Nature
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | [[Image:Wanderer.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'' ([[1818]]) by [[Caspar David Friedrich]]]] | ||
| + | [[Image:Limestone rock formation in the White Desert, Egypt.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Limestone rock formation in the White Desert, Egypt]] | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | [[Back to nature!]]]] | ||
| + | {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" | ||
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| + | "There are in [[nature]] neither rewards nor [[punishment]]s — there are [[consequence]]s." --"[[The Christian Religion]]" (1881) by Robert G. Ingersoll | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | [[Back to nature!]] | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | "There are times when I wonder whether [[nature]] isn't really the one to hold responsible. It seems a lot easier to [[blame]] nature than to [[patriarchy|blame men]] (although blaming [[society]] runs a close second)." --''[[Combat in the Erogenous Zone]]'' (1972) by Ingrid Bengis | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | "I am come in very truth leading to you [[Nature]] with all her children to bind her to your service and make her your slave." --"[[The Masculine Birth of Time]]" (1603) by Francis Bacon | ||
| + | |} | ||
| [[Image:Ernst Haeckel's Artforms of Nature of 1904.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Artforms of Nature]]'' ([[1904]]) by [[Ernst Haeckel]]<br> | [[Image:Ernst Haeckel's Artforms of Nature of 1904.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Artforms of Nature]]'' ([[1904]]) by [[Ernst Haeckel]]<br> | ||
| The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckel's ''Kunstformen der Natur'' of 1904, showing various [[sea anemone]]s classified as Actiniae.]] | The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckel's ''Kunstformen der Natur'' of 1904, showing various [[sea anemone]]s classified as Actiniae.]] | ||
| [[Image:The Polar Sea.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Polar Sea]]'' ''(The [[destroyed]] [[hope]])'' ([[1824]]) by [[Caspar David Friedrich ]]]] | [[Image:The Polar Sea.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Polar Sea]]'' ''(The [[destroyed]] [[hope]])'' ([[1824]]) by [[Caspar David Friedrich ]]]] | ||
| [[Image:The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]'' ([[1820s]]), [[woodblock printing in Japan|woodblock printing]] by [[Hokusai]]]] | [[Image:The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]'' ([[1820s]]), [[woodblock printing in Japan|woodblock printing]] by [[Hokusai]]]] | ||
| - | [[Image:Audubon.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''The Birds of America'' (Color lithographic plate 321) ([[1836]]) - [[John James Audubon]]]] | + | [[Image:Audubon.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Birds of America]]'' (Color lithographic plate 321) ([[1836]]) - [[John James Audubon]], see [[zoological illustrations]]]] |
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | # The [[natural]] [[world]]; consisting of all things unaffected by or predating human [[technology]], production and design. e.g. the natural [[environment]], virgin ground, unmodified species, laws of nature. | + | '''Nature''', in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the '''natural world''', '''physical universe''', '''material world''' or '''material universe'''. "Nature" refers to the [[phenomena]] of the physical world, and also to [[life]] in general. The term generally does not include manufactured objects and human interaction unless qualified in ways such as, e.g., "[[human nature]]" or "the whole of nature". Nature is also generally distinguished from the [[supernatural]], the [[unnatural]] and the [[synthetic]]. |
| - | #* '''1891''', Oscar Wilde, ''[[The Decay of Lying]]'' | + | ===Etymology=== |
| - | #*: '''Nature''' has good intentions, of course, but, as Aristotle once said, she cannot carry them out. When I look at a landscape I cannot help seeing all its defects. It is fortunate for us, however, that '''Nature''' is so imperfect, as otherwise we should have no art at all. Art is our spirited protest, our gallant attempt to teach '''Nature''' her proper place. As for the infinite variety of '''Nature''', that is a pure myth. It is not to be found in '''Nature''' herself. It resides in the imagination, or fancy, or cultivated blindness of the man who looks at her. | + | From Middle English ''natur'', nature, from Old French ''nature'', from Latin ''nātūra'' (“birth, origin, natural constitution or quality”), future participle from perfect passive participle ''(g)[[natus]]'' (“born”), from deponent verb ''(g)nasci'' (“to be born, originate”) + future participle suffix ''-urus''. Replaced native Middle English ''cunde, icunde'' (“nature, property, type, genus, character”) (from Old English ''ġecynd''), Middle English ''lund'' (“nature, disposition”) (from Old Norse ''lund''), Middle English ''burthe'' (“nature, birth, nation”) (from Old English ''ġebyrd'' and Old Norse ''*byrðr''). More at [[kind]]. |
| - | # The [[innate]] [[characteristics]] of a thing. What something will tend by its own constitution, to be or do. Distinct from what might be expected or intended. | + | |
| - | #* '''1869''', Horatio Alger, ''Mark the Match Boy'' [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mark_the_Match_Boy/Chapter_16 Chapter 16] | + | |
| - | #*: Mark hardly knew whether to believe this or not. He already began to suspect that Roswell was something of a humbug, and though it was not in his '''nature''' to form a causeless dislike, he certainly did not feel disposed to like Roswell. | + | |
| - | # The [[summary]] of [[everything]] that has to do with [[biological]], [[chemical]] and [[physical]] [[state]]s and [[event]]s in the physical [[universe]]. | + | |
| - | |||
| - | '''Nature''', in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the '''natural world''', '''physical universe''', '''material world''' or '''material universe'''. "Nature" refers to the [[phenomena]] of the physical world, and also to [[life]] in general. The term generally does not include manufactured objects and human interaction unless qualified in ways such as, e.g., "[[human nature]]" or "the whole of nature". Nature is also generally distinguished from the [[supernatural]] and the [[unnatural]]. | ||
| ===Aesthetics and beauty=== | ===Aesthetics and beauty=== | ||
| - | [[Beauty]] in nature has historically been a prevalent theme in art and books, filling large sections of libraries and bookstores. That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much [[art]], [[photography]], [[poetry]] and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty. Reasons why this association exists, and what the association consists of, is studied by the branch of philosophy called [[aesthetics]]. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are virtually endless. Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various [[epoch]]s of world history. An early tradition of [[landscape art]] began in [[China]] during the [[Tang Dynasty art|Tang Dynasty]] (618-907). The tradition of representing nature ''as it is'' became one of the aims of [[Chinese painting]] and was a significant influence in Asian art. | + | :''[[natural art]], [[arcadia]]'' |
| + | [[Beauty]] in nature has historically been a prevalent theme in art and books, filling large sections of libraries and bookstores. That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much [[art]], [[photography]], [[poetry]] and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty. Reasons why this association exists, and what the association consists of, is studied by the branch of philosophy called [[aesthetics]]. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are virtually endless. Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various [[era]]s of world history. An early tradition of [[landscape art]] began in [[China]] during the [[Tang Dynasty art|Tang Dynasty]] (618–907). The tradition of representing nature ''as it is'' became one of the aims of [[Chinese painting]] and was a significant influence in Asian art. | ||
| - | Wilderness portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s, especially in the works of the [[Romantic movement]]. [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] artists [[John Constable]] and [[JMW Turner]] turned their attention to capturing the beauty of the natural world in their paintings. Before that, paintings had been primarily of religious scenes or of human beings. [[William Wordsworth]]'s poetry described the wonder of the natural world, which had formerly been viewed as a threatening place. Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture. This artistic movement also coincided with the [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalist movement]] in the Western world. A common classical idea of beautiful art involves the word [[mimesis]], the imitation of nature. Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is implied through symmetry, equal division, and other perfect mathematical [[forms]] and notions. | + | Although natural wonders are celebrated in the [[Psalms]] and the [[Book of Job]], [[wilderness]] portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s, especially in the works of the [[Romantic movement]]. [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] artists [[John Constable]] and [[J. M. W. Turner]] turned their attention to capturing the beauty of the natural world in their paintings. Before that, paintings had been primarily of religious scenes or of human beings. [[William Wordsworth]]'s poetry described the wonder of the natural world, which had formerly been viewed as a threatening place. Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture. This artistic movement also coincided with the [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalist movement]] in the Western world. A common classical idea of beautiful art involves the word [[mimesis]], the imitation of nature. Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is implied through perfect mathematical [[forms]] and more generally by [[patterns in nature]]. As David Rothenburg writes, "The beautiful is the root of science and the goal of art, the highest possibility that humanity can ever hope to see". |
| - | == Nature in art == | + | === Art in nature and nature in art === |
| *[[Andy Goldsworthy]] | *[[Andy Goldsworthy]] | ||
| - | + | *[[Patterns in nature]] | |
| == Antonym== | == Antonym== | ||
| *[[Artificial]] | *[[Artificial]] | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| + | *''[[De rerum natura]]'' | ||
| '''Science:''' | '''Science:''' | ||
| * [[Natural history]] | * [[Natural history]] | ||
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| *''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', by [[Pliny the Elder]] | *''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', by [[Pliny the Elder]] | ||
| *''[[Nature (Emerson)|Nature]]'', by [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] | *''[[Nature (Emerson)|Nature]]'', by [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] | ||
| - | *''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', a prominent scientific journal | + | |
| - | *''[[National Wildlife Magazine]]'', publication of the National Wildlife Federation | + | *The Greek word physis ([[φύσις]]). |
| - | *[[Nature (TV series)]] | + | ==See also== |
| - | *[[The Nature Conservancy]] | + | *[[Naturalism]] |
| - | *[[Nature Detectives]] | + | |
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
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"There are in nature neither rewards nor punishments — there are consequences." --"The Christian Religion" (1881) by Robert G. Ingersoll "There are times when I wonder whether nature isn't really the one to hold responsible. It seems a lot easier to blame nature than to blame men (although blaming society runs a close second)." --Combat in the Erogenous Zone (1972) by Ingrid Bengis "I am come in very truth leading to you Nature with all her children to bind her to your service and make her your slave." --"The Masculine Birth of Time" (1603) by Francis Bacon |
The 49th plate from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur of 1904, showing various sea anemones classified as Actiniae.
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Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The term generally does not include manufactured objects and human interaction unless qualified in ways such as, e.g., "human nature" or "the whole of nature". Nature is also generally distinguished from the supernatural, the unnatural and the synthetic.
Contents |
Etymology
From Middle English natur, nature, from Old French nature, from Latin nātūra (“birth, origin, natural constitution or quality”), future participle from perfect passive participle (g)natus (“born”), from deponent verb (g)nasci (“to be born, originate”) + future participle suffix -urus. Replaced native Middle English cunde, icunde (“nature, property, type, genus, character”) (from Old English ġecynd), Middle English lund (“nature, disposition”) (from Old Norse lund), Middle English burthe (“nature, birth, nation”) (from Old English ġebyrd and Old Norse *byrðr). More at kind.
Aesthetics and beauty
Beauty in nature has historically been a prevalent theme in art and books, filling large sections of libraries and bookstores. That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much art, photography, poetry and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty. Reasons why this association exists, and what the association consists of, is studied by the branch of philosophy called aesthetics. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are virtually endless. Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history. An early tradition of landscape art began in China during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The tradition of representing nature as it is became one of the aims of Chinese painting and was a significant influence in Asian art.
Although natural wonders are celebrated in the Psalms and the Book of Job, wilderness portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s, especially in the works of the Romantic movement. British artists John Constable and J. M. W. Turner turned their attention to capturing the beauty of the natural world in their paintings. Before that, paintings had been primarily of religious scenes or of human beings. William Wordsworth's poetry described the wonder of the natural world, which had formerly been viewed as a threatening place. Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture. This artistic movement also coincided with the Transcendentalist movement in the Western world. A common classical idea of beautiful art involves the word mimesis, the imitation of nature. Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is implied through perfect mathematical forms and more generally by patterns in nature. As David Rothenburg writes, "The beautiful is the root of science and the goal of art, the highest possibility that humanity can ever hope to see".
Art in nature and nature in art
Antonym
See also
Science:
Philosophy:
- Mother Nature
- Nature (philosophy)
- Naturalism (philosophy): any of several philosophical stances, typically those descended from Materialism and Pragmatism that do not distinguish the supernatural from nature. This includes the methodological naturalism of natural science, which makes the methodological assumption that observable events in nature are explained only by natural causes, without assuming either the existence or non-existence of the supernatural.
- Balance of nature (biological fallacy): A discredited concept of natural equilibrium in predator:prey dynamics.
Media:
- The Greek word physis (φύσις).
See also
