Cannabis (drug)  

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-[[Image:Musk, Hashish and Blood, a French language collection of tales by Hector France,.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Musk]], [[Hashish]] and [[Blood]]'' ([[1886]]) is a French language collection of tales by [[Hector France]]]] +{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" |
 +"[[Cannabis (drug) |Hashish]], like all other solitary delights, makes the individual useless to mankind, and also makes society unnecessary to the individual."--''[[Les Paradis artificiels]]'' (1860) by Baudelaire
 +<hr>
 +"I am led to believe, that among the [[Isma'ilism |Ismailites]], those only were termed ''[[Order of Assassins |Hashishin]]'', who were specially educated to commit [[murder]], and who were, by the use of ''[[Cannabis (drug) |Hashish]]'' disposed to an absolute resignation to the will of their chief; this, however, may not have prevented the denomination from being applied to Ismailites collectively, especially among the [[Occidental |Occidentals]]." --[[Silvestre de Sacy]] cited in ''[[The History of the Assassins: Derived from Oriental Sources]]'' (1818) by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall
 +<hr>
 +"The first time that [[Club des Hashischins|we]] met [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] was towards the middle of the year 1849, at the [[Hôtel de Lauzun|Hotel Pimodan]], where we occupied, near [[Joseph Fernand Boissard de Boisdenier |Fernand Boissard]], a strange [[apartment]] which communicated with his by a private staircase hidden in the thickness of the wall, and which was haunted by the spirits of beautiful women loved long since by Lauzun."--[[Théophile Gautier's preface to the third edition of Les Fleurs du mal|Théophile Gautier's preface to ''Les Fleurs du mal'']]
 +|}
 + 
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-'''''Cannabis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s that includes three putative species, ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'', ''[[Cannabis indica]]'', and ''[[Cannabis ruderalis]]''. These three [[taxa]] are [[Indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] to [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]]. ''Cannabis'' has long been used for fibre ([[hemp]]), for seed and seed oils, for [[medical cannabis|medicinal purposes]], and as a [[cannabis#Recreational use|recreational drug]]. Industrial [[hemp]] products are made from ''Cannabis'' plants selected to produce an abundance of fiber. To satisfy the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs|UN Narcotics Convention]], some hemp strains have been developed which contain minimal levels of [[THC]] (Δ<sup>9</sup>- tetrahydrocannabinol), the [[psychoactive]] molecule that produces the "high" associated with [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]. The psychoactive product consists of dried flowers and leaves of plants selected to produce high levels of THC. Various extracts including [[hashish]] and [[hash oil]] are also produced from the plant.+'''Cannabis''', also known as '''marijuana''') among many other names, refers to any number of [[dosage form|preparations]] of the [[cannabis|''Cannabis'' plant]] intended for use as a [[psychoactive drug]]. The word marijuana comes from the Mexican Spanish ''marihuana''. According to the [[United Nations]], cannabis "is the most widely used illicit substance in the world."
 + 
 +Cannabis use has been found to have occurred as long ago as the [[3rd millenium BC|third millennium B.C.]] In modern times, the drug has been used for [[recreational drug use|recreational]], [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis|religious]] or [[spiritual use of cannabis|spiritual]], and [[medical cannabis|medicinal]] purposes. The UN estimated that in 2004 about 4% of the [[world population|world's adult population]] (162 million people) use cannabis annually, and about 0.6% (22.5 million) use it on a daily basis. The [[drug possession|possession]], [[Recreational drug use|use]], or [[Illegal drug trade|sale]] of cannabis preparations containing psychoactive cannabinoids became [[legal issues of cannabis|illegal]] in most parts of the [[world]] in the early [[20th century]]. Since then, some [[countries]] have intensified the [[Law enforcement agency|enforcement]] of cannabis [[prohibition (drugs)|prohibition]], while others have reduced it.
 + 
 +==In film and literature==
 +*''[[Les paradis artificiels]]'' by Charles Baudelaire
 +*''[[The Hasheesh Eater]]'' by Fitz Hugh Ludlow
 +*''[[Cannabis (film)|Cannabis]]'' film by Pierre Koralnik
 + 
 +==Hashish==
 +'''Hashish''' (from [[Arabic]], lit. ''grass''; also '''hash''' or many [[slang]] terms) is a preparation of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]]. It contains the same active ingredients as cannabis (but in higher concentrations) and produces the same [[psychoactive]] effects
 + 
 +Hashish is solid, of varying hardness and pliability, softening under heat. Its colour can vary from reddish brown to black or it can be golden coloured or greenish if it contains surplus plant material. It is consumed in much the same way as ''Cannabis'' buds, often being smoked in [[Joint (cannabis)|joints]] mixed with [[tobacco]].
 +=== Culture ===
 +Cannabis has been used for its psychoactive effects since [[ancient times]].
 +====France, 19th century====
 +:''[[19th century subculture]]''
 +During the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]], the French army suffered from what was called '[[cannabisme]]', i. e. too many soldiers being addicted to [[cannabis]]. On 7 vendémiaire an ix (9 octobre 1800), [[Napoleon]] ordered by decree the prohibition of '[[haschisch]]'.
 + 
 +:Art. I. L'usage de la liqueur forte faite par quelques musulmans avec une certaine herbe forte, nommée haschisch, ainsi que celui de fumer la graine de [[chanvre]], sont prohibés dans toute l'Egypte : ceux qui sont accoutumés à boire cette liqueur et à fumer cette graine perdent la raison et tombent dans un violent délire qui souvent les porte à commettre des excès de tout genre.
 + 
 +After the Egyptian campaign was over, cannabis was introduced more widely in France.
 + 
 +In the 1840s, the [[Club des Hashischins]] was founded. It was an informal club in Paris, dedicated to exploring the effect of drugs, specifically hashish. [[Charles Baudelaire]], a member of the club would in his ''[[Les paradis artificiels]]'' (1860) describe the effects of opium and hashish.
 + 
 +====United States, 20th century====
-==Aspects of ''Cannabis'' production and use==+:''[[1920s and 1930s subcultures]]''
-[[File:Illegal cannabis field before burning.jpg|190px|thumb|''Cannabis'' field seized by authorities.]]+Hash first became well known in the United States during the [[jazz]] music scene of the late 1920s and 1930s. [[Louis Armstrong]] became a prominent and life-long devotee. It was popular in the blues scene as well, and eventually became a prominent part of [[1960s counterculture]].
-*[[Cannabis cultivation]] discusses aspects of cultivation for medicinal and recreational drug purposes.+; see also
-*[[Cannabis (drug)]] discusses its use as a recreational [[drug]].+
-*[[Health issues and the effects of cannabis]] discusses the [[pharmacology]], physical, and mental effects of ''Cannabis'' when used as drug.+
-*[[Hemp]] discusses its uses as a source of [[house|housing]], [[Vegetable oil|oil]], [[food]], [[Fiber crop|fibers]], and industrial materials.+
-*[[Legality of cannabis]] focuses on the law and enforcement aspects of growing, transporting, selling and using ''Cannabis'' as a drug.+
-**[[Cannabis reclassification in the United Kingdom]].+
-**[[Cannabis rescheduling in the United States]].+
-**[[Drug policy of the Netherlands]].+
-*[[Medical Cannabis]] discusses its use as a medication.+
-*[[Spiritual use of cannabis]] discusses sacramental and religious use.+
-==See also==+* [[Marijuana]]
-*[[Cannabis (drug)]]+* [[Club des Hashischins]]—A club in Paris in the 1840s, dedicated to exploring the effect of drugs, specifically hashish.
-*[[Cannabis cultivation]]+* [[Charles Baudelaire]]—A member of the club mentioned above, who in ''[[Les paradis artificiels]]'' (1860) described the effects of opium and hashish.
-*[[Cannabis in Australia]]+* [[Fitz Hugh Ludlow]] and his autobiographical ''[[The Hasheesh Eater]]'' (1857).
-*[[Cannabis Social Club]]+*''[[Über Hashish]]'' by [[Walter Benjamin]]
-*[[Hash, Marihuana & Hemp Museum]]+*''[[Musk, Hashish and Blood]]'' (1886) by Hector France
-*[[Legality of cannabis by country]]+
-*[[Medical cannabis]]+
-*[[Spiritual use of cannabis]]+
-*[[Malawi Gold]](Chamba)+
 +== See also ==
 +* [[Cannabis use disorder]]
 +* [[Cannabinoid]]s
 +* [[Hash]] or [[hashish]]
 +* [[Medical cannabis]]
 +* [[Smoking cessation (cannabis)]]
 +* [[Legality of cannabis]]
 +* [[1937 Marihuana Tax Act]]
 +* [[International Opium Convention]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Current revision

"Hashish, like all other solitary delights, makes the individual useless to mankind, and also makes society unnecessary to the individual."--Les Paradis artificiels (1860) by Baudelaire

"I am led to believe, that among the Ismailites, those only were termed Hashishin, who were specially educated to commit murder, and who were, by the use of Hashish disposed to an absolute resignation to the will of their chief; this, however, may not have prevented the denomination from being applied to Ismailites collectively, especially among the Occidentals." --Silvestre de Sacy cited in The History of the Assassins: Derived from Oriental Sources (1818) by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall

"The first time that we met Baudelaire was towards the middle of the year 1849, at the Hotel Pimodan, where we occupied, near Fernand Boissard, a strange apartment which communicated with his by a private staircase hidden in the thickness of the wall, and which was haunted by the spirits of beautiful women loved long since by Lauzun."--Théophile Gautier's preface to Les Fleurs du mal

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Cannabis, also known as marijuana) among many other names, refers to any number of preparations of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug. The word marijuana comes from the Mexican Spanish marihuana. According to the United Nations, cannabis "is the most widely used illicit substance in the world."

Cannabis use has been found to have occurred as long ago as the third millennium B.C. In modern times, the drug has been used for recreational, religious or spiritual, and medicinal purposes. The UN estimated that in 2004 about 4% of the world's adult population (162 million people) use cannabis annually, and about 0.6% (22.5 million) use it on a daily basis. The possession, use, or sale of cannabis preparations containing psychoactive cannabinoids became illegal in most parts of the world in the early 20th century. Since then, some countries have intensified the enforcement of cannabis prohibition, while others have reduced it.

Contents

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In film and literature

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Hashish

Hashish (from Arabic, lit. grass; also hash or many slang terms) is a preparation of cannabis. It contains the same active ingredients as cannabis (but in higher concentrations) and produces the same psychoactive effects

Hashish is solid, of varying hardness and pliability, softening under heat. Its colour can vary from reddish brown to black or it can be golden coloured or greenish if it contains surplus plant material. It is consumed in much the same way as Cannabis buds, often being smoked in joints mixed with tobacco.

[edit]

Culture

Cannabis has been used for its psychoactive effects since ancient times.

[edit]

France, 19th century

19th century subculture

During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, the French army suffered from what was called 'cannabisme', i. e. too many soldiers being addicted to cannabis. On 7 vendémiaire an ix (9 octobre 1800), Napoleon ordered by decree the prohibition of 'haschisch'.

Art. I. L'usage de la liqueur forte faite par quelques musulmans avec une certaine herbe forte, nommée haschisch, ainsi que celui de fumer la graine de chanvre, sont prohibés dans toute l'Egypte : ceux qui sont accoutumés à boire cette liqueur et à fumer cette graine perdent la raison et tombent dans un violent délire qui souvent les porte à commettre des excès de tout genre.

After the Egyptian campaign was over, cannabis was introduced more widely in France.

In the 1840s, the Club des Hashischins was founded. It was an informal club in Paris, dedicated to exploring the effect of drugs, specifically hashish. Charles Baudelaire, a member of the club would in his Les paradis artificiels (1860) describe the effects of opium and hashish.

[edit]

United States, 20th century

1920s and 1930s subcultures

Hash first became well known in the United States during the jazz music scene of the late 1920s and 1930s. Louis Armstrong became a prominent and life-long devotee. It was popular in the blues scene as well, and eventually became a prominent part of 1960s counterculture.

see also
[edit]

See also


Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Cannabis (drug)" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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