Prognathism
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| - | The notion of the born criminal was first systematically put forward in [[Lombroso]]'s theory of [[anthropological criminology]], which essentially stated that criminality was [[heredity|inherited]], and that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical [[congenital disorder|defects]], which confirmed a criminal as [[savage|savage]], or [[atavism|atavistic]]. | + | relationship of the [[Human mandible|mandible]] and/or [[maxilla]] to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the [[coronal plane]] of the skull. In general dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics, this is assessed clinically or radiographically ([[Cephalometry|cephalometrics]]). The word 'prognathism' derives from Greek ''pro'' (forward) and ''gnathos'' (jaw). One or more types of prognathism may result in the common condition of [[malocclusion]] (including overbite), in which an individual's top [[tooth|teeth]] and lower teeth do not align properly. |
| - | Through years of postmortem examinations and anthropometric studies of criminals, the insane, and normal individuals, Lombroso became convinced that the "born criminal" (''reo nato'', a term given by Ferri) could be anatomically identified by such items as a sloping forehead, ears of unusual size, asymmetry of the face, [[prognathism]], excessive length of arms, asymmetry of the cranium, and other "physical stigmata". Specific criminals, such as thieves, rapists, and murderers, could be distinguished by specific characteristics, he believed. Lombroso also maintained that criminals had less sensibility to pain and touch; more acute sight; a lack of moral sense, including an absence of remorse; more vanity, impulsiveness, vindictiveness, and cruelty; and other manifestations, such as a special criminal argot and the excessive use of tattooing. | ||
| - | Besides the "born criminal", Lombroso also described "criminaloids", or occasional criminals, criminals by passion, moral imbeciles, and criminal [[epileptic]]s. He recognized the diminished role of organic factors in many habitual offenders and referred to the delicate balance between predisposing factors (organic, genetic) and precipitating factors such as one's environment, opportunity, or poverty. | + | ==History== |
| + | Prognathism is well recorded as a trait of several historical individuals. The most famous case is that of the [[House of Habsburg]], among whom mandibular prognathism was a family trait; indeed, the condition is frequently called "Habsburg Jaw" as a result of its centuries-long association with the family. Among the Habsburgs, the most prominent case of mandibular prognathism is that of [[Charles II of Spain]], who had prognathism so pronounced he could neither speak clearly nor chew as a result of generations of politically motivated [[inbreeding]]. The consequence of this and other genetic defects was the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[Anthropological criminology]] | + | *[[Craniofacial anthropometry]] |
| - | *[[Psychopathy]] | + | *[[Forensics]] |
| - | *[[Anthropometry]] | + | *[[Chin]] |
| - | *[[Craniometry]] | + | |
| - | *"[[Die Frage nach dem geborenen Verbrecher]]" by [[Julius Ludwig August Koch]] | + | |
| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[Innate cruelty]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 21:41, 9 April 2013
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relationship of the mandible and/or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull. In general dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics, this is assessed clinically or radiographically (cephalometrics). The word 'prognathism' derives from Greek pro (forward) and gnathos (jaw). One or more types of prognathism may result in the common condition of malocclusion (including overbite), in which an individual's top teeth and lower teeth do not align properly.
History
Prognathism is well recorded as a trait of several historical individuals. The most famous case is that of the House of Habsburg, among whom mandibular prognathism was a family trait; indeed, the condition is frequently called "Habsburg Jaw" as a result of its centuries-long association with the family. Among the Habsburgs, the most prominent case of mandibular prognathism is that of Charles II of Spain, who had prognathism so pronounced he could neither speak clearly nor chew as a result of generations of politically motivated inbreeding. The consequence of this and other genetic defects was the War of the Spanish Succession.
See also
