Public radio and experimental music  

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"In 1953, Stockhausen composed his ''[[Studie I]]'', followed in 1954 by ''[[Studie II|Elektronische Studie II]]''—the first electronic piece to be published as a score. In 1955, more experimental and electronic studios began to appear. Notable were the creation of the [[Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano]], a studio at the [[NHK]] in Tokyo founded by [[Toshiro Mayuzumi]], and the Philips studio at [[Eindhoven]], the Netherlands, which moved to the [[University of Utrecht]] as the [[Institute of Sonology]] in 1960."--Sholem Stein "In 1953, Stockhausen composed his ''[[Studie I]]'', followed in 1954 by ''[[Studie II|Elektronische Studie II]]''—the first electronic piece to be published as a score. In 1955, more experimental and electronic studios began to appear. Notable were the creation of the [[Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano]], a studio at the [[NHK]] in Tokyo founded by [[Toshiro Mayuzumi]], and the Philips studio at [[Eindhoven]], the Netherlands, which moved to the [[University of Utrecht]] as the [[Institute of Sonology]] in 1960."--Sholem Stein
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 +"... [[Groupe de Recherches Musicales]] (GRM, est. 1948 as the studio of French radio, RTF) in Paris, [[Studio für Elektronische Musik]] ... [[Radiophonic Workshop]] (est. 1956) in London, [[Electronic Music Center]] (est. 1959) in New York, the Cooperative ..."--''[[Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound]]'' (2004) by Frank Hoffmann
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"In 1953, Stockhausen composed his Studie I, followed in 1954 by Elektronische Studie II—the first electronic piece to be published as a score. In 1955, more experimental and electronic studios began to appear. Notable were the creation of the Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano, a studio at the NHK in Tokyo founded by Toshiro Mayuzumi, and the Philips studio at Eindhoven, the Netherlands, which moved to the University of Utrecht as the Institute of Sonology in 1960."--Sholem Stein


"... Groupe de Recherches Musicales (GRM, est. 1948 as the studio of French radio, RTF) in Paris, Studio für Elektronische Musik ... Radiophonic Workshop (est. 1956) in London, Electronic Music Center (est. 1959) in New York, the Cooperative ..."--Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound (2004) by Frank Hoffmann

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In the 1950s, radio services such as the BBC Radiophonic Workshop were started at the various public radios in Europe, all of influence to the emerging fields of electronic music and acousmatic music. Paris had the Groupe de Recherches Musicales which developed musique concrète, Cologne had Studio für elektronische Musik which nurtured the talent of Stockhausen, Italy had Studio di Fonologia Musicale with Bruno Maderna.

All of these projects share common characteristics: they are state funded (this is post-war, Marshall Plan funded Europe), they involve electronic music and are centered around tape editing and thus the development of non-linearity in music recording.

In The Netherlands, there was Dick Raaijmakers and Tom Dissevelt.

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