Pulp (paper)
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
|
Related e |
|
Featured: |
Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood, fibre crops or waste paper. Wood pulp is the most common raw material in papermaking.
History
Using wood to make paper is a fairly recent innovation. In the 1800s, fibre crops such as linen fibres were the primary material source, and paper was a relatively expensive commodity. The use of wood to make pulp for paper began with the development of mechanical pulping in Germany by F.G. Keller in the 1840s,<ref name="eero"/> and by the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia.<ref>Burger, Peter. Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9783318-1-8 pp.25-30</ref> Chemical processes quickly followed, first with J. Roth's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood, followed by B. Tilghman's U.S. patent on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO3)2, to pulp wood in 1867.<ref name="bier"/> Almost a decade later the first commercial sulfite pulp mill was built in Sweden. It used magnesium as the counter ion and was based on work by Carl Daniel Ekman. By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate or kraft process was developed by Carl F. Dahl in 1879 and the first kraft mill started (in Sweden) in 1890.<ref name="bier">Template:Cite book</ref> The invention of the recovery boiler by G. H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s<ref name="eero">Template:Cite book</ref> allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and produce stronger fibres<ref>{{
- if: {{#if: http://www.indiapapermarket.com/history1.asp | {{#if: History of Paper |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
- if:
| {{#if: {{#if: | {{#if: |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
| {{{author}}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | {{#if: History of Paper | [{{{archiveurl}}} History of Paper] }}}}
| {{#if: http://www.indiapapermarket.com/history1.asp | {{#if: History of Paper | History of Paper }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . {{{work}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if:
| . {{{publisher}}}{{#if:
|
| {{#if: || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if:
| Archived from the original on [[{{{archivedate}}}]].
}}{{#if: 2007-10-08
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|2007-10-08{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref> made the kraft process the dominant pulping process starting in the 1940s.<ref name="bier"/>
Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 160 million tonnes (175 million tons).<ref>{{
- if: {{#if: http://www.metso.com/corporation/home_eng.nsf/FR?ReadForm&ATL=/corporation/articles_eng.nsf/WebWID/WTB-060828-2256F-A001F | {{#if: Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production) |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
| {{#if: {{#if: http://web.archive.org/web/20071023105508/http://www.metso.com/corporation/home_eng.nsf/FR?ReadForm&ATL=/corporation/articles_eng.nsf/WebWID/WTB-060828-2256F-A001F| {{#if: 2007-10-23 |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
|
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
|
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if: September 5, 2006
| (September 5, 2006)
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
| {{#if: http://web.archive.org/web/20071023105508/http://www.metso.com/corporation/home_eng.nsf/FR?ReadForm&ATL=/corporation/articles_eng.nsf/WebWID/WTB-060828-2256F-A001F | {{#if: Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production) | Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production) }}}}
| {{#if: http://www.metso.com/corporation/home_eng.nsf/FR?ReadForm&ATL=/corporation/articles_eng.nsf/WebWID/WTB-060828-2256F-A001F | {{#if: Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production) | Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production) }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . '
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if: Metso Corporation
| . Metso Corporation{{#if:
|
| {{#if: September 5, 2006 || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if: September 5, 2006
| (September 5, 2006)
| {{#if:
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if: 2007-10-23
| Archived from the original on 2007-10-23.
}}{{#if: 2007-10-13
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|2007-10-13{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref> In the previous year, 57 million tonnes (63 million tons) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21% of the total, followed by the United States at 16%. Chemical pulp made up 93% of market pulp.<ref name="market">{{
- if: {{#if: http://www.pppc.org/en/2_0/2_1.html | {{#if: Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry |1}}}}
||Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified
}}{{
- if:
| {{#if: {{#if: | {{#if: |1}}}}
||Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted
}} }}{{#if:
| {{#if:
| [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
|
}}]]
| {{#if:
| {{{last}}}{{#if: | , {{{first}}} }}
|
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | ; {{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: |
{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if: 2007
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} 2007)
| (2007)
}}
}}
|}}
}}{{#if:
| . }}{{
#if:
| {{{editor}}}:
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: | {{#if: Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry | [{{{archiveurl}}} Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry] }}}}
| {{#if: http://www.pppc.org/en/2_0/2_1.html | {{#if: Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry | Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry }}}}
}}{{#if: | ({{{language}}}) }}{{#if:
| ()
}}{{#if:
| . '
}}{{#if:
| {{{pages}}}
}}{{#if: Market Pulp Association
| . Market Pulp Association{{#if:
|
| {{#if: 2007 || }}
}}
}}{{#if:
||{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
| {{#if: 2007
| {{#if:
| ({{{month}}} 2007)
| (2007)
}}
}}
}}
}}.{{#if:
| Archived from the original on [[{{{archivedate}}}]].
}}{{#if: 2007-10-13
| Retrieved on {{#time:Y F j|2007-10-13{{#if: | , {{{accessyear}}}}}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
}}{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}</ref>
Chronology of the invention of wood pulp
1850 Friedrich Gottlob Keller of Germany devises a method of making paper from wood pulp. However the paper is of poor quality.
1852 Hugh Burgess, an Englishman, perfects the use of wood pulp by 'digesting' the wood with chemicals.
1867 C.B. Tilghman, an American chemist, improved the process of making paper from wood by using sulfites during the pulping process.
1879 C. F. Dahl, a Swede finally perfected the use of wood by adding yet another chemical. His 'sulfate' method spread rapidly and reached the United States in about 1907.
1883 Charles Stillwell invented a machine to make brown paper bags for groceries in Philadelphia. Today more than 20 million paper bags are used annually in supermarkets. Many of these are recycled into new bags and boxes.
1889 - 1900
Economical, mass produced paper became a reality. Paper production doubled to about 2.5 million tons per year. Newspapers, books, and magazines flourished. Paper found its way into schools, replacing the writing slate.
