Interwar period
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| + | [[Image:Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston to an Art Deco-styole background.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Josephine Baker]] dancing the [[charleston]] at the [[Folies Bergère]] in Paris for ''[[La Revue nègre]]'' in [[1926]]. Notice the [[art deco]] background. <br>(Photo by Walery)]] | ||
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| - | The '''interwar period''' (also '''interbellum''') is understood within [[Western culture]] to be the period between the end of the [[First World War]] and the beginning of the [[Second World War]] in [[Europe]], specifically [[11 November]] [[1918]] to [[1 September]] [[1939]]. It was marked by turmoil in much of the world, as Europe struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War. In [[North America]] the first half of the interwar period is often seen as one of considerable prosperity (the [[roaring twenties]]), but this changed dramatically with the onset of the [[Great Depression]] in [[1929]]. | ||
| - | ==Interwar period events== | ||
| - | The following are sample interwar period events or issues, presented by country: | + | In the [[history of the 20th century]], the '''Interwar period''' lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months and 21 days), the end of the [[First World War]] and the beginning of the [[Second World War]]. The Interwar period was relatively short, yet featured many significant social, political, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous [[Roaring Twenties]], a time of both [[social mobility]] and [[economic mobility]] for the [[middle class]]. Automobiles, electric lighting, [[radio]], and more became common among populations in the [[developed world]]. The indulgences of the era subsequently were followed by the [[Great Depression]], an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies. |
| - | *[[History of Afghanistan]]: [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Albania]]: [[Vlora War]], [[Corfu incident]], and [[Invasion of Albania]] | + | Politically, the era coincided with the rise of [[communism]], starting in Russia with the [[October Revolution]] and [[Russian Civil War]], at the end of World War I, and ended with the rise of [[fascism]], particularly in Germany and in Italy. |
| - | *[[History of Australia]]: [[Great Depression in Australia]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Austria]]: Republic of [[German Austria]], [[First Austrian Republic]], [[Austrian Civil War]], and [[Anschluss]] | + | The era ended in September 1939, the beginning of [[World War II]]. |
| - | *[[History of Belgium]]: [[Occupation of the Ruhr]] | + | ==Art== |
| - | *[[History of Bolivia]]: [[Chaco War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Brazil]]: [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Revolution of 1930]] | + | ''[[Expressionism]]'' and ''[[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]'' are broad rubrics that describes several important and related movements in 20th century painting that dominated much of the [[avant-garde]] art being made in Western, Eastern and Northern Europe. Expressionism was painted largely between World War I and World War II, mostly in France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Belgium, and Austria. Expressionist artists are related to both Surrealism and Symbolism and are each uniquely and somewhat eccentrically personal. [[Fauvism]], [[Die Brücke]], and [[Der Blaue Reiter]] are three of the best known groups of [[Expressionist]] and Symbolist painters. Artists as interesting and diverse as [[Marc Chagall]], whose painting ''[[I and the Village]],'' (above) tells an autobiographical story that examines the relationship between the artist and his origins, with a lexicon of artistic [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]. [[Gustav Klimt]], [[Egon Schiele]], [[Edvard Munch]], [[Emil Nolde]], [[Chaim Soutine]], [[James Ensor]], [[Oskar Kokoschka]], [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], [[Max Beckmann]], [[Franz Marc]], [[Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz]], [[Georges Rouault]], [[Amedeo Modigliani]] and some of the Americans abroad like [[Marsden Hartley]], and [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]], were considered influential expressionist painters. Although [[Alberto Giacometti]] is primarily thought of as an intense [[Surrealist]] [[sculptor]], he made intense expressionist paintings as well. |
| - | *[[History of Bulgaria]]: [[Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923]] and the [[Incident at Petrich]] | + | In the USA during the period between World War I and World War II painters tended to go to Europe for recognition. [[Modernist]] artists like [[Marsden Hartley]], [[Patrick Henry Bruce]], [[Gerald Murphy]] and [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]], created reputations abroad. While [[Patrick Henry Bruce]], and [[Marsden Hartley]] experimented with [[expressionism]]. During the 1920s photographer [[Alfred Stieglitz]] exhibited [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Arthur Dove]], [[Alfred Henry Maurer]], [[Charles Demuth]], [[John Marin]] and other artists including European Masters [[Henri Matisse]], [[Auguste Rodin]], [[Henri Rousseau]], [[Paul Cézanne]], and [[Pablo Picasso]], at his New York City gallery ''[[the 291]]''. In Europe masters like [[Henri Matisse]] and [[Pierre Bonnard]] continued developing their narrative styles independent of any movement. |
| - | *[[History of Canada]]: [[Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of the Republic of China]]: [[Warlord era]], [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]], [[Manchukuo]], [[Mukden incident]], and [[Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Czechoslovakia]]: [[Polish-Czechoslovak border conflicts]], [[Munich Agreement]], and [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Ethiopia]]: [[Ethiopian coup d'état of 1928]], [[Gugsa Welle's Rebellion (1930)]], [[Abyssinia Crisis]] and [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Estonia]]: [[Estonian War of Independence]], [[1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt|1924 communist coup d'état attempt]], [[Vaps Movement]], [[Era of Silence]], and [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet Occupation]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Finland]]: [[Kingdom of Finland (1918)|Kingdom of Finland]] and [[Finnish Civil War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of France]]: [[Treaty of Versailles]], [[Franco-Turkish War]], [[Occupation of the Ruhr]], [[French colonial empires#Second French colonial empire|French Colonial Empire]], [[Rif War (1920)]], [[Battle of Maysalun]], and [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Germany#Weimar Republic|History of Germany]]: [[Treaty of Versailles]], [[Spartacist uprising]], [[Freikorps]], [[Weimar Republic]], [[National Socialist German Workers Party]], [[Beer Hall Putsch]], [[Silesian Uprisings]], [[Polish Corridor]], [[Enabling Act of 1933]] (''Ermächtigungsgesetz''), [[Gleichschaltung]], [[Lebensraum]], [[Occupation of the Ruhr]], [[Saar (League of Nations)|Re-unification of the Saar]], [[German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact]], [[Reichstag fire]], [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland]], [[Night of the Long Knives]], [[Anschluss]], [[Munich Agreement]], [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]], [[1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania]], and the beginnings of [[Nazi Germany]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Greece]]: [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War]], the [[Corfu incident]], the [[Incident at Petrich]], and [[Balkan Pact]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Hungary]]: [[Treaty of Trianon]], [[Hungarian Democratic Republic]], [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], [[Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)|Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Greater Hungary (political concept)|Greater Hungary]], [[Vienna Awards]], [[Arrow Cross]], and [[Slovak-Hungarian War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of India]]: [[Indian independence movement]], [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], and the [[Government of India Act 1935]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Iraq]]: [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia]], [[Iraqi revolt against the British]], and [[Simele massacre]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Ireland]]: [[Irish War of Independence]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Italy]]: [[National Fascist Party]], [[March on Rome]], [[Italian Empire]], [[Corfu incident]], [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]], [[Lateran Treaty]], and [[Invasion of Albania]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Japan]]: [[Empire of Japan]], [[Korea under Japanese rule]], [[Mukden incident]], [[February 26 Incident]] (1936), [[Battle of Lake Khasan]], [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]], and [[Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)|Sino-Japanese War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Korea]]: [[Korea under Japanese rule]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Latvia]]: [[Latvian War of Independence]] and Soviet [[Occupation of the Baltic states]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Lebanon]]: [[French Mandate of Lebanon]], [[Greater Syria]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Lithuania]]: [[Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)|Kingdom of Lithuania]], [[History of Lithuania#Independent interwar Lithuania (1918–1940)|Independent Republic of Lithuania]], [[Republic of Central Lithuania]], [[Lithuanian Wars of Independence]], [[1926 Lithuanian coup d'état]], [[1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania]], and Soviet [[Occupation of the Baltic states]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Mexico]]: [[Cristero War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Morocco]]: [[Rif War (1920)]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Ottoman Empire]] (see Turkey): [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Paraguay]]: [[Chaco War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Poland (1918–1939)]]: [[Second Polish Republic]], [[Polish-Lithuanian War]], [[Polish-Soviet War]], [[Polish-Czechoslovak border conflicts]], [[German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact]], and [[Free City of Danzig]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Romania]]: [[Greater Romania]], [[Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919]], [[Iron Guard]], [[Balkan Pact]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Slovakia]]: [[Slovak-Hungarian War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Russia]]/[[History of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]: [[Russian Civil War]], [[Polish-Soviet War]], [[Ukrainian War of Independence]], [[Battle of Lake Khasan]], [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]], the [[Great Purge]], and [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Spain]]: [[Rif War (1920)]] and [[Second Spanish Republic]] and [[Spanish Civil War]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Syria]]: [[French Mandate of Syria]], [[Franco-Syrian War]], and the [[Hatay State]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of the Republic of Turkey|History of Turkey]]: [[Turkish War of Independence]] ([[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)]], [[Turkish–Armenian War]], [[Franco-Turkish War]]), [[Balkan Pact]], and the [[Hatay State]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of the United Kingdom]]: [[Treaty of Versailles]], [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]], [[Irish War of Independence]], [[British Empire|British Colonial Empire]], [[British Mandate of Palestine]], [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia]], [[Tanganyika]], [[British Somaliland]] and [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] ("the Mad Mullah"), [[Indian independence movement]], [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], [[1926 United Kingdom general strike]], [[British Union of Fascists]], and [[Blueshirts]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of the United States]]: [[History of the United States (1918–1945)]], [[Industrial Workers of the World]], [[Great Depression]], [[London Economic Conference]], [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], and [[German American Bund]] | + | |
| - | *[[History of Yugoslavia]]: [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (1919–1929), [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] (1929–1941), [[Balkan Pact]] | + | |
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[1920s]] | ||
| + | *[[1930s]] | ||
| *[[Aftermath of World War I]] | *[[Aftermath of World War I]] | ||
| *[[European Civil War]] | *[[European Civil War]] | ||
| Line 53: | Line 21: | ||
| *[[Events preceding World War II in Europe]] | *[[Events preceding World War II in Europe]] | ||
| *[[Golden Age of Aviation]] | *[[Golden Age of Aviation]] | ||
| + | *[[Interwar period events]] | ||
| *[[List of treaties]] | *[[List of treaties]] | ||
Current revision
(Photo by Walery)
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In the history of the 20th century, the Interwar period lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months and 21 days), the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War. The Interwar period was relatively short, yet featured many significant social, political, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous Roaring Twenties, a time of both social mobility and economic mobility for the middle class. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio, and more became common among populations in the developed world. The indulgences of the era subsequently were followed by the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies.
Politically, the era coincided with the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution and Russian Civil War, at the end of World War I, and ended with the rise of fascism, particularly in Germany and in Italy.
The era ended in September 1939, the beginning of World War II.
Art
Expressionism and Symbolism are broad rubrics that describes several important and related movements in 20th century painting that dominated much of the avant-garde art being made in Western, Eastern and Northern Europe. Expressionism was painted largely between World War I and World War II, mostly in France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Belgium, and Austria. Expressionist artists are related to both Surrealism and Symbolism and are each uniquely and somewhat eccentrically personal. Fauvism, Die Brücke, and Der Blaue Reiter are three of the best known groups of Expressionist and Symbolist painters. Artists as interesting and diverse as Marc Chagall, whose painting I and the Village, (above) tells an autobiographical story that examines the relationship between the artist and his origins, with a lexicon of artistic Symbolism. Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde, Chaim Soutine, James Ensor, Oskar Kokoschka, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Max Beckmann, Franz Marc, Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz, Georges Rouault, Amedeo Modigliani and some of the Americans abroad like Marsden Hartley, and Stuart Davis, were considered influential expressionist painters. Although Alberto Giacometti is primarily thought of as an intense Surrealist sculptor, he made intense expressionist paintings as well. In the USA during the period between World War I and World War II painters tended to go to Europe for recognition. Modernist artists like Marsden Hartley, Patrick Henry Bruce, Gerald Murphy and Stuart Davis, created reputations abroad. While Patrick Henry Bruce, and Marsden Hartley experimented with expressionism. During the 1920s photographer Alfred Stieglitz exhibited Georgia O'Keeffe, Arthur Dove, Alfred Henry Maurer, Charles Demuth, John Marin and other artists including European Masters Henri Matisse, Auguste Rodin, Henri Rousseau, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso, at his New York City gallery the 291. In Europe masters like Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard continued developing their narrative styles independent of any movement.
See also
- 1920s
- 1930s
- Aftermath of World War I
- European Civil War
- League of Nations
- Causes of World War II
- Events preceding World War II in Europe
- Golden Age of Aviation
- Interwar period events
- List of treaties
See also
