Pulp (paper)
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| [[Image:Cover of Sweeney Todd, published by Charles Fox in 48 numbers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cover of ''[[Sweeney Todd]]'', published by [[Charles Fox]] in 48 numbers]] | [[Image:Cover of Sweeney Todd, published by Charles Fox in 48 numbers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cover of ''[[Sweeney Todd]]'', published by [[Charles Fox]] in 48 numbers]] | ||
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| - | :Originally, the term ''[[pulp]]'' denoted cheap [[paper]], first produced in the [[1850s]]. Since then, it has also acquired the meaning of ''[[cheap]]'' literature: a host of maligned literary genres that probably begins with [[chivalric romance]]s, then moves to [[dime novel]]s and [[men's magazine]]s. | ||
| - | Using wood to make paper is a fairly recent innovation. In the 1800s, cloth and linen were the primary material source. The advent of wood pulp led to [[dime novel]]s or [[penny dreadful]]s. | ||
| - | == Wood pulp in stead of linen pulp (late 19th century) == | + | [[Image:Paperfibersar.jpg|thumb|250px|Fibres in wood pulp]] |
| - | Using wood to make [[paper]] is a fairly recent innovation. In the [[19th century]], [[fiber crop]]s such as [[linen]] fibres were the primary material source, and paper was a relatively expensive commodity. The use of wood to make pulp for paper began with the development of mechanical pulping in Germany by F.G. Keller in the [[1840s]]. Chemical processes quickly followed, first with J. Roth's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood, followed by B. Tilghman's US patent on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, to pulp wood in 1867. Almost a decade later the first commercial sulfite [[pulp mill]] was built in Sweden. It used magnesium as the counter ion and was based on work by C.D. Eckman. By 1900 sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate or [[kraft process]] was developed by Carl Dahl in 1879 and the first kraft mill started (in [[Sweden]]) in 1890. | + | '''Pulp''' is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating [[Cellulose fiber|cellulose fibres]] from [[wood]], [[fibre crop]]s or [[Paper recycling|waste paper]]. Wood pulp is the most common raw material in [[papermaking]]. |
| - | Paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with [[fibres]] from [[wood pulp]]. Although older machines predated it, the [[Fourdrinier Machine|Fourdrinier]] paper making machine became the basis for most modern papermaking. Together with the invention of the practical [[fountain pen]] and the mass produced [[pencil]] of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary [[printing press]], wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. Cheap wood based paper also meant that keeping personal diaries or writing letters became possible and so, by 1850, the [[clerk]], or writer, ceased to be a high-status job. | + | ==History== |
| + | Using wood to make [[paper]] is a fairly recent innovation. In the 1800s, [[fibre crop]]s such as [[linen]] fibres were the primary material source, and paper was a relatively expensive commodity. The use of wood to make pulp for paper began with the development of mechanical pulping in Germany by [[F.G. Keller]] in the 1840s,<ref name="eero"/> and by the Canadian inventor [[Charles Fenerty]] in [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>[http://www.charlesfenerty.ca/book.html Burger, Peter]. ''Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention''. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9783318-1-8 pp.25-30</ref> Chemical processes quickly followed, first with [[J. Roth]]'s use of [[sulfurous acid]] to treat wood, followed by [[B. Tilghman]]'s [[United States patent law|U.S. patent]] on the use of [[calcium bisulfite]], Ca(HSO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, to pulp wood in 1867.<ref name="bier"/> Almost a decade later the first commercial [[Sulfite process|sulfite pulp mill]] was built in Sweden. It used [[magnesium]] as the [[counter ion]] and was based on work by [[Carl Daniel Ekman]]. By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate or [[kraft process]] was developed by [[Carl F. Dahl]] in 1879 and the first kraft mill started (in Sweden) in 1890.<ref name="bier">{{cite book |last=Biermann |first=Christopher J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking |year=1993 |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego |isbn=0-12-097360-X}}</ref> The invention of the [[recovery boiler]] by [[G. H. Tomlinson]] in the early 1930s<ref name="eero">{{cite book |author= E. Sjöström |title= Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications |publisher= [[Academic Press]]|year= 1993}}</ref> allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and produce stronger fibres<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapapermarket.com/history1.asp|title= History of Paper|accessdate=2007-10-08}}</ref> made the kraft process the dominant pulping process starting in the 1940s.<ref name="bier"/> | ||
| - | The original wood-based paper was more acidic and more prone to disintegrate over time, through processes known as [[slow fires]]. Documents written on more expensive rag paper were more stable. | + | Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 160 million tonnes (175 million tons).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metso.com/corporation/home_eng.nsf/FR?ReadForm&ATL=/corporation/articles_eng.nsf/WebWID/WTB-060828-2256F-A001F |title=Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production) |accessdate=2007-10-13 |author= |date=September 5, 2006 |work= |publisher=Metso Corporation |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071023105508/http://www.metso.com/corporation/home_eng.nsf/FR?ReadForm&ATL=/corporation/articles_eng.nsf/WebWID/WTB-060828-2256F-A001F <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-23}}</ref> In the previous year, 57 million tonnes (63 million tons) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21% of the total, followed by the United States at 16%. Chemical pulp made up 93% of market pulp.<ref name="market">{{cite web |url=http://www.pppc.org/en/2_0/2_1.html |title=Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry |accessdate=2007-10-13 |author= |year=2007 |work= |publisher= Market Pulp Association}}</ref> |
| == Chronology of the invention of wood pulp == | == Chronology of the invention of wood pulp == | ||
Revision as of 21:27, 9 January 2012
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Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood, fibre crops or waste paper. Wood pulp is the most common raw material in papermaking.
History
Using wood to make paper is a fairly recent innovation. In the 1800s, fibre crops such as linen fibres were the primary material source, and paper was a relatively expensive commodity. The use of wood to make pulp for paper began with the development of mechanical pulping in Germany by F.G. Keller in the 1840s,<ref name="eero"/> and by the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia.<ref>Burger, Peter. Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9783318-1-8 pp.25-30</ref> Chemical processes quickly followed, first with J. Roth's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood, followed by B. Tilghman's U.S. patent on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO3)2, to pulp wood in 1867.<ref name="bier"/> Almost a decade later the first commercial sulfite pulp mill was built in Sweden. It used magnesium as the counter ion and was based on work by Carl Daniel Ekman. By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate or kraft process was developed by Carl F. Dahl in 1879 and the first kraft mill started (in Sweden) in 1890.<ref name="bier">Template:Cite book</ref> The invention of the recovery boiler by G. H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s<ref name="eero">Template:Cite book</ref> allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and produce stronger fibres<ref>{{
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Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 160 million tonnes (175 million tons).<ref>{{
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}}</ref> In the previous year, 57 million tonnes (63 million tons) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21% of the total, followed by the United States at 16%. Chemical pulp made up 93% of market pulp.<ref name="market">{{
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Chronology of the invention of wood pulp
1850 Friedrich Gottlob Keller of Germany devises a method of making paper from wood pulp. However the paper is of poor quality.
1852 Hugh Burgess, an Englishman, perfects the use of wood pulp by 'digesting' the wood with chemicals.
1867 C.B. Tilghman, an American chemist, improved the process of making paper from wood by using sulfites during the pulping process.
1879 C. F. Dahl, a Swede finally perfected the use of wood by adding yet another chemical. His 'sulfate' method spread rapidly and reached the United States in about 1907.
1883 Charles Stillwell invented a machine to make brown paper bags for groceries in Philadelphia. Today more than 20 million paper bags are used annually in supermarkets. Many of these are recycled into new bags and boxes.
1889 - 1900
Economical, mass produced paper became a reality. Paper production doubled to about 2.5 million tons per year. Newspapers, books, and magazines flourished. Paper found its way into schools, replacing the writing slate.
