George Borrow
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | '''George Henry Borrow''' (1803 – 1881) was an [[English writer]] of novels and of [[Travel literature|travel]] based on personal experiences in Europe. | ||
| - | The principal promoter of physiognomy in modern times was the Swiss pastor [[Johann Kaspar Lavater]] ([[1741]]–[[1801]]) who was briefly a friend of [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]. Lavater's essays on physiognomy were first published in [[German language|German]] in [[1772]] and gained great popularity. These influential essays were translated into [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]]. The two principal sources from which Lavater found 'confirmation' of his ideas were the writings of the [[Italy|Italian]] [[Giambattista della Porta]] ([[1535]]–[[1615]]) and the English physician-philosopher [[Sir Thomas Browne]] ([[1605]]–[[1682]]), whose ''[[Religio Medici]]'' discusses the possibility of the discernment of inner qualities from the outer appearance of the face, thus: | + | His travels gave him a close affinity with the [[Romani people]] of Europe, who figure strongly in his work. |
| - | :"there is surely a Physiognomy, which those experienced and Master Mendicants observe… For there are mystically in our faces certain Characters which carry in them the motto of our Souls, wherein he that cannot read A.B.C. may read our natures." -- R.M. part 2:2 | + | His best-known books are ''[[The Bible in Spain]]'' and the novels ''[[Lavengro]]'' and ''[[The Romany Rye]]'' set in his time with the English ''[[Romanichal]]'' (Gypsies). |
| + | ==Principal works== | ||
| + | *''[[The Zincali]]'' (1841) | ||
| + | *''[[The Bible in Spain]]'' (1843) | ||
| + | *''[[Lavengro]]'' (1851) | ||
| + | *''[[The Romany Rye]]'' (1857) | ||
| + | *''[[Wild Wales]]'' (1862) | ||
| + | *''[[Romano Lavo-lil]]'' (1874) A dictionary of the language of the English Romanichal people. | ||
| + | ==Pages linking in in 2024== | ||
| + | [[A Handbook for Travellers in Spain]], [[Afon Irfon]], [[Agnete og Havmanden]], [[Amelia (novel)]], [[Amelia Opie]], [[Angloromani language]], [[Angus Fraser (civil servant)]], [[Arthur Wallis Mills]], [[Autobiographical novel]], [[Bala Lake]], [[Barnett Freedman]], [[Bedwas]], [[Benjamin Barron Wiffen]], [[Book League of America]], [[Borrow]], [[British and Foreign Bible Society]], [[British Rail Class 150]], [[Brompton Cemetery]], [[Brynamman]], [[Caló language]], [[Carmen (novella)]], [[Cerrigydrudion]], [[Chester Rows]], [[Claude Allin Shepperson]], [[Clement Shorter]], [[Clonmel]], [[Craig y Forwyn (Denbighshire)]], [[Croppies Lie Down]], [[Cuisine of the Vale of Glamorgan]], [[Dafydd Gam]], [[Danmarks gamle Folkeviser]], [[David Haggart]], [[Dereham]], [[Devil's Bridge, Ceredigion]], [[Dolaucothi Estate]], [[Dora Yates]], [[E. J. Sullivan]], [[Earlham Hall]], [[Flag of the Romani people]], [[Flamenco]], [[Francisco Abad Moreno "Chaleco"]], [[Frank Sayers]], [[Galicians]], [[Gelert]], [[Gitanos]], [[Glamorgan sausage]], [[Gordon Boswell Romany Museum]], [[Harpans kraft]], [[Henry Hake]], [[Herbert George Jenkins]], [[Hereford Square]], [[Hispanism]], [[Home and Colonial Library]], [[Horncastle]], [[Hrafnsmál]], [[Illiam Dhone]], [[International Short Stories]], [[Iolo Goch]], [[Irish language outside Ireland]], [[Isidore Taylor]], [[James Martineau]], [[Jerry Abershawe]], [[John Bradford]], [[John Seymour (author)]], [[John Thurtell]], [[Joseph John Gurney]], [[July 1913]], [[July 5]], [[Lavengro]], [[Lewys Glyn Cothi]], [[List of books banned by governments]], [[List of English novelists]], [[List of names in A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists]], [[List of non-fiction writers]], [[List of translators into English]], [[List of travel books]], [[List of Welsh writers]], [[List of years in literature]], [[Literary Taste: How to Form It]], [[Llan Ffestiniog]], [[Llandegla]], [[Llanvaches]], [[Llyn Conwy]], [[Llywarch Hen]], [[Loka Táttur]], [[Lowestoft]], [[Martial Rose]], [[Mawddwy Railway]], [[McCan Barracks]], [[Monmouthshire (historic)]], [[Morton Peto]], [[Mousehold Heath]], [[Narciso Heredia, Count of Ofalia]], [[Nasreddin]], [[National Library of Wales General Manuscript Collection]], [[National Library of Wales]], [[Norfolk Militia]], [[Norman Cross Prison]], [[Norwich School]], [[Norwich]], [[Offa's Dyke]], [[Oulton Broad]], [[Owain Glyndŵr's Court]], [[Patrick Colquhoun (lawyer)]], [[Paul Hardy (illustrator)]], [[Physiognomy]], [[Pied Bull Hotel]], [[Pistyll Rhaeadr]], [[Ponterwyd]], [[Privies of Wales]], [[Radlett murder]], [[Rhys Goch Eryri]], [[Rhys Prichard]], [[Richard Ford (English writer)]], [[Roast lamb with laver sauce]], [[Robert Barnes (physician)]], [[Romani language]], [[Romani people in fiction]], [[Romani people]], [[Royal High School, Edinburgh]], [[Ruabon]], [[Sidi Ahmed Ou Moussa (saint)]], [[Simon Wilkin]], [[Snowdonia]], [[Strangers' Hall]], [[Templemore]], [[The Bible in Spain]], [[The Haunted Bookshop]], [[The Romany Rye]], [[The Zincali]], [[Theodore Watts-Dunton]], [[Thomas Busby (composer)]], [[Thomas Gordon Hake]], [[To the Yew Tree Above Dafydd ap Gwilym's Grave]], [[Tom Hickathrift]], [[Tourism in Wales]], [[Twm o'r Nant]], [[Twm Siôn Cati]], [[W. H. Davies]], [[Walter Starkie]], [[Walter Whiter]], [[Wild Wales]], [[William Bodham Donne]], [[William Ireland Knapp]], [[William Taylor (man of letters)]], [[Windy McPherson's Son]], [[Xavier Petulengro]] | ||
| - | Late in his life Browne affirmed his physiognomical beliefs, writing in his [[Christian Morals]] (circa [[1675]]): | ||
| - | :"Since the Brow speaks often true, since Eyes and Noses have Tongues, and the countenance proclaims the heart and inclinations; let observation so far instruct thee in Physiognomical lines....we often observe that Men do most act those Creatures, whose constitution, parts, and complexion do most predominate in their mixtures. This is a corner-stone in Physiognomy… there are therefore Provincial Faces, National Lips and Noses, which testify not only the Natures of those Countries, but of those which have them elsewhere." -- C.M. Part 2 section 9 | ||
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| - | Sir Thomas Browne is also credited with the first usage of the word [[caricature]] in the English language, whence much of physiognomy movement's pseudo-learning attempted to entrench itself by illustrative means. | ||
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| - | Browne possessed several of the writings of the Italian [[Giambattista della Porta]] including his ''Of Celestial Physiognomy'' which argued that it was not the stars but a person's temperament which influences facial appearance and character. In his book ''De humana physiognomia ''([[1586]]), Porta used woodcuts of animals to illustrate human characteristics. His works are well represented in the [[Library of Sir Thomas Browne]]; both men sustained a belief in the ''doctrine of signatures'' — that is, the belief that the physical structures of nature such as a plant's roots, stem and flower, were indicative keys (or ''signatures'') to their medicinal potentials. | ||
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| - | Even the great inventor, scientist and artist, [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo Da Vinci]], was an avid researcher of physiognomy in the early 16th century. | ||
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| - | The popularity of physiognomy grew throughout the [[18th century|eighteenth century]] and into the [[19th century|nineteenth century]]. It influenced the descriptive abilities of many [[Europe]]an novelists, notably [[Balzac]], and portrait artists, such as [[Joseph Ducreux]]; meanwhile, the '[[Norwich]] connection' to physiognomy developed in the writings of [[Amelia Opie]] and travelling linguist [[George Borrow]]. A host of other nineteenth century English authors were influenced by the idea, notably evident in the detailed physiognomic descriptions of characters in the novels of [[Charles Dickens]], [[Thomas Hardy]] and [[Charlotte Brontë]]. Physiognomy is a central, implicit assumption underlying the plot of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]''. In 19th century American literature, physiognomy figures prominently in the short stories of [[Edgar Allan Poe]]. | ||
| - | [[Phrenology]] was also considered a form of physiognomy. It was created around [[1800]] by German physician [[Franz Joseph Gall]] and [[Johann Spurzheim]], and was widely popular in the 19th century in [[Europe]] and the [[United States]]. | ||
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| - | A physiognomist named Yoshito Mizuno was employed from 1936 to 1945 by the Imperial Japanese Naval Aeronautics Department, examining candidates for the Naval Air Corps, after - to their surprise - [[Admiral Yamamoto]]'s staff discovered that he could predict with over 80% accuracy the qualifications of candidates to become successful pilots. | ||
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| - | Practitioners of the personality type theory [[socionics]] use physiognomy as a personality identification technique. | ||
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| - | ==Related disciplines== | ||
| - | * [[Characterology]] | ||
| - | * [[Palmistry]] | ||
| - | * [[Phrenology]] | ||
| - | * [[Pathognomy]] | ||
| - | * [[Personology]] | ||
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| - | == See also == | ||
| - | *''[[Essays on Physiognomy]]'' by [[Johann Kaspar Lavater]] | ||
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George Henry Borrow (1803 – 1881) was an English writer of novels and of travel based on personal experiences in Europe.
His travels gave him a close affinity with the Romani people of Europe, who figure strongly in his work.
His best-known books are The Bible in Spain and the novels Lavengro and The Romany Rye set in his time with the English Romanichal (Gypsies).
Principal works
- The Zincali (1841)
- The Bible in Spain (1843)
- Lavengro (1851)
- The Romany Rye (1857)
- Wild Wales (1862)
- Romano Lavo-lil (1874) A dictionary of the language of the English Romanichal people.
Pages linking in in 2024
A Handbook for Travellers in Spain, Afon Irfon, Agnete og Havmanden, Amelia (novel), Amelia Opie, Angloromani language, Angus Fraser (civil servant), Arthur Wallis Mills, Autobiographical novel, Bala Lake, Barnett Freedman, Bedwas, Benjamin Barron Wiffen, Book League of America, Borrow, British and Foreign Bible Society, British Rail Class 150, Brompton Cemetery, Brynamman, Caló language, Carmen (novella), Cerrigydrudion, Chester Rows, Claude Allin Shepperson, Clement Shorter, Clonmel, Craig y Forwyn (Denbighshire), Croppies Lie Down, Cuisine of the Vale of Glamorgan, Dafydd Gam, Danmarks gamle Folkeviser, David Haggart, Dereham, Devil's Bridge, Ceredigion, Dolaucothi Estate, Dora Yates, E. J. Sullivan, Earlham Hall, Flag of the Romani people, Flamenco, Francisco Abad Moreno "Chaleco", Frank Sayers, Galicians, Gelert, Gitanos, Glamorgan sausage, Gordon Boswell Romany Museum, Harpans kraft, Henry Hake, Herbert George Jenkins, Hereford Square, Hispanism, Home and Colonial Library, Horncastle, Hrafnsmál, Illiam Dhone, International Short Stories, Iolo Goch, Irish language outside Ireland, Isidore Taylor, James Martineau, Jerry Abershawe, John Bradford, John Seymour (author), John Thurtell, Joseph John Gurney, July 1913, July 5, Lavengro, Lewys Glyn Cothi, List of books banned by governments, List of English novelists, List of names in A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists, List of non-fiction writers, List of translators into English, List of travel books, List of Welsh writers, List of years in literature, Literary Taste: How to Form It, Llan Ffestiniog, Llandegla, Llanvaches, Llyn Conwy, Llywarch Hen, Loka Táttur, Lowestoft, Martial Rose, Mawddwy Railway, McCan Barracks, Monmouthshire (historic), Morton Peto, Mousehold Heath, Narciso Heredia, Count of Ofalia, Nasreddin, National Library of Wales General Manuscript Collection, National Library of Wales, Norfolk Militia, Norman Cross Prison, Norwich School, Norwich, Offa's Dyke, Oulton Broad, Owain Glyndŵr's Court, Patrick Colquhoun (lawyer), Paul Hardy (illustrator), Physiognomy, Pied Bull Hotel, Pistyll Rhaeadr, Ponterwyd, Privies of Wales, Radlett murder, Rhys Goch Eryri, Rhys Prichard, Richard Ford (English writer), Roast lamb with laver sauce, Robert Barnes (physician), Romani language, Romani people in fiction, Romani people, Royal High School, Edinburgh, Ruabon, Sidi Ahmed Ou Moussa (saint), Simon Wilkin, Snowdonia, Strangers' Hall, Templemore, The Bible in Spain, The Haunted Bookshop, The Romany Rye, The Zincali, Theodore Watts-Dunton, Thomas Busby (composer), Thomas Gordon Hake, To the Yew Tree Above Dafydd ap Gwilym's Grave, Tom Hickathrift, Tourism in Wales, Twm o'r Nant, Twm Siôn Cati, W. H. Davies, Walter Starkie, Walter Whiter, Wild Wales, William Bodham Donne, William Ireland Knapp, William Taylor (man of letters), Windy McPherson's Son, Xavier Petulengro
