Neuroscience
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| + | [[Image:Demonstration of the mechanics of facial expression. Duchenne and an assistant faradize the mimetic muscles of The Old Man.jpg |thumb|left|200px|[[Old Toothless Man]] | ||
| + | <br>The image depicts the mechanics of [[facial expression]] while [[Duchenne]] and an assistant [[faradize]] the [[mimetic muscles]] of "The Old Man"]] | ||
| + | {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" | ||
| + | | style="text-align: left;" | | ||
| + | “[[Neuroscience|Neuromania]] and [[Darwinitis]] need to be challenged not just because they [[human nature|misrepresent humanity]], often providing grounds for extreme [[misanthropy]], but because they are so widely accepted.” --''[[Aping Mankind]]'' (2011) by [[Raymond Tallis]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | [[Image:Diagram of the human mind, from Robert Fludd (1574-1637), Utriusque cosmic maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Diagram of the human mind, from ''[[Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica]]'', page 217[http://www.archive.org/stream/utriusquecosmima02flud#page/217/mode/1up] by [[Robert Fludd]]]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Theatre from Ars Memoriae by Robert Fludd.jpg|thumb|right|200px|From the chapter on [[Ars Memoriae]]: The [[Theatre]] by [[Robert Fludd]] page 55 of [http://www.archive.org/stream/utriusquecosmima02flud#page/n336/mode/1up] ''[[Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica]]'']] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| '''Neuroscience''' is the [[science|scientific study]] of the [[nervous system]]. Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of [[biology]]. However, it is currently an [[interdisciplinary]] [[science]] that collaborates with other fields such as [[chemistry]], [[computer science]], [[engineering]], [[linguistics]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]] and [[Health care provider|allied disciplines]], [[philosophy]], [[physics]], and [[psychology]]. The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the [[biology]] of the [[nervous system]], whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system. | '''Neuroscience''' is the [[science|scientific study]] of the [[nervous system]]. Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of [[biology]]. However, it is currently an [[interdisciplinary]] [[science]] that collaborates with other fields such as [[chemistry]], [[computer science]], [[engineering]], [[linguistics]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]] and [[Health care provider|allied disciplines]], [[philosophy]], [[physics]], and [[psychology]]. The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the [[biology]] of the [[nervous system]], whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system. | ||
| The scope of neuroscience has broadened to include different approaches used to study the [[molecular biology|molecular]], [[cellular neuroscience|cellular]], [[neural development|developmental]], [[neuroanatomy|structural]], [[neurophysiology|functional]], [[evolutionary neuroscience|evolutionary]], [[computational neuroscience|computational]], and [[neurological disorders|medical]] aspects of the nervous system. The techniques used by [[neuroscientist]]s have also expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual [[neuron|nerve cells]] to [[brain mapping|imaging]] of sensory and motor tasks in the [[brain]]. Recent theoretical advances in neuroscience have also been aided by the study of [[neural network]]s. | The scope of neuroscience has broadened to include different approaches used to study the [[molecular biology|molecular]], [[cellular neuroscience|cellular]], [[neural development|developmental]], [[neuroanatomy|structural]], [[neurophysiology|functional]], [[evolutionary neuroscience|evolutionary]], [[computational neuroscience|computational]], and [[neurological disorders|medical]] aspects of the nervous system. The techniques used by [[neuroscientist]]s have also expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual [[neuron|nerve cells]] to [[brain mapping|imaging]] of sensory and motor tasks in the [[brain]]. Recent theoretical advances in neuroscience have also been aided by the study of [[neural network]]s. | ||
| + | ==Major branches== | ||
| + | Modern neuroscience education and research activities can be very roughly categorized into the following major branches, based on the subject and scale of the system in examination as well as distinct experimental or curricular approaches. Individual neuroscientists, however, often work on questions that span several distinct subfields. | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| + | |+ List of the major branches of neuroscience | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | !Branch || Description | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Affective neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms involved in emotion, typically through experimentation on animal models. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Behavioral neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Behavioral neuroscience (also known as biological psychology, physiological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology) is the application of the principles of biology to the study of genetic, physiological, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and non-human animals. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Cellular neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Cellular neuroscience is the study of neurons at a cellular level including morphology and physiological properties. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Clinical neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | The [[Scientific method|scientific study]] of the biological mechanisms that underlie the disorders and diseases of the [[nervous system]]. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Cognitive neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the biological mechanisms underlying cognition. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Computational neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Computational neuroscience is the theoretical study of the nervous system. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Cultural neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Cultural neuroscience is the study of how cultural values, practices and beliefs shape and are shaped by the mind, brain and genes across multiple timescales. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Developmental neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Developmental neuroscience studies the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system and seeks to describe the cellular basis of neural development to address underlying mechanisms. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Evolutionary neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Evolutionary neuroscience studies the evolution of nervous systems. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Molecular neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Molecular neuroscience studies the nervous system with molecular biology, molecular genetics, protein chemistry, and related methodologies. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neural engineering]] | ||
| + | | Neural engineering uses engineering techniques to interact with, understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neuroanatomy]] | ||
| + | | Neuroanatomy is the study of the [[anatomy]] of [[nervous system]]s. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |[[Neurochemistry]] | ||
| + | |Neurochemistry is the study of how [[neurochemical]]s interact and influence the function of neurons. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neuroethology]] | ||
| + | | Neuroethology is the study of the neural basis of non-human animals behavior. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neurogastronomy]] | ||
| + | | Neurogastronomy is the study of flavor and how it affects sensation, cognition, and memory. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |[[Neurogenetics]] | ||
| + | |Neurogenetics is the study of the genetical basis of the development and function of the [[nervous system]]. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neuroimaging]] | ||
| + | | Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure and function of the brain. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |[[Neuroimmunology]] | ||
| + | |Neuroimmunology is concerned with the interactions between the nervous and the immune system. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neuroinformatics]] | ||
| + | | Neuroinformatics is a discipline within bioinformatics that conducts the organization of neuroscience data and application of computational models and analytical tools. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neurolinguistics]] | ||
| + | | Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neurophysics]] | ||
| + | | Neurophysics deals with the development of physical experimental tools to gain information about the brain. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neurophysiology]] | ||
| + | | Neurophysiology is the study of the functioning of the nervous system, generally using physiological techniques that include measurement and stimulation with electrodes or optically with ion- or voltage-sensitive dyes or light-sensitive channels. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Neuropsychology]] | ||
| + | | Neuropsychology is a discipline that resides under the umbrellas of both psychology and neuroscience, and is involved in activities in the arenas of both basic science and applied science. In psychology, it is most closely associated with [[biopsychology]], [[clinical psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]], and [[developmental psychology]]. In neuroscience, it is most closely associated with the cognitive, behavioral, social, and affective neuroscience areas. In the applied and medical domain, it is related to neurology and psychiatry. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |[[Paleoneurobiology]] | ||
| + | |Paleoneurobiology is a field which combines techniques used in paleontology and archeology to study brain evolution, especially that of the human brain. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Social neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Social neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how biological systems implement social processes and behavior, and to using biological concepts and methods to inform and refine theories of social processes and behavior. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | [[Systems neuroscience]] | ||
| + | | Systems neuroscience is the study of the function of neural circuits and systems. | ||
| + | |} | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[List of publications in biology#Neurobiology|Important publications in neuroscience]] | + | * [[List of neuroscience databases]] |
| + | * [[List of neuroscience journals]] | ||
| * [[List of neuroscience topics]] | * [[List of neuroscience topics]] | ||
| * [[List of neuroscientists]] | * [[List of neuroscientists]] | ||
| + | * [[Neuroplasticity]] | ||
| + | * [[Outline of brain mapping]] | ||
| + | * [[Outline of the human brain]] | ||
| + | * [[List of regions in the human brain]] | ||
| + | * [[Gut–brain axis]] | ||
| + | * [[Connectomics]] | ||
| + | * [[Affect (psychology)]] | ||
| + | |||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
The image depicts the mechanics of facial expression while Duchenne and an assistant faradize the mimetic muscles of "The Old Man"
|
“Neuromania and Darwinitis need to be challenged not just because they misrepresent humanity, often providing grounds for extreme misanthropy, but because they are so widely accepted.” --Aping Mankind (2011) by Raymond Tallis |
![Diagram of the human mind, from Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, page 217[1] by Robert Fludd](/Image:Diagram_of_the_human_mind%2C_from_Robert_Fludd_%281574-1637%29%2C_Utriusque_cosmic_maioris_scilicet_et_minoris_metaphysica.jpg)
![From the chapter on Ars Memoriae: The Theatre by Robert Fludd page 55 of [2] Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica](/Image:Theatre_from_Ars_Memoriae_by_Robert_Fludd.jpg)
|
Related e |
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Featured: |
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine and allied disciplines, philosophy, physics, and psychology. The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system, whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system.
The scope of neuroscience has broadened to include different approaches used to study the molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, evolutionary, computational, and medical aspects of the nervous system. The techniques used by neuroscientists have also expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual nerve cells to imaging of sensory and motor tasks in the brain. Recent theoretical advances in neuroscience have also been aided by the study of neural networks.
[edit]
Major branches
Modern neuroscience education and research activities can be very roughly categorized into the following major branches, based on the subject and scale of the system in examination as well as distinct experimental or curricular approaches. Individual neuroscientists, however, often work on questions that span several distinct subfields.
| Branch | Description |
|---|---|
| Affective neuroscience | Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms involved in emotion, typically through experimentation on animal models. |
| Behavioral neuroscience | Behavioral neuroscience (also known as biological psychology, physiological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology) is the application of the principles of biology to the study of genetic, physiological, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and non-human animals. |
| Cellular neuroscience | Cellular neuroscience is the study of neurons at a cellular level including morphology and physiological properties. |
| Clinical neuroscience | The scientific study of the biological mechanisms that underlie the disorders and diseases of the nervous system. |
| Cognitive neuroscience | Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the biological mechanisms underlying cognition. |
| Computational neuroscience | Computational neuroscience is the theoretical study of the nervous system. |
| Cultural neuroscience | Cultural neuroscience is the study of how cultural values, practices and beliefs shape and are shaped by the mind, brain and genes across multiple timescales. |
| Developmental neuroscience | Developmental neuroscience studies the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system and seeks to describe the cellular basis of neural development to address underlying mechanisms. |
| Evolutionary neuroscience | Evolutionary neuroscience studies the evolution of nervous systems. |
| Molecular neuroscience | Molecular neuroscience studies the nervous system with molecular biology, molecular genetics, protein chemistry, and related methodologies. |
| Neural engineering | Neural engineering uses engineering techniques to interact with, understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems. |
| Neuroanatomy | Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy of nervous systems. |
| Neurochemistry | Neurochemistry is the study of how neurochemicals interact and influence the function of neurons. |
| Neuroethology | Neuroethology is the study of the neural basis of non-human animals behavior. |
| Neurogastronomy | Neurogastronomy is the study of flavor and how it affects sensation, cognition, and memory. |
| Neurogenetics | Neurogenetics is the study of the genetical basis of the development and function of the nervous system. |
| Neuroimaging | Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure and function of the brain. |
| Neuroimmunology | Neuroimmunology is concerned with the interactions between the nervous and the immune system. |
| Neuroinformatics | Neuroinformatics is a discipline within bioinformatics that conducts the organization of neuroscience data and application of computational models and analytical tools. |
| Neurolinguistics | Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. |
| Neurophysics | Neurophysics deals with the development of physical experimental tools to gain information about the brain. |
| Neurophysiology | Neurophysiology is the study of the functioning of the nervous system, generally using physiological techniques that include measurement and stimulation with electrodes or optically with ion- or voltage-sensitive dyes or light-sensitive channels. |
| Neuropsychology | Neuropsychology is a discipline that resides under the umbrellas of both psychology and neuroscience, and is involved in activities in the arenas of both basic science and applied science. In psychology, it is most closely associated with biopsychology, clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, and developmental psychology. In neuroscience, it is most closely associated with the cognitive, behavioral, social, and affective neuroscience areas. In the applied and medical domain, it is related to neurology and psychiatry. |
| Paleoneurobiology | Paleoneurobiology is a field which combines techniques used in paleontology and archeology to study brain evolution, especially that of the human brain. |
| Social neuroscience | Social neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding how biological systems implement social processes and behavior, and to using biological concepts and methods to inform and refine theories of social processes and behavior. |
| Systems neuroscience | Systems neuroscience is the study of the function of neural circuits and systems. |
[edit]
See also
- List of neuroscience databases
- List of neuroscience journals
- List of neuroscience topics
- List of neuroscientists
- Neuroplasticity
- Outline of brain mapping
- Outline of the human brain
- List of regions in the human brain
- Gut–brain axis
- Connectomics
- Affect (psychology)
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Neuroscience" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
