Political philosophy  

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-"This history of [[political philosophy|political theory]] is written in the light of the hypothesis that theories of [[politics]] are themselves a part of politics. In other words, they do not refer to an [[external reality]], but are produced as a normal part of the [[social milieu]] in which politics itself has its being. Reflection upon the ends of [[political action]], upon the means of achieving them, upon the possibilities and necessities of political situations, and upon the obligations that political purposes impose is an intrinsic element of the whole political process. Such thought evolves along with the institutions, the agencies of government, the moral and physical stresses to which it refers and, which one likes at least to believe, it in some degree controls."--''[[A History of Political Theory]]'' (1937) by George Holland Sabine+"The [[demagogue]] is one who preaches [[doctrine]]s he knows to be [[untrue]] to men he knows to be [[idiot]]s. The demaslave is one who listens to what these idiots have to say and then pretends that he [[believe]]s it himself. Every man who seeks elective office under [[democracy]] has to be either the one thing or the other, and most men have to be both." --''[[Notes on Democracy]]'' by H. L. Mencken
 +<hr>
 +"This history of [[political philosophy|political theory]] is written in the light of the hypothesis that theories of [[politics]] are themselves a part of politics."--''[[A History of Political Theory]]'' (1937) by George Holland Sabine
<hr> <hr>
"To be [[government|GOVERNED]] is to be watched, inspected, spied upon, directed, law-driven, numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censured, commanded, by creatures who have neither the right nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so [[To be governed is ... |...]]. --[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] "To be [[government|GOVERNED]] is to be watched, inspected, spied upon, directed, law-driven, numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censured, commanded, by creatures who have neither the right nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so [[To be governed is ... |...]]. --[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]
-|}[[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[politics]] series.<br><small>Illustration:''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1831, detail) by [[Eugène Delacroix]].</small>]]+<hr>
 +"To what extent has it become necessary to modify the notion of [[class struggle]], in order to be able to deal with the new [[political subjects]] — [[feminism|women]], [[nationalism|national]], [[racial minority|racial]] and [[sexual minorities]], [[anti-nuclear]] and [[anti-institutional]] movements etc — of a clearly [[anti-capitalist]] character, but whose [[identity]] is not constructed around specific 'class interests'?"-- "[[Socialist Strategy: Where Next?]]" (1981) by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe
 +<hr>
 +"Legislators and leaders of men, such as [[Lycurgus of Sparta |Lycurgus]], [[Solon]], [[Muhammad |Mahomet]], [[Napoleon]], and so on, were all without exception [[criminal]]s, from the very fact that, making a new law they [[transgressive|transgressed]] the ancient one, handed down from their ancestors and held sacred by the people, and they did not stop short at bloodshed either, if that bloodshed often of innocent persons [[fight]]ing bravely in defence of ancient law were of use to their cause." -- [[Rodion Raskolnikov ]] in ''[[Crime and Punishment]]'' by Fyodor Dostoevsky
 +<hr>
 +"What [[totalitarian]] ideologies therefore aim at is not the transformation of the outside world or the revolutionizing transmutation of society, but the transformation of [[human nature]] itself. The concentration camps are the laboratories where changes in human nature are tested, and their shamefulness therefore is not just the business of their inmates and those who run them according to strictly "scientific" standards; it is the concern of all men. Suffering, of which there has been always too much on earth, is not the issue, nor is the number of victims. Human nature as such is at stake, and even though it seems that these experiments succeed not in changing man but only in destroying him, by creating a society in which the nihilistic banality of ''[[homo homini lupus]]'' is consistently realized, one should bear in mind the necessary limitations to an experiment which requires global control in order to show conclusive results." --''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' (1951), Hannah Arendt
 + 
 +|}
 +[[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[politics]] series.<br><small>Illustration:''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.</small>]]
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In the ''Oxford Handbook of Political Theory'' (2009), the field is described as: "[...] an interdisciplinary endeavor whose center of gravity lies at the humanities end of the happily still undisciplined discipline of political science ... For a long time, the challenge for the identity of political theory has been how to position itself productively in three sorts of location: in relation to the academic disciplines of political science, history, and philosophy; between the world of politics and the more abstract, ruminative register of theory; between canonical political theory and the newer resources (such as [[Feminist theory|feminist]] and [[critical theory]], [[discourse analysis]], film and [[film theory]], [[Popular culture studies|popular]] and political culture, [[Media studies|mass media studies]], [[Neuropolitics|neuroscience]], [[environmental studies]], [[Behavioural sciences|behavioral science]], and [[economics]]) on which political theorists increasingly draw." In the ''Oxford Handbook of Political Theory'' (2009), the field is described as: "[...] an interdisciplinary endeavor whose center of gravity lies at the humanities end of the happily still undisciplined discipline of political science ... For a long time, the challenge for the identity of political theory has been how to position itself productively in three sorts of location: in relation to the academic disciplines of political science, history, and philosophy; between the world of politics and the more abstract, ruminative register of theory; between canonical political theory and the newer resources (such as [[Feminist theory|feminist]] and [[critical theory]], [[discourse analysis]], film and [[film theory]], [[Popular culture studies|popular]] and political culture, [[Media studies|mass media studies]], [[Neuropolitics|neuroscience]], [[environmental studies]], [[Behavioural sciences|behavioral science]], and [[economics]]) on which political theorists increasingly draw."
== See also == == See also ==
-* [[Anarchist schools of thought]]+* [[Democracy]]
-* [[Consensus decision-making]]+
-* [[Consequentialist justifications of the state]]+
-* [[Critical theory]]+
-* [[Engaged theory]]+
-* [[Justification for the state]]+
* [[Majoritarianism]] * [[Majoritarianism]]
-* [[Panarchy]] 
* [[Philosophy of law]] * [[Philosophy of law]]
-* [[Political journalism]] 
* [[Political spectrum]] * [[Political spectrum]]
-* [[Political Theory (journal)|''Political Theory'']] 
-* [[Post-structuralism]] 
* [[Progressivism]] * [[Progressivism]]
* [[Rechtsstaat]] * [[Rechtsstaat]]
* [[Rule according to higher law]] * [[Rule according to higher law]]
-* [[Semiotics of culture]]+* [[Self-ownership]]
-* [[Theodemocracy]]+* [[Political fiction]]
- +* [[Realpolitik]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Current revision

"The demagogue is one who preaches doctrines he knows to be untrue to men he knows to be idiots. The demaslave is one who listens to what these idiots have to say and then pretends that he believes it himself. Every man who seeks elective office under democracy has to be either the one thing or the other, and most men have to be both." --Notes on Democracy by H. L. Mencken


"This history of political theory is written in the light of the hypothesis that theories of politics are themselves a part of politics."--A History of Political Theory (1937) by George Holland Sabine


"To be GOVERNED is to be watched, inspected, spied upon, directed, law-driven, numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censured, commanded, by creatures who have neither the right nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so .... --Pierre-Joseph Proudhon


"To what extent has it become necessary to modify the notion of class struggle, in order to be able to deal with the new political subjectswomen, national, racial and sexual minorities, anti-nuclear and anti-institutional movements etc — of a clearly anti-capitalist character, but whose identity is not constructed around specific 'class interests'?"-- "Socialist Strategy: Where Next?" (1981) by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe


"Legislators and leaders of men, such as Lycurgus, Solon, Mahomet, Napoleon, and so on, were all without exception criminals, from the very fact that, making a new law they transgressed the ancient one, handed down from their ancestors and held sacred by the people, and they did not stop short at bloodshed either, if that bloodshed often of innocent persons fighting bravely in defence of ancient law were of use to their cause." -- Rodion Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky


"What totalitarian ideologies therefore aim at is not the transformation of the outside world or the revolutionizing transmutation of society, but the transformation of human nature itself. The concentration camps are the laboratories where changes in human nature are tested, and their shamefulness therefore is not just the business of their inmates and those who run them according to strictly "scientific" standards; it is the concern of all men. Suffering, of which there has been always too much on earth, is not the issue, nor is the number of victims. Human nature as such is at stake, and even though it seems that these experiments succeed not in changing man but only in destroying him, by creating a society in which the nihilistic banality of homo homini lupus is consistently realized, one should bear in mind the necessary limitations to an experiment which requires global control in order to show conclusive results." --The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), Hannah Arendt

This page Political philosophy is part of the politics series.Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.
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This page Political philosophy is part of the politics series.
Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.

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Political philosophy, also known as political theory, is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, if they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

Political science is generally used in the singular, but in French and Spanish the plural (sciences politiques and ciencias políticas, respectively) is used, perhaps a reflection of the discipline's eclectic nature.

Political theory also engages questions of a broader scope, tackling the political nature of phenomena and categories such as identity, culture, sexuality, race, wealth, human-nonhuman relations, ecology, religion, and more.

Political philosophy is a branch of philosophy, but it has also been a major part of political science, within which a strong focus has historically been placed on both the history of political thought and contemporary political theory (from normative political theory to various critical approaches).

In the Oxford Handbook of Political Theory (2009), the field is described as: "[...] an interdisciplinary endeavor whose center of gravity lies at the humanities end of the happily still undisciplined discipline of political science ... For a long time, the challenge for the identity of political theory has been how to position itself productively in three sorts of location: in relation to the academic disciplines of political science, history, and philosophy; between the world of politics and the more abstract, ruminative register of theory; between canonical political theory and the newer resources (such as feminist and critical theory, discourse analysis, film and film theory, popular and political culture, mass media studies, neuroscience, environmental studies, behavioral science, and economics) on which political theorists increasingly draw."

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Political philosophy" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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