Fascism in Europe
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| - | The governments most often considered to have been fascist include the [[Mussolini]] government in [[Italy]], which invented the word; [[Nazi Germany]] under [[Adolf Hitler]], but other similar movements existed across Europe in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]]. | + | "The governments most often considered to have been fascist include the [[Mussolini]] government in [[Italy]], which invented the word; [[Nazi Germany]] under [[Adolf Hitler]], but other similar movements existed across Europe in the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]]."--Sholem Stein |
| |}[[Image:A Child at Gunpoint of the Stroop Report.jpg |thumb|right|200px|This page '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is part of the [[fascism]] portal.<br><Small>Illustration: ''[[A Child at Gunpoint]]'' ([[1943]]) from the ''[[Stroop Report]]''</small>]] | |}[[Image:A Child at Gunpoint of the Stroop Report.jpg |thumb|right|200px|This page '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is part of the [[fascism]] portal.<br><Small>Illustration: ''[[A Child at Gunpoint]]'' ([[1943]]) from the ''[[Stroop Report]]''</small>]] | ||
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| - | '''Fascism''' is a form of radical [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[nationalism]], which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements [[Italian Fascism|emerged in Italy]] during [[World War I]] before [[Fascism in Europe|it spread to other European countries]]. Opposed to [[liberalism]], [[Marxism]] and [[anarchism]], fascism is usually placed on the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] within the traditional [[Left–right politics|left–right spectrum]]. | + | '''Fascism in Europe''' was composed of numerous ideologies present during the 20th century which all developed their own differences from each other. [[Fascism]] was born in [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]; subsequently, several movements across Europe which took influence from the Italian faction emerged. |
| - | Fascists saw [[World War I]] as a [[revolution]] that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state and technology. The advent of [[total war]] and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war. The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens. | + | Purists assert that the term "Fascism" should only be used to mean the ideology of the [[National Fascist Party]] under [[Benito Mussolini]] in Italy, which ruled from 1922 to 1943. |
| - | Fascists believe that [[liberal democracy]] is obsolete and they regard the complete mobilization of society under a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[one-party state]] as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties. Such a state is led by a strong leader—such as a [[Dictatorship|dictator]] and a [[Militarism|martial]] government composed of the members of the governing fascist party—to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society. Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature and views political violence, war and [[imperialism]] as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a [[mixed economy]], with the principal goal of achieving [[autarky]] through [[Protectionism|protectionist]] and interventionist economic policies. | + | However, commonly the following European regimes are also described as fascist, or strongly related to fascism: |
| + | *[[Falange]] in [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] under [[Francisco Franco]] (1937–1975) | ||
| + | *[[Fatherland Front (Austria)|Fatherland Front]] in [[Federal State of Austria|Austria]] under [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] and [[Kurt Schuschnigg]] (1934–1938) | ||
| + | *[[4th of August Regime]] in [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] under [[Ioannis Metaxas]] (1936–1941) | ||
| + | *[[Iron Guard]] in conjunction with the Romanian military dictatorship in [[National Legionary State|Romania]] under [[Ion Antonescu]] (1940–1941) | ||
| + | *[[Ustaše]] in [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] under [[Ante Pavelić]] (1941–1945) | ||
| + | *[[National Union (Portugal)|National Union]] in [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]] under [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] (1933–1974) | ||
| + | *[[Nazi Party]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] under [[Adolf Hitler]] (1933–1945) | ||
| + | *[[Slovak People's Party|Hlinka Guard]] in [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]] under [[Jozef Tiso]] (1939-1945) | ||
| + | *[[Arrow Cross Party]] in [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Hungary]] under [[Ferenc Szálasi]] (1944–1945) | ||
| - | Since the end of [[World War II]] in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist and the term is instead now usually used [[Fascist (insult)|pejoratively]] by political opponents. The descriptions [[neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] or [[Post-fascism|post-fascist]] are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far-right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements. | ||
| - | == See also == | + | The most striking difference is the [[Racism|racialist]] and [[anti-Semitic]] ideology present in [[Nazism]] but not the other ideologies. Fascism was founded on the principle of [[nationalist]] [[wikt:unity|unity]], against the divisionist [[class conflict|class war]] ideology of [[Socialism (Marxism)|Socialism]] and [[Communism]]. Thus the majority of the regimes viewed racialism as counterproductive to unity, with Mussolini asserting that "[[National pride]] has no need of the delirium of race". |
| - | *[[First they came...]] | + | |
| - | *[[Fascist architecture]] | + | Italian Fascism was [[expansionist]] in its desires, looking to create a [[New Roman Empire]]. Nazi Germany also looked to expand its borders. The same cannot be said for the other ideologies, which focused almost exclusively on internal matters. This led to some countries, such as Spain or Portugal, remaining neutral in [[World War II]], rather than being [[Axis powers]], while Metaxas's Greece fought against the Axis, due to Italy's invasion. It is widely accepted that the Nazis murdered the Austrofascist dictator, Dollfuss, causing an uneasy relationship in Austria between Fascism and Nazism at an early stage. |
| - | *[[Fascism and the avant-garde]] | + | |
| - | *[[Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals]] | + | The question of [[religion]] also poses considerable conflicting differences, some forms of fascism, particularly the Falange and Estado Novo were devoutly [[Christian]]. Thus the [[Religious aspects of Nazism|occultist and pagan]] elements of Nazi ideology, were very different to the Christian element found in the vast majority of fascist movements of the 20th century. |
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *''[[The Doctrine of Fascism]]'' | ||
| + | *[[Compulsory sterilization]] | ||
| + | *[[Eugenics]] | ||
| + | *[[Syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[National syndicalism]] | ||
| + | *[[Jingoism]] | ||
| + | *[[Falange]] | ||
| + | *[[Fascism in Africa]] | ||
| + | *[[Fascism in Asia]] | ||
| + | *[[Fascism in North America]] | ||
| + | *[[Fascism in South America]] | ||
| - | == In fiction == | ||
| - | *''[[Christ Stopped at Eboli]]'' | ||
| - | *''[[A Special Day]]'' | ||
| - | == Further reading == | ||
| - | *''[[The Mass Psychology of Fascism]]'' (1933) by [[Wilhelm Reich]] | ||
| - | *''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' (1951) by [[Hannah Arendt]] | ||
| - | *''[[Fascinating Fascism]]'' (1975), an essay by Susan Sontag | ||
| - | *''[[Sex Drives: Fantasies of Fascism in Literary Modernism]]'' (2002) by [[Catherine Laura Frost]] | ||
| - | *''[[The Seduction of Unreason]]'' (2004) by Richard Wolin | ||
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Current revision
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"The governments most often considered to have been fascist include the Mussolini government in Italy, which invented the word; Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, but other similar movements existed across Europe in the 1920s and 1930s."--Sholem Stein |
Illustration: A Child at Gunpoint (1943) from the Stroop Report
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Fascism in Europe was composed of numerous ideologies present during the 20th century which all developed their own differences from each other. Fascism was born in Italy; subsequently, several movements across Europe which took influence from the Italian faction emerged.
Purists assert that the term "Fascism" should only be used to mean the ideology of the National Fascist Party under Benito Mussolini in Italy, which ruled from 1922 to 1943.
However, commonly the following European regimes are also described as fascist, or strongly related to fascism:
- Falange in Spain under Francisco Franco (1937–1975)
- Fatherland Front in Austria under Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg (1934–1938)
- 4th of August Regime in Greece under Ioannis Metaxas (1936–1941)
- Iron Guard in conjunction with the Romanian military dictatorship in Romania under Ion Antonescu (1940–1941)
- Ustaše in Croatia under Ante Pavelić (1941–1945)
- National Union in Portugal under António de Oliveira Salazar (1933–1974)
- Nazi Party of Germany under Adolf Hitler (1933–1945)
- Hlinka Guard in Slovakia under Jozef Tiso (1939-1945)
- Arrow Cross Party in Hungary under Ferenc Szálasi (1944–1945)
The most striking difference is the racialist and anti-Semitic ideology present in Nazism but not the other ideologies. Fascism was founded on the principle of nationalist unity, against the divisionist class war ideology of Socialism and Communism. Thus the majority of the regimes viewed racialism as counterproductive to unity, with Mussolini asserting that "National pride has no need of the delirium of race".
Italian Fascism was expansionist in its desires, looking to create a New Roman Empire. Nazi Germany also looked to expand its borders. The same cannot be said for the other ideologies, which focused almost exclusively on internal matters. This led to some countries, such as Spain or Portugal, remaining neutral in World War II, rather than being Axis powers, while Metaxas's Greece fought against the Axis, due to Italy's invasion. It is widely accepted that the Nazis murdered the Austrofascist dictator, Dollfuss, causing an uneasy relationship in Austria between Fascism and Nazism at an early stage.
The question of religion also poses considerable conflicting differences, some forms of fascism, particularly the Falange and Estado Novo were devoutly Christian. Thus the occultist and pagan elements of Nazi ideology, were very different to the Christian element found in the vast majority of fascist movements of the 20th century.
[edit]
See also
- The Doctrine of Fascism
- Compulsory sterilization
- Eugenics
- Syndicalism
- National syndicalism
- Jingoism
- Falange
- Fascism in Africa
- Fascism in Asia
- Fascism in North America
- Fascism in South America
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Fascism in Europe" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
