A Brief History of Drugs: From the Stone Age to the Stoned Age
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A Brief History of Drugs: From the Stone Age to the Stoned Age (1989, 1996) is a book by Antonio Escohotado, a translation of Historia general de las drogas.
Blurb:
A clear-eyed look at the instrumental role drugs have played in our cultural, social, and spiritual development. First American publication of the surprising European bestseller. Examines everything from the ancient use of ergot and datura to the modern phenomenon of "designer" drugs such as Ecstasy and crack cocaine. From remotest antiquity to the present era of designer drugs and interdiction, drugs have played a prominent role in the cultural, spiritual, and social development of civilizations. Antonio Escohotado demonstrates how the history of drugs illuminates the history of humanity as he explores the long relationship between mankind and mind-altering substances. Hemp, for example, has been used in India since time immemorial to stimulate mental agility and sexual prowess. Aristotle's disciple Theophrastus testifies to the use of datura by the ancient Greeks and further evidence links the rites at Eleusis to the ingestion of a hallucinogen. Similar examples can be found in cultures as diverse as the Celts, the ancient Egyptians, the Aztecs, and other indigenous peoples around the world. Professor Escohotado also looks at the present-day differences that exist between the more drug-tolerant societies like Holland and Switzerland and countries advocating complete repression of these substances. The author provides a comprehensive analysis of the enormous social costs of the drug war that is coming under increasing fire from all levels of society. Professor Escohotado's work demonstrates that drugs have always existed and been used by societies throughout the world and the contribution they have made to humanity's development has been enormous. The choice we face today is to teach people how to use them correctly or to continue to indiscriminately demonize them. "Just say no," the author says, is not an option. Just say "know" is. Antonio Escohotado is a professor of philosophy and social science methodology at the National University of Distance Education in Madrid, Spain. He travels widely, offering lectures and seminars on the subject of drugs and history.
ToC
Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Remote Antiquity -- 2. The Greek World -- 3. The Roman World -- 4. The End of Paganism -- 5. Islam and Inebriation -- 6. Drugs, Lust, and Satan -- 7. The Resurgence of Medicine -- 8. The Discovery of America -- 9. The End of the Old Regime and the Opium Wars -- 10. The Nineteenth Century -- 11. The Antiliberal Reaction -- 12. The Beginnings of the Crusade -- 13. New Drugs -- 14. A Pharmacratic Peace -- 15. The Psychedelic Rebellion -- 16. Return of the Repressed -- 17. The Era of Substitutes --
Index
Abedi, Agha Hassan, 154
Abeles, P., 152
Abramson, H., 100
addiction, 110–13
and alcohol, 14–16, 20–22, 31
and amines, 94, 112
and barbiturates, 95–96
and caffeine, 112–13
and crack, 142, 143
and heroine, 71, 103–4, 105
10, 128–29, 130–33, 156
and ice, 142
and methadone, 131
and morphine, 69, 70, 85–86
and opiates, synthetic, 96–97
and opium, 31, 65–66, 70,
85–86
and sedatives, 97–98
and synthetic drugs, 140
Addictive Drugs Expert Committee, 110
Aeschilus, 15
Agreement on Pscyhotropic Substances, 161
agricultural revolution (Neolithic), 2
Al-Sabbah, Hassan Ibn, 31
Al-Yawbari, 33
Al-Zarkasi, 33
alcohol, 127
and addiction, 14–16, 20–22,
31
cultivation of, 9–11
distilled, 45–46
and Eucharistic rites, 24–26
and Islam, 29–30, 33–34
and the movie industry, 113
prohibition of, 76, 81–84, 91
Ali, Khoury, 122
Alpert, R., 118
Altheus, 15
Amadeus VII, 44
Ambrose, M., 107
amines, 83
and addiction, 94, 112
medicinal uses, 92
prohibition of, 127
side effects, 93–94
amphetamine. See amines
Anacreon, 15
Aneural, 98
Index • 163
Anslinger, H.J., 87–88, 91, 99,
104–5, 108, 109
Anti-Saloon League, 76, 87
aphrodisiacs, 35–38, 145–46
Archilocus, 15
Artaud, Antonin, 114
Artificial Paradises, The, 72
atropine, 68
Aurelius, Marcus, 19
Avicena, 30
ayahuasca, 3
Bacchae, The, 15
Bacchus, 21, 23, 47
barbiturates, 68, 73, 75
and addiction, 95–96
prohibition of, 127
Baudelaire, 72
Becker, Balthasar, 42
Becker, H., 109
Belenus, 7
Belighi, 33
belladonna, 39
Benedict XIII, 57
Benjamin, Walter, 114
benzodiazepines, 98
Besinger, B., 133
betel, 9
Bible, 10
Bishop, E., 85–86
Black, E.F., 152
Bodin, Jean, 38
Boggs Act, 104
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 72
Brent, Charles H., 77, 78
Brotherhood of Eternal Love,
121–22
Brown, Norman O., 116
Burroughs, William, 106, 107
caffeine, 68
and addiction, 112–13
cultivation of, 9
and Islam, 32–33
and the Spanish conquistadors,
54–55
Calimacchus, 15
Calley, W., 137
Candler, A. Grigs, 71
Capone, Al, 84
Catalina of Guesala, 41
Catherine the Great, 60
Central Permanent Committee, 89
Charlemagne, 27
Childeric, 27
china-white, 141
chloroform, 68, 73
Cicero, 17
Clark, T., 152
Cleaver, Eldridge, 128
Clifford, C., 154
cocaine, 68, 71–72. See also
crack
black market, 133–34, 148, 150
cultivation of, 9
prohibition of, 74–81, 85–87,
89–91, 147–48
and the Spanish conquistadors,
53–54
synthetic, 142
Cocke, E., Jr., 152
codeine, 68
cohoba powder, 52
Colby, W., 153
Comstock, Anthony, 76
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 126
Corriente Alterna, 123
Cortes, Hernan, 50
crack, 142–44. See also cocaine
Crafts, W.S., 77, 78
da Costa, Cristoval, 62
datura, 19
cultivation of, 7–8
164 • Index
and euthanasia, 59
medicinal uses, 13
and sorcery, 39
de Alarcón, Ruiz, 51
de Boerhaave, H., 48
de Cárdenas, Juan, 51
de Ceballos, Diego, 54–55
de Guainerio, Antonio, 44
de Jerez, Rodrigo, 56
de la Horta, Garcia, 62
de la Torre, Luis, 56
de la Vega, Garcilaso, 53–54
de Laguna, Andres, 36
de Leira, Tomas Pivez, 62
de Maupassant, Guy, 73
de Tours, J. Moreau, 72
della Croce, Giovanni, 44
della Porta, Gianbatttista, 45
Delysid, 99
Demeter, 14
dexamphetamine. See amines
dextromoramide, 97
diazepam, 98
dihydromorphinone, 97, 141
Dionysius, 15, 16
Dioscorides, 20, 50
DMT, 146
Donova, W., 99
Doors of Perception, The, 115
Dormodor, 98
Drew, C.K., 147
Drug Addiction: Crime or Disease,
108
Drug Policy Foundation, 160
drugs, black market, 150–58
and cocaine, 133–34, 148, 150
and hemp, 121, 136
and heroin, 83–87, 101–4, 129,
148
and LSD, 105, 121–23
and synthetic drugs, 140, 148
drugs, psychoactive. See also individual drugs; inebriation
and the antiestablishment
movement, 114–17,
123–25
cultivation of, 6–9
in hunter-gatherer cultures,
2–3
and literary figures, 6–7
and moral reforms, 74–81
and the Mysteries of Eleusis,
16–18
and paradise legends, 1
prohibition of, 126–27
and shamanism, 3–4, 5, 8
drugs, synthetic
and addiction, 140
black market, 140, 148
cocaine, 142
heroin, 141
opium, 96–97, 141
drugs, tolerance to, 13
drugs, “war against,” 74–81, 139–40,
146–49, 158–61
and alcohol, 76, 81–84, 91
and amines, 127
and barbiturates, 127
and cocaine, 74–81, 85–87,
89–91, 147–48
and hemp, 87–88, 89–90, 148
and heroin, 89, 104–5
and LSD, 117, 121
and morphine, 74–81, 85–87,
89–91
and opium, 74–81, 85–87,
89–91
and psychoactive drugs,
126–27
and tobacco, 56–57, 79
Ecstasy, 144–45
Epicarmus, 15
Index • 165
ergot, 17–18. See also LSD
erotic rituals, and drugs, 35–38
ether, 68, 73
Eucharistic rites, 24–26
Euripides, 10–11, 15, 23
euthanasia
and datura, 59
edicts against, 26–27
and opium, 20, 30
Fedorovich, Michael, 56
fentanyl, 141
Francken, Franz, 37
Fratianno, J., 152
Frederick, II, 60
Freud, Sigmund, 71
Friedman, M., 160
Galen, 14, 19
Ganim, Ibn, 33
Garcia, Alan, 154
Geneva conventions, 89–91
Goethe, 60–61
Grant, Cary, 117
Graves, Robert, 114
Gregory IX, 35
Griggs, J., 121
Hadrian, 20
Hafez, 30
Hague conventions, 79, 89–90
Halbach, H., 110
Hand, M., 151, 153
Harrison Act, 78–80, 85–87
hashish. See hemp
Heaven and Hell, 115
hemp, 135–36
cultivation of, 6–7, 148
black market, 121, 136
decriminalization of, 136–38
and Islam, 31–32, 33
and literary figures, 72
prohibition of, 87–88, 89–90, 148
henbane, 7–8, 39
Heraclides of Tarento, 14
Hernandez, Francisco, 50
heroin, 68, 70
and addiction, 71, 103–4,
105–10, 128–29, 130–33, 156
black market, 83–87, 101–4,
129, 148
prohibition of, 89, 104–5
synthetic, 141
Hippocratus, 12, 14, 23
Hofmann, Albert, 98–99, 115
Holmgren, D., 152
Homer, 6, 10, 15
Hubbard, A., 114–15
Hussein, Saddam, 154
Huxley, Aldous, 114, 115–17,
118–19
hydroxydihydromorphinone, 141
iboga, 3, 9, 146
ice, 142
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission,
72
inebriation, 4
and alcohol, 11
and Islam, 29–31, 33–34
journey, 5
possession, 4–5
religious edicts against, 26–28
sobria ebrietas, 23–24
Instructions for Judges in the Matter
of Sorcery, 38
International Anti-Prohibition
League, 160
International Bank of Commerce
and Credit, 153–55
Islam
and alcohol, 29–30, 33–34
and caffeine, 32–33
and hemp, 31–32, 33
and inebriation, 29–31, 33–34
and opium, 30–31
166 • Index
Jafaya, Ibn, 34
Jaffe, R., 130
James I, 56
Jantzen, R., 152
Jefferson, Thomas, 59
Junger, Ernst, 114, 115
Kashogi, Adnan, 154
kava, 3
Kennedy, John F., 119
Kennedy, Robert, 122
Kerry, C., 150
ketobemidone, 97
Khat, 142
Khayyám, Omar, 30
Kolb, Lawrence, 85
Kopp, E., 155
Lansky, Meyer, 101–2, 103
laudanum, 48
Laws, The, 16
Leander, J., 57
Leary, Timothy, 117–20
Lewin, Louis, 68, 73, 91
Livy, Titus, 21
Louis XV, 60
Louis XVI, 60
LSD, 98–100
and the antiestablishment
movement, 114–17, 123–25
black market, 105, 121–23
and the Harvard experiments,
117–20
prohibition of, 117, 121
Luciano, Salvatore “Lucky,” 101–2,
103
Ludwig, D.K., 152
MacDonald, W., 152
Mailer, Norman, 107
mandrake, 7–8, 39
Manor, L.J., 152
Marcuse, Herbert, 116, 119
Maria Theresa of Austria, 60
marijuana. See hemp
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937,
87–88
Materia Medica, 20, 50
McCarthy, Joseph, 107
MDMA, 144–45
medicine, drugs as
amines, 92
datura, 13
and the Greeks, 12–14
and the Industrial Revolution,
67–69
laws regarding, 75, 77
opium, 12, 14, 20, 44–45,
47–49, 60–61
in revolutionary America,
58–60, 61
and the Spanish conquistadors,
50–52
and witches’ remedies, 47, 49
Mellon, Peggy, 119
meprobamate, 98
Merton, R.K., 108
mescaline, 39, 68, 73, 115
methadone, 97, 130–31
methamphetamine. See amines
Metzner, R., 118
Michaux, Henri, 114
Mohammed, 29
Monroe, Marilyn, 96
Montaigne, 46–47
Montesquieu, Baron, 59
morphine, 68
and addiction, 69, 70, 85–86
prohibition of, 74–81, 85–87,
89–91
morphinone, 97
movie industry, and drug use,
113
Murad IV, 56
Mysteries of Eleusis, 16–18
Index • 167
mystery rites, ecstatic, 16–18,
24–25, 27
Narcotics Control Act of 1956, 105,
107
National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse, 130
Natural History of the Indies, 50
Nerva, 20
Ness, Elliot, 84
neuroleptics, 95
nexus, 145–46
Nicandrus of Colophon, 13
Nidal, Abu, 154
Nider, Johannes, 35
Nietzche, Friedrich, 72, 73
nightshade, 7–8
nitrous oxide, 68
Nixon, Richard, 102, 103, 107,
129–31
Noriega, Manuel, 154
normethadone, 97
North, Oliver, 134
Novitian, 25
Nugan, F., 151
Nugan Hand Inc., 151–53
Nutt, R. Levi, 87
Odyssey, 6, 10
Oglesby, C., 119
One-Dimensional Man, The, 119
opium. See also heroin; morphine
and addiction, 31, 65–66, 70,
85–86
in antidotes to poisons, 14
cultivation of, 6
and euthanasia, 20, 30
and Islam, 30–31
medicinal uses, 12, 14, 20,
44–45, 47–49, 60–61
prohibition of, 74–81, 85–87,
89–91
and the Romans, 19–20
synthetic, 96–97, 141
trade routes, 61–65
Orfidal, 98
Ortega, Daniel, 154
Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of
Deviation, 109
Paracelsus, 47–48
Pauker, G., 152
Paz, Octavio, 123
Pemberton, J.S., 71
Persian Letters, 59
Peter the Great, 57, 60
pethidine, 97
peyote, 39, 52
cultivation of, 8
and philosophers, 114
and religious rituals, 3, 72–73,
146
Phantastica, 68, 91
phenmetracine, 94
Philon of Alexandria, 23
Philosophical Dictionary, 42
Pinchot, Mary, 119
Plato, 16
Pliny the Elder, 20
poisons, and antidotes, 14
Polakoff, M., 102, 103
Politics of Ecstasy, The, 119
Postumus, Spurius, 21
Prohibition Party of the United
States, 76
psilocybin, 52
and the antiestablishment
movement, 114–16
and the Harvard experiments,
117–20
and sorcery, 39
Psilocybin Project, 117–20
Report of the Royal Commission
on Opium, 66
Rhazes, 30, 31
168 • Index
Rohypnol, 98
Royal Commentaries, 53–54
Rubaiyat, 30
Rush, Benjamin, 75
Sachs, Hans, 37–38
Saffron, A., 152
Saint Augustine, 27
San Pedro cactus, 52–53
Sanger, Margaret, 76
Satyricon, 24
Schless, R.A., 86
Schur, E., 109
Scotus, Michael, 44
sedatives, 97–98
Severus, Septimus, 20
shamanism, 3–4, 5, 8
Shing, Lung, 150–51
Sicilia-Falcon, Alberto, 150
Society for the Suppression
of Vice, 76
sorcery, and drugs, 38–40
Spina, Bartolommeo, 37
Steinberg, D., 147
STP, 146
Strughold, H., 99
Sydenham, Thomas, 48
Szasz, T., 109, 111, 131
Tenney, C.C., 78
thalidomide, 98
Theocritus, 15
Theophilus, Bishop, 27
Theophrastus, 13
Tieri, F., 152
tobacco, 62
cultivation of, 55–56
and the movie industry, 113
prohibition of, 56–57, 79
Tobacco, Universal Panacea, 57
Trajan, 20
tranquilizers, 95
Treadway, W.I., 88
2CB, 145–46
Urban VIII, 57
Valium, 98, 136
van Helmont, J.B., 48
Visit to Godenholm, 115
Volk, J., 86
Volstead Act, 81–82, 84, 85
Voltaire, 42
von Spee, Friedrich, 41–42
Wasson, R.G., 114
Wheeler, W.B., 87
William III, 60
Wilson, Robert, 153
witchcraft
and drug knowledge, 27, 28
and the inquisitions, 38, 40–43
and opium, 47, 49
and Sabbat rituals, 35–37
Witches’ Hammer, The, 40
Witches’ Kitchen, The, 37
Woodward, W., 88
Wright, H., 77–78, 80
Xochipilli, 8
yage, 146
Yates, E.P., 152, 153
