Theodosius I
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| + | "The pious Emperor [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]] abstained from destroying the not very decent statues and other relics of the heathen, in order to perpetuate and expose all the absurdity and infamy of false religions, and to inspire contempt and hatred of them." --[[Sylvain Maréchal]] | ||
| - | '''Sacrilege''' is the violation or injurious treatment of a sacred object. In a less proper sense, any transgression against the virtue of religion would be a sacrilege. It can come in the form of irreverence to sacred persons, places, and things. When the sacrilegious offense is verbal, it is called [[blasphemy]]. | + | Le pieux Empereur Théodose s'abstint de détruire les statues peu décentes et autres monu mens des Payens par un motif assez singulier. C'étoit pour perpétuer et montrer au grand jour toutle ridicule , toutes les infamies des fausses Religions, et pour en inspirer le mépris et l'abomination. |
| - | The term originates from the Latin ''sacer'', sacred, and ''legere'', to steal, as in Roman times it referred to the plundering of temples and graves. By the time of [[Cicero]], sacrilege had adopted a more expansive meaning, including verbal offenses against religion and undignified treatment of sacred objects. | + | |
| - | Most ancient religions have a concept analogous to sacrilege, often considered as a type of [[taboo]]. The basic idea is that sacred objects are not to be treated in the same way as other objects. | + | --''[[Antiquités d'Herculaneum]]'' |
| - | With the advent of [[Christianity]] as the official Roman religion, the Emperor [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]] criminalized sacrilege in an even more expansive sense, including heresy and schism, and offenses against the emperor, including tax evasion. | + | |} |
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| - | By the [[Middle Ages]], the concept of sacrilege was again restricted to physical acts against sacred objects, and this forms the basis of all later Catholic teaching on the subject. A major offense was to tamper with a consecrated [[host]], otherwise known as the ''body of Christ''. | + | |
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| - | In post-Reformation [[England]], sacrilege was a criminal offense for centuries, though its statutory definition varied considerably. Most English dictionaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries appealed to the primary sense of stealing objects from a church. | + | |
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| - | Most modern nations have abandoned laws against sacrilege out of respect for [[freedom of expression]], save in cases where there is an injury to persons or property. In the [[United States]], the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] case ''[[Burstyn v. Wilson]]'' (1952) struck down a statute against sacrilege, ruling that the term could not be narrowly defined in a way that would safeguard against the establishment of one church over another, and that such statutes infringed upon the free exercise of religion and freedom of expression. | + | |
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| - | Despite their decriminalization, sacrilegious acts are still often regarded with public opprobrium, even by non-adherents of the offended religion, especially when these acts are perceived as manifestations of hatred toward a particular sect or creed. | + | |
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| - | ==Confusion with the term "Religion"== | + | |
| - | Owing to the phonetic similarities between the words ''sacrilegious'' and ''religious'', and their spiritually-based uses in modern English, many people mistakenly assume that the two words are etymologically linked, or that one is an [[antonym]] of the other. On the contrary, the root words ''sacrilege '' and [[religion]] developed independently and are linked only by a similarity in subject matter, and not by any actual substance of meaning. Thus, ''sacrilegious'' and ''religious'' are by no means opposite terms. | + | |
| + | '''Flavius Theodosius''' (January 11, 347 – January 17, 395), also called '''Theodosius I''' and '''Theodosius the Great''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: '''Θεοδόσιος Α΄''' and '''Θεοδόσιος ο Μέγας'''), was [[Roman Emperor]] from 379 to 395. Reuniting the eastern and western portions of the empire, Theodosius was the last emperor of both the [[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern]] and [[Western Roman Empire]]. After his death, the two parts split permanently. He is also known for making [[Nicene Creed|Nicene]] Christianity the official [[state religion]] of the Roman Empire. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Anti-Sacrilege Act]] | + | *[[Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I]] |
| - | * [[Blasphemy]] | + | *[[De Fide Catolica]] |
| - | * [[Desecration]] | + | *[[Galla Placidia]], daughter of Theodosius |
| + | *[[List of Byzantine emperors]] | ||
| + | *[[Roman emperors family tree]] | ||
| + | *[[Saint Fana]] | ||
| + | *[[Serena (Roman)|Serena]], niece of Theodosius and wife of [[Flavius Stilicho]] | ||
| + | *[[Zosimus]], pagan historian from the time of [[Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius I]] | ||
| + | *[[Christianization of the Roman Empire]] | ||
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"The pious Emperor Theodosius abstained from destroying the not very decent statues and other relics of the heathen, in order to perpetuate and expose all the absurdity and infamy of false religions, and to inspire contempt and hatred of them." --Sylvain Maréchal Le pieux Empereur Théodose s'abstint de détruire les statues peu décentes et autres monu mens des Payens par un motif assez singulier. C'étoit pour perpétuer et montrer au grand jour toutle ridicule , toutes les infamies des fausses Religions, et pour en inspirer le mépris et l'abomination. |
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Flavius Theodosius (January 11, 347 – January 17, 395), also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great (Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ and Θεοδόσιος ο Μέγας), was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. Reuniting the eastern and western portions of the empire, Theodosius was the last emperor of both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. After his death, the two parts split permanently. He is also known for making Nicene Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.
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See also
- Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I
- De Fide Catolica
- Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius
- List of Byzantine emperors
- Roman emperors family tree
- Saint Fana
- Serena, niece of Theodosius and wife of Flavius Stilicho
- Zosimus, pagan historian from the time of Anastasius I
- Christianization of the Roman Empire
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