Creativity and mental illness
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | [[There is no great genius without some touch of madness]] | ||
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| - | :''[[creativity and bipolar disorder ]]'' | + | |
| - | [[Mental illness]] and [[creativity]] are popularly considered to be related, particularly in the case of [[bipolar disorder]]. Although the association between bipolar disorder and creativity first appeared in the literature in the 1970s, the idea of a link between "madness" and "genius" is much older, dating back at least to the time of Aristotle, and reinforced by the views of the [[Romantic movement]]. | + | There is emperical evidence for a relationship between creativity and psychosis, particularly schizophrenia. [[James Joyce]] had a daughter with schizophrenia and had many schizotypal traits. [[Albert Einstein]] had a son with schizophrenia and was also somewhat schizotypal and eccentric. [[Bertrand Russell]] had many family members with schizophrenia or psychosis: his aunt, uncle, son and grand-daughter. Psychotic individuals often display a capacity to see the world in a novel and original way, literally, to see things that others cannot. |
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| + | [[Mental disorder]]s and [[creativity]] are often considered to be related, particularly in [[pop psychology]]. | ||
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| + | ==History== | ||
| + | The association between bipolar disorder and creativity first appeared in literature in the 1970s, but the idea of a link between "madness" and "genius" is much older, dating back at least to the time of [[Aristotle]]. The Ancient Greeks believed that creativity came from the gods, and in particular the Muses: the nine daughters of Zeus, the god of arts and sciences. The idea of a complete work of art emerging without conscious thought or effort was reinforced by the views of the [[Romanticism]] era. It has been proposed that there's a particular link in the case of [[bipolar disorder]], whereas [[Major depressive disorder]] appears to be significantly more common among playwrights, novelists, biographers, and artists. | ||
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| + | ==Positive mood, mental illness and creativity== | ||
| + | It has been noted that people are most creative when they're in positive mood and that mental illnesses such as depression or schizophrenia decrease creativity. People who have worked in the field of arts throughout the history have had problems with poverty, persecution, [[social alienation]], [[psychological trauma]], [[substance abuse]], high [[Stress (biology)|stress]] and other such environmental factors which are known to be a factor in developing mental illnesses. It is thus likely that when creativity itself is associated with positive moods, happiness, and mental health, pursuing a career in the arts may bring problems with stressful environment and income. Other factors such as the centuries old [[stereotype]] of the suffering of a mad artist help to fuel the link by putting expectations on how an artist should act. It also helps the field to be more attractive to those with mental disorders. | ||
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| == Creativity and bipolar disorder == | == Creativity and bipolar disorder == | ||
| - | There is a common belief, although without empirical basis, that many famous historical figures gifted with creative talents have been affected by bipolar disorder. Many of these have been retroactively "diagnosed" as suffering from bipolar disorder after their deaths based on letters, correspondence, contemporaneous accounts, or other material, most notably in [[Kay Redfield Jamison]]'s book ''[[Touched with Fire|Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament]]''. ''Touched With Fire'' presents the argument that bipolar disorder may be found in a disproportionate numbers of people with creative talent such as [[artist]]s, [[comedian]]s, [[musician]]s, [[author]]s, [[performer]]s, [[poet]]s, and [[scientist]]s, and some credit the condition for their [[creativity]]. | + | ===Bipolar disorder=== |
| + | There is a range of types of bipolar disorder. Individuals with Bipolar I Disorder experience severe episodes of mania and depression with periods of wellness between episodes. The severity of the manic episodes can mean that the person is seriously disabled and unable to express the heightened perceptions and flight of thoughts and ideas in a practical way. Individuals with Bipolar II Disorder experience milder periods of hypomania during which the flight of ideas, faster thought processes and ability to take in more information can be converted to art, poetry or design. | ||
| - | Several recent clinical studies have also suggested that there is a correlation between creativity and bipolar disorder, although it is unclear what the relationship is between the two. | + | ===Creativity and psychopathology=== |
| + | Many famous historical figures gifted with creative talents may have been affected by bipolar disorder. Ludwig van Beethoven, Virginia Woolf, Isaac Newton, and Robert Schumann are some people whose lives have been researched to discover signs of mood disorder. In many instances, creativity and psychopathology share some common traits, such as a tendency for "[[thinking outside the box]]," flights of ideas, speeding up of thoughts and heightened perception of visual, auditory and somatic stimuli. | ||
| - | Particularly strong links have been identified between [[creativity]] and [[mood disorder]]s, particularly [[manic-depressive disorder]] (aka [[bipolar disorder]]) and [[depressive disorder]] (aka [[unipolar disorder]]). In ''[[Touched with Fire]]'', [[Kay Redfield Jamison]] summarizes studies of mood-disorder rates in '''[[writers]]''', '''[[poets]]''' and '''[[artists]]'''. She also explores research that identifies [[mood disorder]]s in such famous writers and artists as [[Ernest Hemingway]] (who shot himself after [[electroconvulsive treatment]]), [[Virginia Woolf]] (who drowned herself when she felt a depressive episode coming on), composer [[Robert Schumann]] (who died in a mental institution), and even the famed [[visual artist]], [[Michelangelo]]. | + | ===Creativity and powerful emotions of bipolar disorder=== |
| + | In addition, many people with bipolar disorder may feel very powerful emotion during both depressive and manic phases, potentially aiding in creativity. Because (hypo)mania decreases social inhibition, performers are often daring and bold. As a consequence, creators commonly exhibit characteristics often associated with mental illness. The frequency and intensity of these symptoms appear to vary according to the magnitude and domain of creative achievement. At the same time, these symptoms are not equivalent to the full-blown psychopathology of a clinical manic episode which, by definition, entails significant impairment. | ||
| - | A study by psychologist [[J. Philippe Rushton]] found [[creativity]] to correlate with [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]] and [[psychoticism]]. Another study found creativity to be greater in [[schizotypal]] than in either normal or [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] individuals. While divergent thinking was associated with bilateral activation of the [[prefrontal cortex]], schizotypal individuals were found to have much greater activation of their ''right'' prefrontal cortex. This study hypothesizes that such individuals are better at accessing both hemispheres, allowing them to make novel associations at a faster rate. In agreement with this hypothesis, [[ambidexterity]] is also associated with [[schizotypal]] and [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] individuals. | + | ===Posthumous diagnosis=== |
| + | Many of these have been posthumously diagnosed as suffering from bipolar or unipolar disorder based on biographies, letters, correspondence, contemporaneous accounts, or other anecdotal material, most notably in [[Kay Redfield Jamison]]'s book ''[[Touched with Fire|Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament]]''. ''Touched With Fire'' presents the argument that bipolar disorder, and affective disorders more generally, may be found in a disproportionate number of people with creative talent such as [[actors]], [[artist]]s, [[comedian]]s, [[musician]]s, [[author]]s, [[Performing arts|performer]]s and [[poet]]s. | ||
| - | See [[Kay Redfield Jamison|Jamison, Kay R.]] (1996), ''[[Touched with Fire|Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament]]'', New York: [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]], ISBN 0-684-83183-X | + | ===Positive correlation=== |
| + | Several recent clinical studies have also suggested that there is a positive [[Correlation does not imply causation|correlation]] between creativity and bipolar disorder, although the relationship between the two is unclear. Temperament may be an [[intervening variable]]. | ||
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| + | ===The 2005 Stanford study=== | ||
| + | A 2005 study at the Stanford University School of Medicine measured creativity by showing children figures of varying complexity and symmetry and asking do they like or dislike them. The study showed for the first time that a sample of children who either have or are at high risk for bipolar disorder tend to dislike simple or symmetric symbols more. Children with bipolar parents who were not bipolar themselves also scored higher dislike scores. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| - | * [[List of people believed to have been affected by bipolar disorder]] | + | |
| + | :''[[creativity and bipolar disorder ]]'' | ||
| + | * [[List of people affected by bipolar disorder]] | ||
| + | * [[List of people with depression]] | ||
| + | * [[Art Brut]] | ||
| + | * [[Mad scientist]] | ||
| + | * [[Sylvia Plath effect]] | ||
| + | *[[Tortured artist]] | ||
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There is emperical evidence for a relationship between creativity and psychosis, particularly schizophrenia. James Joyce had a daughter with schizophrenia and had many schizotypal traits. Albert Einstein had a son with schizophrenia and was also somewhat schizotypal and eccentric. Bertrand Russell had many family members with schizophrenia or psychosis: his aunt, uncle, son and grand-daughter. Psychotic individuals often display a capacity to see the world in a novel and original way, literally, to see things that others cannot.
Mental disorders and creativity are often considered to be related, particularly in pop psychology.
Contents |
History
The association between bipolar disorder and creativity first appeared in literature in the 1970s, but the idea of a link between "madness" and "genius" is much older, dating back at least to the time of Aristotle. The Ancient Greeks believed that creativity came from the gods, and in particular the Muses: the nine daughters of Zeus, the god of arts and sciences. The idea of a complete work of art emerging without conscious thought or effort was reinforced by the views of the Romanticism era. It has been proposed that there's a particular link in the case of bipolar disorder, whereas Major depressive disorder appears to be significantly more common among playwrights, novelists, biographers, and artists.
Positive mood, mental illness and creativity
It has been noted that people are most creative when they're in positive mood and that mental illnesses such as depression or schizophrenia decrease creativity. People who have worked in the field of arts throughout the history have had problems with poverty, persecution, social alienation, psychological trauma, substance abuse, high stress and other such environmental factors which are known to be a factor in developing mental illnesses. It is thus likely that when creativity itself is associated with positive moods, happiness, and mental health, pursuing a career in the arts may bring problems with stressful environment and income. Other factors such as the centuries old stereotype of the suffering of a mad artist help to fuel the link by putting expectations on how an artist should act. It also helps the field to be more attractive to those with mental disorders.
Creativity and bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder
There is a range of types of bipolar disorder. Individuals with Bipolar I Disorder experience severe episodes of mania and depression with periods of wellness between episodes. The severity of the manic episodes can mean that the person is seriously disabled and unable to express the heightened perceptions and flight of thoughts and ideas in a practical way. Individuals with Bipolar II Disorder experience milder periods of hypomania during which the flight of ideas, faster thought processes and ability to take in more information can be converted to art, poetry or design.
Creativity and psychopathology
Many famous historical figures gifted with creative talents may have been affected by bipolar disorder. Ludwig van Beethoven, Virginia Woolf, Isaac Newton, and Robert Schumann are some people whose lives have been researched to discover signs of mood disorder. In many instances, creativity and psychopathology share some common traits, such as a tendency for "thinking outside the box," flights of ideas, speeding up of thoughts and heightened perception of visual, auditory and somatic stimuli.
Creativity and powerful emotions of bipolar disorder
In addition, many people with bipolar disorder may feel very powerful emotion during both depressive and manic phases, potentially aiding in creativity. Because (hypo)mania decreases social inhibition, performers are often daring and bold. As a consequence, creators commonly exhibit characteristics often associated with mental illness. The frequency and intensity of these symptoms appear to vary according to the magnitude and domain of creative achievement. At the same time, these symptoms are not equivalent to the full-blown psychopathology of a clinical manic episode which, by definition, entails significant impairment.
Posthumous diagnosis
Many of these have been posthumously diagnosed as suffering from bipolar or unipolar disorder based on biographies, letters, correspondence, contemporaneous accounts, or other anecdotal material, most notably in Kay Redfield Jamison's book Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament. Touched With Fire presents the argument that bipolar disorder, and affective disorders more generally, may be found in a disproportionate number of people with creative talent such as actors, artists, comedians, musicians, authors, performers and poets.
Positive correlation
Several recent clinical studies have also suggested that there is a positive correlation between creativity and bipolar disorder, although the relationship between the two is unclear. Temperament may be an intervening variable.
The 2005 Stanford study
A 2005 study at the Stanford University School of Medicine measured creativity by showing children figures of varying complexity and symmetry and asking do they like or dislike them. The study showed for the first time that a sample of children who either have or are at high risk for bipolar disorder tend to dislike simple or symmetric symbols more. Children with bipolar parents who were not bipolar themselves also scored higher dislike scores.
See also
- List of people affected by bipolar disorder
- List of people with depression
- Art Brut
- Mad scientist
- Sylvia Plath effect
- Tortured artist
