Hendrik Conscience Heritage Library
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience (Heritage Library Hendrik Conscience) is the repository library of the city of Antwerp. It is named after the Flemish writer Hendrik Conscience, whose statue adorns the library. The library conserves books and magazines to keep them forever available.
The origin of the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience, which was called the City Library until 2008, goes back to 1481. The collection contains more than one million books. The most extraordinary collection areas are Dutch literature, history of the Netherlands, old prints (books printed before 1830), Flemish folk culture, art in the Netherlands, and works about Antwerp ("Antverpsiensa").
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History
The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience originates from the mid-fifteenth century, when city secretary William Pauwels donated his collection of 41 books to the city of Antwerp. Throughout the centuries, the collection grew steadily. Only in the nineteenth century the library expanded grandly. Today the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience possesses a versatile collection.
Ancien regime
In 1481 city attorney William Pauwels donated his collection of 41 books to the city of Antwerp to support the magistrate clerks. This meant the start for the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience. In 1505 the collection was placed at the City Hall. What remains of the 41 books in 1576 got lost in the big fire caused by the Spanish Fury, when mutinous Spanish troops plundered the city.
The city soon decided to rebuild the library. Christopher Plantin and his successors gave a copy of each book that they printed, including the Biblia Polyglotta and Opticorum libri VI of Francis Aguilonius. In 1594 the new library housed again in the City Hall, but this time in the former room of the militia, the Camer van de Librarye.
In 1604 Bishop John Miraeus founded the Antwerp seminary, which was responsible for the education of the secular clergy. There soon was a need for a private library so John Miraeus appointed his erudite cousin Aubertus Miraeus as the librarian. Aubertus created an expansive humanist collection, thanks to donations of scholars, wealthy citizens and book printers. In 1609 the chapter started to negotiate with the city council to fuse the two libraries. Aubertus Miraeus made an inventory of the chapter library and published it in the Bibliothecae Antverpianae Primordia. He mentions 356 works, including 32 manuscripts. In 1617 the two libraries fuse. The new collection is placed at the seminary.
After the Treaty of Munster and the closure of the Scheldt the Trade House had free space because of the economic crisis. The city council decided to store the library collection in the building. The following thirty years the library was neglected. In 1677 city secretary Andries Van Valckenisse made a new inventory. The books moved to the "pest room" in the City Hall in 1687. In this room the magistrate and city doctors tried to make a prevention plan against epidemics.
French time
During the 18th century, the City Library was just like the rest of Antwerp victim of a general malaise. In 1795 this changed when the French occupiers founded the Ecole Centrale in Antwerp, which had a library that consisted of works from abolished monasteries. The Ecole Centrale already closed in 1802. Many books returned to the original owners, but other works became part of the City Library. In 1805 the library opened for the public.
Nineteenth century
The City Library's heyday was in the nineteenth century. Librarians Frans Henry Mertens and Constant Jacob Hansen made the collection structurally and substantive into the present library.
Mertens was appointed as a librarian in 1834. He created a new book order and published a printed catalog. He started the impressive collection of Dutch literature on which the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience still focuses. In his last years he helped to develop a National Library, which was later called the Public Library. In 1865 the city of Antwerp chose for two types of libraries: a National Library with contemporary books on the one hand and a City Library with works that need conservation on the other hand.
The constant growth of both the City Library and the National Library lead to a lack of space at City Hall. Therefore the city of Antwerp bought the 17th century Sodality, located at the Jezuiëtenplein on the opposite of the Carolus Borromeuskerk. After a thorough renovation the approximately 43,000 volumes of the former City Library along with the 20,000 works of the Volksboekerij were transferred to the new premises in 1883. On the day of the official opening the statue of Hendrik Conscience was ceremoniously unveiled. The Jezuiëtenplein was then renamed Hendrik Conscienceplein. However, the lack of space remained a major problem, and in 1895 the Volksboekerij (current Public Library) moved to a new establishment.
Twentieth century
When in 1905 the heirs of Gustave Havre wanted to sell his impressive book collection at an auction in Amsterdam, the head librarian French Gittens and Maximum Rooses, curator of the library of the Plantin-Moretus Museum, asked the City Council, the press and several patrons to buy the collection. Thanks to an Endowment Fund a quarter of the collection could be purchased. Today the collection of Havre is still an important part of the library books. The Endowment Fund still exists. It is now called the Dotatiefonds voor Boek en Letteren and it is a regular sponsor for significant acquisitions.
The City Library kept struggling against the lack of space. In 1930 and 1990 thorough revision and extension works were performed. Each time, the infrastructure was optimized for the comfort of the visitor and for the preservation of a growing, valuable collection.
In 1980 the Public Library and the City Library were separated.
At the turn of the century, the City Library had become one of the main reference libraries in Flanders. It now has a modern, comfortable setting with an online catalog of the entire collection is home to consult out. The library's main focus lies on the humanities in general and the Flemish cultural heritage in particular. In 2008 it chose for a more transparent name: the City Library of Antwerp was since then called the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience.
Building
Sodality
The history of the Sodality, the impressive building on the Hendrik Conscienceplein, dates from the seventeenth century. After the Carolus Borromeuskerk was built in 1621, the Jesuits founded different fraternities, called sodalities. For these sodalities a two-store building was erected opposite the church. After the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773, the building was used for all sorts of activities, including as a bar and as a ballroom. On the wall to the Wijngaardstraat you can still read the old name "Café Moortgat".
In 1879 the City of Antwerp bought the building, which was still called the Sodality, to accommodate the City Library. The city council drastically renovated the building. On August 13, 1883, the new library building opened and the bronze statue of Hendrik Conscience before the entrance was revealed. The building then offered shelter to both the City Library and the National Library, which was reached through a separate entrance on the corner of the Wijngaardstraat. After several years the Sodality became too small for the growing library collections so in 1895 the National Library moved to the Blinde Straat.
The City Library could now use the entire space of the Sodality, but after some time and it was necessary to expand even further towards the old Jesuit convent. In this convent the reading room, administration and three floors of storage space opened in 1936. In the Sodality were now two more storage departments and the Nottebohmzaal.
Nottebohmzaal
The Nottebohmzaal was designed as a space for exhibitions, lectures and as a storage space for museum objects. The hall was after Oscar Nottebohm, a businessman of German origin, who was an important social and cultural patron for Antwerp. In his will he donated a large amount of money to the City Library.
The Nottebohmzaal also preserves some of the top pieces of the collection of the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience, like an Egyptian cabinet, heaven and earth globes by William and Joan Blaeu, and several busts of European authors.
Korte Nieuwstraat
In the 1960s the large magazine collection moved to an outbuilding at the Minderbroedersrui. In 1996, new warehouses and a public entrance were built at the Korte Nieuwstraat. At the same time the reading room was given a renovation. Because of the extra storage space the magazine collection could again be accommodated in the main building.
Reading Room
The modern reading room provides access to the collections of the library heritage. The entire library is retrievable via the digital catalog. The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience does not lend books, but all works can be consulted in the reading room. Here you can also read old newspapers on microfilm. In the reading room current volumes of about hundred magazines are available. Further more there is a cloakroom, various photocopiers, power connections for laptops and wifi.
Collections
Dutch Literature
The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience systematically collects all the original publications of Flemish and Dutch authors of various literary genres (prose, poetry, drama, essay, comics), all the editions and translations of the literary work of Flemish authors, including work that is not distributed through the commercial circuit (poetry in-house, bibliophilic editions, etc.). The library also collects works on the history of Dutch literature, literature studies and literary criticism.
Study: cooperation Reading Foundation
The collection of Flemish children's literature is supplemented by the collections of the former National Centre for Children's Literature, now included in Stichting Lezen. The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience collects Flemish children's literature published before 1976. There is also an incomplete collection of Dutch children's literature.
History of Flanders
The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience collects everything that appears/ appeared on the history of Flanders, regardless of time or geographic changes (Burgundian Netherlands, French Flanders, United Netherlands, etc.): both political history and social and economic history, church history, archaeology, biography, genealogy, heraldry, cartography, etc. In particular the library collects information about the history of the Flemish Movement (language struggle, national awareness, spiritual and material development) from the beginning (1830 to early pioneers in the 18th century) to the political independence of Flanders. Travel stories about Flanders are also part of the collection.
Flemish folk culture and local history
Publications on Flemish folklore and local history are systematically acquired. These (local) studies are often published by folklore or historical associations, local authorities, documentation centers, museums, archives, etc. The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience has a cooperation agreement with Heemkunde Flanders. Both the Flemish and provincial organizations have had their journal collection transferred to the Heritage Library. Since 2004 all connected historic societies have provided their magazine in the reading room.
Art in Flanders
Includes work on Flemish art and art history, like broad historical overviews, monographs and catalogs raisonnes on individual artists, exhibition catalogs, and museum catalogs. Featured art areas are painting and drawing, sculpture, architecture, photography and film, music, dance and applied arts.
Another part of the art collection are original books to which Flemish artists participated as an illustrator, which where often published as bibliophile editions.
Book History
The book history collection includes works on the history of the book in general ( writing, manuscripts, etc.), printing, technical and historical aspects about content, etc. The collection is geographically mainly based on Europe. In detail, its domains are typography, bookbinding, illustration techniques, paper study, book design, the history of publishing, bookstores, libraries, collectors, press essence, and bibliophile editions.
Antverpiensia
The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience systematically collects all Antverpiensia. These are historical studies on the history of Antwerp, primary sources such as publications issued upon events in Antwerp (parades, celebrations, exhibitions, commemorations, etc.), publications of Antwerp publishers, and works of Antwerp authors.
Old prints
The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience manages an important collection of early printed books (books published before 1830), historically grown over the course of five centuries. The collection is constantly growing via donations (including through the Endowment Fund for Book and Literature) and purchases. Because of the exceptional size of the collection, its specific contents are extremely varied: history, literature, art, science, religion, etc. All kinds of print are represented: pamphlets, atlases, emblem books, ephemera (almanacs, occasional poems, etc.), plate works, musical works and so on. Manuscripts from the tenth to the twenty-first century are also part of the collection.
The main focus of the collection is Antwerp, with works on the history of the city and bibliographies about Antwerp authors and printers. Only publications by Plantin and his successors, the family Moretus are exclusively left to the Plantin-Moretus Museum. The Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience does not purchase works that are already present in other public collections in Antwerp.
Dotatiefonds voor Boek en Letteren
The Dotatoefonds voor Boek en Letteren (The Endowment Fund for Book and Literature) is the friends association of the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience and the letterenhuis.
It aims to raise public enthusiasm for the literary heritage. The association cast on the tradition in which citizens act as a patron. With the support of literary enthusiasts the fund prevents the written heritage for neglect. The Dotatiefonds sponsors the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience and the Letterenhuis so they are able to expand their collections.
References
- Vijf eeuwen Stadsbibliotheek. Stadsbibliotheek Antwerpen, 1985
- De Nottebohmzaal. Boek en Mecenaat. Stadsbibliotheek Antwerpen, 1993
- Zichtbaar zeldzaam : hoogtepunten uit de Antwerpse Stadsbibliotheek. Stadsbibliotheek Antwerpen, 2005
- Nottebohm revisited. Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience, 2011
