic remedies as alternative disease treatments can result in people forgoing important medical treatment with demonstrable health benefits.
Related concepts
- Antiscience
- Climate change denial
- Credulity
- Factoid
- Junk science
- List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
- Lysenkoism
- Not even wrong
- Scientific racism
Similar terms
