Brutalist architecture
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| + | '''Brutalism''' is an architectural style that spawned from the [[modernist]] [[architecture|architectural]] movement and which flourished from the [[1950s]] to the [[1970s]]. The early style was inspired largely by the work of the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[architect]] [[Le Corbusier]], and in particular his [[Unité d'Habitation]] (1952) and the 1953 Secretariat Building in [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]. | ||
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| + | The term Brutalist Architecture originates from the [[France|French]] ''[[béton brut]]'', or "raw concrete", a term used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material. In 1954, the English architects [[Alison and Peter Smithson]] coined the term, but it gained currency when the British architectural critic [[Reyner Banham]] used it in the title of his 1954 book, "New Brutalism," to identify the emerging style.<ref>Golan 2003, [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0422/is_2_85/ai_104208984/pg_3 p.3].</ref> The style has been refined at times and experienced historic appreciation and resurgences into the twenty-first century. | ||
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| + | Brutalist buildings usually are formed with striking repetitive angular geometries, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured [[concrete]]. Not all Brutalist buildings are formed from concrete. Instead, a building may achieve its Brutalist quality through a rough, blocky appearance, and the expression of its structural materials, forms, and services on its exterior. Many of [[Alison and Peter Smithson]]'s private houses are built from brick, and [[Richard Rogers]] & [[Renzo Piano]]'s [[Centre Pompidou]] often is regarded as a Brutalist structure. Brutalist building materials may include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone, and [[gabion]] (also known as trapion). | ||
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| + | Brutalism as an architectural style also was associated with a social [[utopian]] ideology, which tended to be supported by its designers, especially [[Alison and Peter Smithson]], near the height of the style. The failure of positive communities to form early on in some Brutalist structures, possibly due to the larger processes of [[urban decay]] that set in after [[World War II]] (especially in the [[United Kingdom]]), led to the combined unpopularity of both the ideology and the architectural style. | ||
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Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The early style was inspired largely by the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, and in particular his Unité d'Habitation (1952) and the 1953 Secretariat Building in Chandigarh, India.
The term Brutalist Architecture originates from the French béton brut, or "raw concrete", a term used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material. In 1954, the English architects Alison and Peter Smithson coined the term, but it gained currency when the British architectural critic Reyner Banham used it in the title of his 1954 book, "New Brutalism," to identify the emerging style.<ref>Golan 2003, p.3.</ref> The style has been refined at times and experienced historic appreciation and resurgences into the twenty-first century.
Brutalist buildings usually are formed with striking repetitive angular geometries, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete. Not all Brutalist buildings are formed from concrete. Instead, a building may achieve its Brutalist quality through a rough, blocky appearance, and the expression of its structural materials, forms, and services on its exterior. Many of Alison and Peter Smithson's private houses are built from brick, and Richard Rogers & Renzo Piano's Centre Pompidou often is regarded as a Brutalist structure. Brutalist building materials may include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone, and gabion (also known as trapion).
Brutalism as an architectural style also was associated with a social utopian ideology, which tended to be supported by its designers, especially Alison and Peter Smithson, near the height of the style. The failure of positive communities to form early on in some Brutalist structures, possibly due to the larger processes of urban decay that set in after World War II (especially in the United Kingdom), led to the combined unpopularity of both the ideology and the architectural style.
