Freedom of thought
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| - | Cover of the [[Nazi Germany]] [[1937]] [[Degenerate art]] [[exhibition]]. This exhibition is also a perfect illustration of the beneficial side-effects of [[censorship]]. Beneficial in the sense that any attempt at banning works of art, books or other cultural artifacts results in an aide to discerning [[culturati]] to seek out this [[forbidden fruit]] with zeal. Such has been the case with [[Video Nasties]], the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]] (the Catholic Index) and the [[Degenerate Art]] expo depicted above.</small>]] | + | Cover of the [[Nazi Germany]] [[1937]] [[Degenerate art]] [[exhibition]].</small>]] |
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| + | [[Die Gedanken sind frei]] | ||
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| - | :"The book which most deserved to be banned would be a catalogue of [[banned books]]." --[[Georg Christoph Lichtenberg]], [[Aphorisms]] (G 37 in [[R. J. Hollingdale]]'s translation and numeration) | + | '''Freedom of thought''' (also called '''freedom of conscience''' and '''freedom of ideas''') is the [[Freedom (political)|freedom]] of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or [[thought]], independent of others' viewpoints. It is different from and not to be confused with the concept of [[freedom of speech|freedom of expression]]. |
| + | ==History of suppression and development== | ||
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| + | It is impossible to know with certainty what another person is thinking, making suppression difficult. The concept is developed throughout the Bible, most fully in the writings of [[Paul of Tarsus]] (e.g. "For why should my freedom [''[[eleutheria]]''] be judged by another's conscience [''suneideseos'']?" [[1 Corinthians]] 10:29.). | ||
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| + | Although Greek philosophers Plato and Socrates had discussed Freedom of Thought minimally, the edicts of King [[Ashoka]] (3rd century BC) have been called the first decree respecting Freedom of Conscience. In European tradition, aside from the decree of religious toleration by [[Constantine I]] at Milan in 313, the philosophers [[Themistius]], [[Montaigne]], [[Spinoza]], [[Locke]], [[Voltaire]], [[Vinet]], and [[John Stuart Mill]] have been considered major proponents of the idea of Freedom of Conscience. | ||
| - | :''[[banned]], [[hidden]], [[illegal]], [[illicit]], [[secret]]'' | + | [[Queen Elizabeth I]] revoked a thought censorship law in the late sixteenth century, because, according to Sir [[Francis Bacon]], she did "'not [like] to make windows into men's souls and secret thoughts". During her reign, philosopher, mathematician, astrologer and astronomer [[Giordano Bruno]] took refuge in England from the [[Italian Inquisition]], where he published a number of his books regarding an infinite universe and other topics banned by the Catholic Church. After leaving the safety of England, Bruno was eventually [[Execution by burning|burned]] as a [[Christian heresy|heretic]] in Rome for refusing to recant his ideas. For this reason he is considered by some to be a martyr for free thought. |
| - | '''Censorship''' is the removal or withholding of information from the [[public]] by a controlling group or body. Typically censorship is done by [[government]]s, religious groups, or the [[mass media]], although other forms of censorship exist. The term "censorship" often carries with it a sense of [[untoward]], [[inappropriate]] or [[repressive]] [[secrecy]]. | + | |
| - | Censorship is closely related to the concepts of [[freedom of speech]] and [[freedom of expression]]. When overused, it is often associated with [[human rights]] abuse, [[dictatorship]] and [[repression]]. | + | However, [[freedom of expression]] can be limited through [[censorship]], arrests, [[book burning]], or [[propaganda]], and this tends to discourage freedom of thought. Examples of effective campaigns against freedom of expression are the Soviet suppression of genetics research in favor of a theory known as [[Lysenkoism]], the book burning campaigns of [[Nazi Germany]], the Slovak law to sentence anyone who denies Armenian genocide up to 5 years in prison, the radical [[anti-intellectualism]] enforced in [[Cambodia]] under [[Pol Pot]], the strict limits on freedom of expression imposed by the [[communist state|Communist]] governments of the Peoples Republic of China and Cuba or by right wing authoritarian dictatorships such as those of [[Augusto Pinochet]] in Chile and [[Francisco Franco]] in Spain. |
| - | == By medium == | + | |
| - | *[[Banned books]] | + | |
| - | *[[Banned films]] | + | |
| - | *[[Censorship of music]] | + | |
| - | **[[Entartete Musik]] | + | |
| - | ==References== | + | Freedom of expression can also be stifled without institutional interference when [[majority]] views become so widely accepted that the entire culture represses dissenting views. For this reason, some condemn [[political correctness]] as a form of limiting freedom of thought. Although political correctness aims to give minority views equal representation, the majority view itself can be politically correct; for example, college student Max Karson was arrested following the [[Virginia Tech shootings]] for politically incorrect comments that authorities saw as "sympathetic to the killer." Karson's arrest raised important questions regarding freedom of thought and whether or not it applies in times of tragedy. |
| - | *''[[The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France]]'' by [[Robert Darnton]] | + | |
| - | *''[[Obscene: The history of an indignation]]'' (1962) by [[Ludwig Marcuse]]. | + | |
| - | ==See also== | + | The [[Sapir–Whorf hypothesis]], which states that [[thought]] is inherently embedded in [[language]], would support the claim that an effort to limit the use of words of language is actually a form of restricting freedom of thought. This was explored in [[George Orwell]]'s novel'' [[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]]'', with the idea of [[Newspeak]], a stripped-down form of the [[English language]] lacking the capacity for metaphor and limiting expression of original ideas. |
| - | *[[Book burning]] | + | |
| - | *[[Book banning]] | + | |
| - | *[[Chilling effect (term)|Chilling Effect]] | + | |
| - | *[[Newspeak]] | + | |
| - | *[[Self-censorship]] | + | |
| - | *[[Taboo]] | + | |
| - | *[[Video game censorship]] | + | |
| - | '''Freedoms:''' | + | == See also == |
| - | *[[Freedom of the press]] | + | * [[Die Gedanken sind frei]] |
| - | *[[Freedom of speech]] | + | * [[Free will]] |
| - | *[[Freedom of thought]] | + | * [[Freedom of speech]] |
| - | *[[Scientific freedom]] | + | * [[Freedom of religion]] |
| - | *[[Academic freedom]] | + | * [[Freethought]] |
| + | * [[Hate crime]] | ||
| + | * [[Public opinion]] | ||
| + | * [[Intellectual freedom]] | ||
| + | * [[Neuroethics]] | ||
| + | * [[Thoughtcrime]] | ||
| + | * [[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]] | ||
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Current revision
Illustration: Cover of the Nazi Germany 1937 Degenerate art exhibition.
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Freedom of thought (also called freedom of conscience and freedom of ideas) is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints. It is different from and not to be confused with the concept of freedom of expression.
History of suppression and development
It is impossible to know with certainty what another person is thinking, making suppression difficult. The concept is developed throughout the Bible, most fully in the writings of Paul of Tarsus (e.g. "For why should my freedom [eleutheria] be judged by another's conscience [suneideseos]?" 1 Corinthians 10:29.).
Although Greek philosophers Plato and Socrates had discussed Freedom of Thought minimally, the edicts of King Ashoka (3rd century BC) have been called the first decree respecting Freedom of Conscience. In European tradition, aside from the decree of religious toleration by Constantine I at Milan in 313, the philosophers Themistius, Montaigne, Spinoza, Locke, Voltaire, Vinet, and John Stuart Mill have been considered major proponents of the idea of Freedom of Conscience.
Queen Elizabeth I revoked a thought censorship law in the late sixteenth century, because, according to Sir Francis Bacon, she did "'not [like] to make windows into men's souls and secret thoughts". During her reign, philosopher, mathematician, astrologer and astronomer Giordano Bruno took refuge in England from the Italian Inquisition, where he published a number of his books regarding an infinite universe and other topics banned by the Catholic Church. After leaving the safety of England, Bruno was eventually burned as a heretic in Rome for refusing to recant his ideas. For this reason he is considered by some to be a martyr for free thought.
However, freedom of expression can be limited through censorship, arrests, book burning, or propaganda, and this tends to discourage freedom of thought. Examples of effective campaigns against freedom of expression are the Soviet suppression of genetics research in favor of a theory known as Lysenkoism, the book burning campaigns of Nazi Germany, the Slovak law to sentence anyone who denies Armenian genocide up to 5 years in prison, the radical anti-intellectualism enforced in Cambodia under Pol Pot, the strict limits on freedom of expression imposed by the Communist governments of the Peoples Republic of China and Cuba or by right wing authoritarian dictatorships such as those of Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Francisco Franco in Spain.
Freedom of expression can also be stifled without institutional interference when majority views become so widely accepted that the entire culture represses dissenting views. For this reason, some condemn political correctness as a form of limiting freedom of thought. Although political correctness aims to give minority views equal representation, the majority view itself can be politically correct; for example, college student Max Karson was arrested following the Virginia Tech shootings for politically incorrect comments that authorities saw as "sympathetic to the killer." Karson's arrest raised important questions regarding freedom of thought and whether or not it applies in times of tragedy.
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, which states that thought is inherently embedded in language, would support the claim that an effort to limit the use of words of language is actually a form of restricting freedom of thought. This was explored in George Orwell's novel 1984, with the idea of Newspeak, a stripped-down form of the English language lacking the capacity for metaphor and limiting expression of original ideas.
See also
- Die Gedanken sind frei
- Free will
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of religion
- Freethought
- Hate crime
- Public opinion
- Intellectual freedom
- Neuroethics
- Thoughtcrime
- 1984
