Timeline of musical events
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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This page indexes the individual year in music pages.
[edit]
2010s
- 2010 in music, 2010 in British music, 2010 in Japanese music Tour of Jerry Lee Lewis, - Death of Teddy Pendergrass, Ed Thigpen, Kate McGarrigle, Ronnie James Dio, Peter Steele, Paul Gray, Lena Horne, Jimmy Dean, Tuli Kupferberg; Arrival of B.o.B
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2000s
- 2009 in music, 2009 in British music - Deaths of Michael Jackson, James Owen Sullivan, Leon Kirchner, Les Paul, Ali Akbar Khan, Merce Cunningham, Ron Asheton, Henri Pousseur, Mary Travers, Stephen Gately; Noel Gallagher departs from Oasis after 18 years.
- 2008 in music, 2008 in British music - Deaths of Artie Traum, LeRoi Moore, Erik Darling, Isaac Hayes, Bo Diddley, Richard Wright (musician), Nick Reynolds, Mitch Mitchell, Miriam Makeba, Odetta, Eartha Kitt, Freddie Hubbard.
- 2007 in music, 2007 in British music - Deaths of Beverly Sills, Max Roach, Oscar Peterson, Izumi Sakai, Luciano Pavarotti, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Don Arden; Live Earth, Led Zeppelin reunion; Radiohead splits from EMI and independently releases In Rainbows with an online download method of payment that allows the buyer to choose their price; The Mars Volta releases one of the first USB flash drive albums, as part of their The Bedlam in Goliath.
- 2006 in music, 2006 in British music, 2006 in Swiss music - Deaths of James Brown and Syd Barrett.
- 2005 in music, 2005 in British music, 2005 in Swiss music - Death of Luther Vandross, John Herald.
- 2004 in music, 2004 in British music - Death of Ray Charles; The Grey Album sparks day of electronic disobedience by internet filesharers against EMI.
- 2003 in music, 2003 in British music - Death of Johnny Cash, John Serry, Sr..
- 2002 in music, 2002 in British music - Death of Waylon Jennings, Dave Van Ronk, Layne Staley, Lisa Left-Eye Lopes, Lonnie Donegan and Joe Strummer; Beginning of American Idol (initially titled American Idol: The Search for a Superstar) which brings arrival of first winner Kelly Clarkson;
- 2001 in music, 2001 in British music - Duran Duran is reunited with the original five members and goes on tour for the first time since 1985. Michael Jackson's last studio album Invincible released, Napster's popularity peaks; Deaths of Aaliyah, George Harrison, John Lee Hooker, John Phillips; Metallica and Dr. Dre sue Napster over illegal distribution of their music.
- 2000 in music, 2000 in British music - Britney Spears Oops I Did It Again sells over 23 million copies and becomes the best-selling album by a female artist of the decade.
[edit]
List of 14 most sold albums of the 2000s
- The Beatles 1 - 31 million - 2000
- Linkin Park Hybrid Theory - 30 million - 2000
- Backstreet Boys Black & Blue - 24 million- 2000
- Britney Spears Oops I Did It Again - 23 million - 2000
- Norah Jones Come Away with Me - 22.5 million - 2002
- Usher Confessions - 20 million - 2004
- Shakira Laundry Service - 20 million - 2001
- Eminem The Eminem Show - 19 million - 2002
- Eminem The Marshall Mathers LP - 19 million - 2000
- Avril Lavigne Let Go - 16 million - 2002
- Linkin Park Meteora - 16 million - 2003
- Evanescence Fallen - 16 million - 2003
- 'N Sync No Strings Attached - 15 million - 2000
- Michael Jackson Invincible - 14 million -2001
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1990s
- 1999 in music, 1999 in British music - Arrival of Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Slipknot, Muse and Jennifer Lopez; Death of Rick Danko, Curtis Mayfield;
- 1998 in music, 1998 in British music - Arrival of Eminem; Death of Frank Sinatra and Hide; Lauryn Hill - the Miseducation of Lauryn Hill; Offspring - Americana; "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" by Aerosmith becomes the first song by a rock band to debut at #1; Insane Clown Posse dropped from Disney record label Hollywood Records in order for Disney to prevent a violent Southern Baptist Church protest due to Disney World's Gay Days events.
- 1997 in music, 1997 in British music - Death of John Denver, Jeff Buckley, The Notorious B.I.G., Michael Hutchence, and Velvet, Radiohead's OK Computer, Madonna releases her 19 million selling and universally acclaimed album Ray of Light
- 1996 in music, 1996 in British music - Death of Ella Fitzgerald, Tupac Shakur, Brad Nowell; Arrival of The Spice Girls. Guns N' Roses break up.
- 1995 in music, 1995 in British music - Michael Jackson releases HIStory, that began the best selling multiple disc of all time. This double album contains "You Are Not Alone" - the first single ever to enter the Billboard Hot 100 at number one.; Death of Jerry Garcia, Phyllis Hyman, Selena, Burl Ives, Eazy-E.
- 1994 in music, 1994 in British music - Death of Kurt Cobain, arrival of Oasis, arrival of Weezer, Blur's Parklife
- 1993 in music, 1993 in British music - Death of Frank Zappa, Marian Anderson, Dizzy Gillespie.
- 1992 in music, 1992 in British music - Death of John Cage, Yutaka Ozaki; U2 start the Biggest Concert of The World: Zoo TV Tour, Madonna releases the sexually provocative "SEX" book which was accompanied by the double Platinum album Erotica.
- 1991 in music - Death of Miles Davis, Freddie Mercury.
- 1990 in music, 1990 in British music - Death of Sarah Vaughan, Leonard Bernstein, Milli Vanilli exposed as a music fraud.
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List of 10 most sold albums of the 90s
- Whitney Houston / Various artists The Bodyguard - 42 million - 1992
- Backstreet Boys Millennium - 40 million - 1999
- Shania Twain Come On Over - 39 million - 1997
- Alanis Morissette Jagged Little Pill - 33 million - 1995
- Michael Jackson Dangerous - 32 million - 1991
- Mariah Carey Music Box - 32 million - 1993
- Celine Dion Falling into You - 32 million - 1996
- Celine Dion Let's Talk About Love - 31 million - 1997
- James Horner Titanic - 30 million - 1997
- Britney Spears Baby One More Time -30 million - 1999
- Backstreet Boys Backstreet's Back - 28 million - 1997
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1980s
- 1989 in music, 1989 in British music - Madonna releases the hit album Like a Prayer, Mötley Crüe release Dr. Feelgood which reaches #1 Nirvana releases their first album Bleach, and the release of Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814.
- 1988 in music - Living Colour releases first studio album Vivid; Bon Jovi releases New Jersey, which charts five consecutive Top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, the most ever for a hard rock album; Formation of the Traveling Wilburys, Death of Roy Orbison.
- 1987 in music - Michael Jackson releases the album Bad, which is the first and only album to have 5 consecutive #1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100. Guns N' Roses releases Appetite for Destruction, which becomes one of the best selling debut albums ever, with 28 million copies shift whilst Def Leppard releases Hysteria. U2 releases the mult-platined album The Joshua Tree with the hits: "With or Without You", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" and "Where the Streets Have No Name". Whitney Houston releases her second album Whitney, which become the first album by a female artist to debut at #1, with one of the biggest hit singles of 80s "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"; Death of legendary record producer John H. Hammond.
- 1986 in music - Aerosmith re-records "Walk This Way" with rap group Run-D.M.C. which blends rock and rap music, introduces rap music to a mainstream audience for the first time, and marks the beginning of the resurrection of Aerosmith's career, one of rock's most remarkable comebacks; Bon Jovi releases Slippery When Wet which stays at #1 on the Billboard 200 for 4 weeks; Metallica releases their third album Master of Puppets; Death of Benny Goodman, Richard Manuel, Cliff Burton, Janet Jackson releases her breakthrough album Control, Madonna releases the hit album True Blue; Pixies form in Boston.
- 1985 in music - Death of Rick Nelson, Live Aid and Farm Aid benefit concerts, Whitney Houston releases her first self-titled album which becomes the most successful female debut album of all time. Duran Duran records A View to a Kill to the James Bond movie of the same name. This single remains the only Bond theme to go to Number 1 on the US charts, and the highest-placed Bond theme on the UK chart where it reached Number 2. The famous hard rock band Guns N' Roses was formed in Los Angeles, influential thrash metal band Megadeth release their debut album Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!.
- 1984 in music - Duran Duran was the first group ever to utilize a monitor in concert to project their performance. Death of Marvin Gaye, release of Bob Marley & The Wailers collection Legend, the best-selling reggae album of all time; Madonna releases Like a Virgin which goes Diamond; Akhnaten by Philip Glass premieres in Stuttgart, Prince releases the album and film Purple Rain, Tina Turner comebacks with Private Dancer', Van Halen release the Diamond-certified 1984, which contains the #1 single "Jump" and becomes their last studio album to feature David Lee Roth on vocals.
- 1983 in music - Death of Muddy Waters, New Order release "Blue Monday"; Def Leppard releases Pyromania, The Police's Synchronicity tour starts, Metallica releases their first album Kill 'Em All. Madonna releases her 5x Platinum self-titled debut album.
- 1982 in music - Death of Thelonious Monk, Lightnin' Hopkins, Glenn Gould, Randy Rhoads; Michael Jackson releases Thriller, the best-selling album of all time; Blondie disband; The compact disc is introduced.
- 1981 in music - MTV first airs; Death of Bob Marley.
- 1980 in music - Joy Division singer Ian Curtis commits suicide, Bon Scott dies, John Lennon is murdered outside the Dakota Building in New York City, accidental death of Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham, Death of Tim Hardin, Death of Vinicius de Moraes. U2 releases their first album Boy. Bryan Adams release his first album Bryan Adams. AC/DC releases Back in Black.
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1970s
- 1979 in music - Death of Richard Rodgers, Charles Mingus; Birth of Norah Jones; Sony Walkman goes on sale; The Clash - London Calling, Pink Floyd's The Wall, Michael Jackson's Off the Wall, death of Sid Vicious. Official birth of Rap music with rap group Sugarhill Gang's release of "Rapper's Delight".
- 1978 in music - The Who release Who Are You, Blondie release Parallel Lines, Death of Keith Moon, Arrival of Prince, Arrival of Dire Straits, Van Halen release Van Halen (album)
- 1977 in music - Sex Pistols release Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols; Death of Elvis Presley, Bing Crosby; Fleetwood Mac releases Rumours; Bee Gees - Saturday Night Fever
- 1976 in music - Death of Paul Robeson, Phil Ochs; The Eagles release Hotel California, The Ramones release their debut self titled album
- 1975 in music - Death of Dmitri Shostakovich, Soviet composer and pianist, Tim Buckley; Bob Dylan begins Rolling Thunder Revue; Bruce Springsteen - Born to Run; Bob Dylan - Blood on the Tracks; Led Zeppelin - Physical Graffiti; Aerosmith - Toys in the Attic; Patti Smith – Horses; Release of Donna Summer's Love to Love You Baby.
- 1974 in music - Death of Duke Ellington, Nick Drake
- 1973 in music - Pink Floyd - The Dark Side of the Moon, Birth of Ferry Corsten, The Who's Quadrophenia Released; Buffalo, Volcanic Rock
- 1972 in music - Birth of The Notorious B.I.G., The Rolling Stones - Exile on Main St. Birth of Rob Thomas (Matchbox 20, Rob Thomas) Birth of Eminem
- 1971 in music - Birth of Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg, Death of Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer, Death of Duane Allman, Death of Louis Armstrong, Death of Jim Morrison; Led Zeppelin - Led Zeppelin IV, Marvin Gaye - What's Going On, The Who's Who's Next released
- 1970 in music - The Beatles disband; Death of Jimi Hendrix, Death of Janis Joplin; John Lennon - John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band; Diana Ross departs from The Supremes;
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1960s
- 1969 in music - Death of Brian Jones; - Death of Judy Garland; Woodstock music festival held in Bethel, New York; Birth of Tiësto and Jennifer Lopez; The Beatles - Let It Be, Bob Dylan - Nashville Skyline, The Who's Tommy released, Jackson 5 appearance on Ed Sullivan
- 1968 in music - Van Morrison - Astral Weeks, The Rolling Stones - Beggars Banquet, The Jimi Hendrix Experience - Electric Ladyland, Led Zeppelin - Led Zeppelin, The Beatles - The Beatles (AKA The White Album), Johnny Cash - At Folsom Prison, The Band - Music from Big Pink; Birth of John Ondrasik (Five for Fighting) and Thom Yorke
- 1967 in music - Birth of Kurt Cobain; Death of Woody Guthrie, John Coltrane, Otis Redding; The Beatles - Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Magical Mystery Tour, The Velvet Underground - The Velvet Underground & Nico, The Jimi Hendrix Experience - Are You Experienced and Axis: Bold as Love, Pink Floyd - The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, The Doors - The Doors (with the hit single, "Light My Fire"), Bob Dylan - John Wesley Harding, The 13th Floor Elevators - Easter Everywhere; Monterey Pop Festival
- 1966 in music - The Beach Boys - Pet Sounds, The Beatles - Revolver, Bob Dylan - Blonde on Blonde, The 13th Floor Elevators - The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators
- 1965 in music - The Beatles - Help!, The Beatles - Rubber Soul, Bob Dylan - Bringing It All Back Home and Highway 61 Revisited (with the single "Like a Rolling Stone"), The Rolling Stones - Out of Our Heads (with the single "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"), Herman's Hermits debut; Death of Edgard Varèse
- 1964 in music - Death of Sam Cooke, Milton Babbitt; The Beatles appear on The Ed Sullivan Show; The Beatles - A Hard Day's Night, Ensembles For Synthesizer, Bill Lear invents 8-track tape cartridge; Bob Dylan - The Times They Are a-Changin', British Invasion begins, Beatlemania invades America and becomes international, The Righteous Brothers become the first white act signed to Phil Spector’s Philles label. The Beach Boys - I Get Around released and hits No. 1.
- 1963 in music - First cassette tapes made by Philips, The Beatles - Please Please Me, Birth of Paul Oakenfold, Birth of Whitney Houston; Death of Édith Piaf; Bob Dylan - The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, The Righteous Brothers "Little Latin Lupe Lu" is released on the Moonglow label.
- 1962 in music - "Love Me Do" released as a single by The Beatles; Bob Dylan is the debut album from the highly influential American artist of the same name. It was released on March 19, 1962 on Columbia Records, when Dylan was 20 years old. Birth of Anthony Kiedis, Flea, Jon Bon Jovi, Axl Rose; Death of Marilyn Monroe
- 1961 in music - Death of Cisco Houston, Moss Hart
- 1960 in music - Birth of Bono; Death of Oscar Hammerstein II
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1950s
- 1959 in music - Death of Billie Holiday, Ritchie Valens, Buddy Holly and the Big Bopper, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer and guitarist, Motown Records created; Motown's first hit (Barrett Strong's "Money (That's What I Want)"); Miles Davis - Kind of Blue, Charles Mingus - Mingus Ah Um; My Eyes Have Seen is the third influential album by American folk singer Odetta who was an important voice of the folk music revival movement in the early 1960s, birth of 1980's pop-star Pete Burns (from Dead or Alive). Bobby Darin's Mack the Knife hits No. 1 and remains there for nine weeks.
- 1958 in music Cannonball Adderley records Somethin' Else; Bruce Dickinson, Nikki Sixx, Prince, Madonna and Michael Jackson are born. Born Bossa Nova a Brazilian kind of music. Carl Ruggles, Exhaltation in honour of his late wife, Charlotte. Cliff Richard and The Drifters release Move It, considered Britain's first rock and roll hit single. Little Richard enters seminary.
- 1957 in music - That'll Be the Day" by Buddy Holly and The Crickets becomes a US #1 hit; Harry Belafonte has a big hit that reached number five on the Billboard charts with the calypso song "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)"; At the Gate of Horn is the second solo album by American folk singer Odetta who was a seminal influence on the folksingers of the 1960s. John Lennon and Paul McCartney meet in Liverpool.
- 1956 in music - The first Eurovision Song Contest is held on 24 May, Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show; Odetta Sings Ballads and Blues is the influential debut solo album by American folk singer Odetta.
- 1955 in music - Death of Charlie Parker, "Rock Around the Clock" becomes first worldwide #1 rock and roll record; Little Richard records Tutti-Frutti, one of the first rock and roll songs; Birth of Yo-Yo Ma, Harry James signs with Capital releasing Harry James in Hi-Fi, Lonnie Donegan released "Rock Island Line".
- 1954 in music - Elvis Presley releases "That's Alright Mama" on Sun Records; First Fender Stratocaster produced
- 1953 in music - Death of Hank Williams, Death of Sergei Prokofiev, Soviet composer and pianist
- 1952 in music, 1952 in music (UK) - Birth of Joe Strummer, The official UK singles chart is launched; Recording Industry Association of America (or RIAA) established
- 1951 in music - "Rocket 88" is recorded by Ike Turner and hailed as the first rock 'n' roll song; The Rake's Progress by Igor Stravinsky premieres in Venice
- 1950 in music - Death of Kurt Weill, Al Jolson, Vaslav Nijinsky
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1940s
- 1949 in music - Death of Lead Belly, Richard Strauss, German composer and last great champion of European Romantic classical music, Birth of Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Mark Knopfler, RCA Victor introduces 45 RPM records
- 1948 in music - Columbia Records introduces 331/3 RPM (LP) records. Birth of James Taylor, Jackson Browne, Steven Tyler, Alice Cooper, Ted Nugent, Ozzy Osbourne, Robert Plant, John Bonham (both of Led Zeppelin), Kenny Loggins, Olivia Newton-John, and Donna Summer.
- 1947 in music - Birth of Elton John, Bob Weir, Carlos Santana, Emmylou Harris, Arlo Guthrie, Tracy Nelson, Paul Brady, Carl Ruggles, Jim Messina, Mick Fleetwood, Organum
- 1946 in music - Birth of John Paul Jones (Led Zeppelin bassist), Bon Scott, Donovan, Linda Ronstadt, Marianne Faithfull, Cher, Freddie Mercury, Patti Smith, Toquinho
- 1945 in music - Birth of Bob Marley, Van Morrison, Eric Clapton, Deborah Harry, Neil Young, Carly Simon, John Fogerty, Itzhak Perlman; Death of Jerome Kern; Peter Grimes by Benjamin Britten premieres in London
- 1944 in music - Birth of Diana Ross, Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin guitarist), Patti LaBelle, Gladys Knight, Marvin Hamlisch; Disappearance of Glenn Miller, borns Chico Buarque a Brazilian composer.
- 1943 in music - Birth of George Harrison, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Jim Morrison, Joni Mitchell, Janis Joplin, Robbie Robertson, John Denver, Richard Manuel, Gavin Bryars; Death of Lorenz Hart, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Formation of Rodgers and Hammerstein, Carl Ruggles, Evocations
- 1942 in music - Births of Jimi Hendrix, Paul McCartney, Brian Wilson, Brian Jones, Jerry Garcia, Aretha Franklin, Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Rick Danko, Lou Reed, Paul Butterfield, Jerry Jeff Walker, John P. Hammond; Death of George M. Cohan
- 1941 in music - Les Paul builds one of the first solid-body electric guitars; Birth of Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Paul Simon, Art Garfunkel, Hank Marvin, Aaron Neville, Charlie Watts, Neil Diamond, Richie Havens, Wilson Pickett and Ritchie Valens
- 1940 in music - Birth of Frank Zappa, Cliff Richard, John Lennon, Ringo Starr, Phil Ochs, Levon Helm, Smokey Robinson, Rick Nelson, Tim Hardin, Dionne Warwick, Bobby Hatfield, Bill Medley, (both of the Righteous Brothers)
[edit]
1930s
- 1939 in music - Birth of Judy Collins, Marvin Gaye, Ray Manzarek, Tina Turner, Grace Slick
- 1938 in music - Birth of Peter Yarrow, Gordon Lightfoot, Ben E. King, Death of Robert Johnson, Benny Goodman presents a jazz concert in Carnegie Hall; Death of Dan W. Quinn
- 1937 in music - Death of George Gershwin, Birth of Waylon Jennings, Merle Haggard, Garth Hudson, Tom Paxton, Philip Glass, Dame Shirley Bassey
- 1936 in music - Birth of Buddy Holly, Roy Orbison, Kris Kristofferson, Bill Wyman, Dave Van Ronk, Steve Reich, Billboard publishes first U.S. music chart
- 1935 in music - Birth of Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, John Phillips, La Monte Young, Terry Riley; Audiovox produce first electric bass guitar; Porgy and Bess by George Gershwin premieres in New York
- 1934 in music - Birth of Leonard Cohen, Jackie Wilson, Deaths of Elgar and Holst
- 1933 in music - Birth of James Brown, soul singer (d. 2006), Quincy Jones, Willie Nelson, Nina Simone, Yoko Ono
- 1932 in music - Birth of Petula Clark, Johnny Cash, Miriam Makeba; Death of Sousa; Birth of John Williams; Adolph Rickenbacker produces first electric guitar; Bell Labs creates first stereophonic sound recordings
- 1931 in music - Birth of Sam Cooke
- 1930 in music - Birth of Ray Charles and Odetta
[edit]
1920s
- 1929 in music - Birth of Beverly Sills, Bill Evans, Dick Clark, Berry Gordy, Henri Pousseur
- 1928 in music - Birth of Bo Diddley and Karlheinz Stockhausen;Fats Domino The Threepenny Opera by Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht (libretto) premieres in Berlin
- 1927 in music - Birth of Harry Belafonte, Birth of Tom Jobim, Brazilian composer
- 1926 in music - Birth of Marilyn Monroe, Joan Sutherland, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Chuck Berry, Tony Bennett, Big Mama Thornton; Turandot by Giacomo Puccini premieres in Milan
- 1925 in music - Birth of B.B. King and Pierre Boulez, Big record labels begin using electric microphones for recording; 78 RPM adopted as standard for records; BBC makes first radio broadcast in stereo; Wozzeck by Alban Berg premieres in Berlin, Carl Ruggles, Portals. Debut of the Grand Ole Opry.
- 1924 in music - Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue premieres in New York, Death of Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini, Italian opera composer, Carl Ruggles. Men and Mountains. Debut of the National Barn Dance, the first radio program devoted to country music.
- 1923 in music - Birth of Hank Williams, First recordings by Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and many other African-American artists, Carl Ruggles, Vox clamans in deserto
- 1922 in music - Birth of Ali Akbar Khan, The first commercial radio station in the United States begins broadcasting
- 1921 in music - Death of Enrico Caruso, Carl Ruggles Angels
- 1920 in music - Birth of Charlie Parker, Ravi Shankar, Isaac Stern; Death of Alberto Nepomuceno, Brazilian composer, pianist, organist and conductor
[edit]
1910s
- 1919 in music - Birth of Pete Seeger, Merce Cunningham, Carl Ruggles, Toys
- 1918 in music - Phonograph cylinders become obsolete; the Society for Private Musical Performances is founded in Vienna by Arnold Schoenberg; Death of Claude Debussy
- 1917 in music - Birth of Lou Harrison, John Lee Hooker, Dinu Lipatti, Isang Yun; First hit jazz recordings by Original Dixieland Jass Band, Death of Scott Joplin
- 1916 in music -Birth of Milton Babbitt, Henri Dutilleux, Alberto Ginastera, Betty Grable, Harry James, Dinah Shore,
- 1915 in music - Birth of Billie Holiday, Frank Sinatra, John Serry, Sr.; Tom Brown starts billing his group as a "Jass Band"
- 1914 in music - "St. Louis Blues" published; first calypso music recordings
- 1913 in music - Birth of Muddy Waters, Igor Stravinsky's, Vinicius de Moraes. The Rite of Spring is premiered in Paris.
- 1912 in music - Birth of Woody Guthrie, Lightnin' Hopkins, John Cage
- 1911 in music - Birth of Robert Johnson, Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss premieres in Dresden, Death of Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer and conductor
- 1910 in music - Birth of Howlin' Wolf, Artie Shaw, John H. Hammond, Django Reinhardt
[edit]
1900s
- 1909 in music - Elektra by Richard Strauss premieres in Dresden; Birth of Benny Goodman
- 1908 in music The two first atonal pieces are composed, first by Béla Bartók and then by Arnold Schoenberg.
- 1907 in music - Death of Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (b. 1843); Birth of Gene Autry, Cab Calloway, Benny Carter, Kate Smith
- 1906 in music - Dmitri Shostakowich, soviet composer and pianist, Victor begins selling the Victrola phonograph player for $15.00; Len Spencer, I Am The Edison Phonograph --- earliest recorded advert played in Phonograph shops to sell the devices.
- 1905 in music - The Merry Widow by Franz Lehár premieres in Vienna; Salome by Richard Strauss premieres in Dresden
- 1904 in music - Death of Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer, Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini premieres in Milan
- 1903 in music - Birth of Bing Crosby and Vladimir Horowitz
- 1902 in music - Birth of Richard Rodgers, Pelléas et Mélisande by Claude Debussy premieres in Paris
- 1901 in music - Birth of Louis Armstrong, Death of Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer
- 1900 in music - Tosca by Giacomo Puccini premieres in Rome
[edit]
1890s
- 1899 in music - Birth of Duke Ellington.
- 1898 in music - Birth of George Gershwin, Paul Robeson
- 1897 in music - Ragtime music becomes popular in the United States; Death of Brahms, Birth of Marian Anderson
- 1896 in music - Death of Carlos Gomes, Brazilian composer and opera composer and Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer and organist
- 1895 in music - Birth of Oscar Hammerstein II, George W. Johnson becomes first Afro-American recording artist with "The Laughing Song"
- 1894 in music - Birth of Anton Rubinstein, Russian composer and ultra virtuoso pianist
- 1893 in music - Death of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikowsky, Russian composer
- 1892 in music - Dan W. Quinn makes first recordings in New York City
- 1891 in music - Birth of Sergei Prokofiev, Soviet composer and pianist
- 1890 in music - John Philip Sousa makes first recordings with Columbia Phonograph Company; Birth of Bronislava Nijinska, choreographer (d.1972)
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1880s
- 1889 in music - Birth of Vaslav Nijinsky, - Ballet dancer (d. 1950); Effie Stewart records first serious classical music at Edison's ; First Phonograph Parlor opens in San Francisco
- 1888 in music - Birth of Lead Belly, Death of Charles-Valentin Alkan, French composer and ultra virtuoso pianist, Wax phonograph cylinders commercially marketed; Emile Berliner invents lateral-cut disc records
- 1887 in music - Birth of Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer, cellist, and guitarist
- 1886 in music - Birth of Marcel Dupré, Al Jolson, Paul Paray, Othmar Schoeck; death of Franz Liszt
- 1885 in music - Birth of Jerome Kern
- 1884 in music - Birth of Sophie Tucker
- 1883 in music - Birth of Edgard Varèse, Death of Richard Wagner, German composer
- 1882 in music - Birth of Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer, Parsifal by Richard Wagner premieres in Bayreuth; Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - 1812 Overture premiere
- 1881 in music - Birth of Béla Bartók
- 1880 in music - Death of Jacques Offenbach, composer (b. 1819)
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1870s
- 1879 in music
- 1878 in music - Birth of George M. Cohan; William S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, H.M.S. Pinafore; reshapes British and American musical theater;
- 1877 in music - Phonograph and phonograph cylinder invented by Thomas Alva Edison
- 1876 in music - Siegfried and Götterdämmerung by Richard Wagner premiere in Bayreuth
- 1875 in music - Birth of Joseph-Maurice Ravel, French composer and pianist; Carmen by Georges Bizet premieres in Paris
- 1874 in music - Boris Gudonov by Modest Mussorgsky premieres in Saint Petersburg; Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss II premieres in Vienna; Richard Wagner concludes Götterdämmerung, finishing The Ring Cycle; Birth of Arnold Schoenberg
- 1873 in music - Birth of Enrico Caruso, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian composer, ultra virtuoso pianist and conductor
- 1872 in music - Birth of Sergei Diaghilev, choreographer (d. 1929)
- 1871 in music - Richard Wagner concludes Siegfried; Aida by Giuseppe Verdi premieres in Cairo
- 1870 in music - Die Walküre (the Valkyrie) by Richard Wagner premieres in Munich
[edit]
1860s
- 1869 in music - Death of Hector Berlioz, French composer, Das Rheingold by Richard Wagner premieres in Munich
- 1868 in music - Death of Gioachino Rossini, Italian composer, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by Richard Wagner premières in Munich; Ein deutsches Requiem by Johannes Brahms premières in Bremen; Wiegenlied by Brahms (Brahms' Lullaby)
- 1867 in music Birth of Scott Joplin, famous ragtime composer
- 1866 in music - Birth of French composer Erik Satie.
- 1865 in music - Tristan und Isolde by Richard Wagner premieres in Munich, marking the beginning of the end for traditional tonality
- 1864 in music Birth of Richard Strauss, German composer, Alberto Nepomuceno, Brazilian composer, pianist, organist and conductor
- 1863 in music – Birth of Ernesto Nazareth
- 1862 in music - Birth of Claude Debussy
- 1861 in music - Birth of Anton Arensky
- 1860 in music - Birth of Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer and conductor
[edit]
1850s
- 1859 in music - Faust by Charles Gounod premieres in Paris; Richard Wagner concludes Tristan und Isolde; In 1859, John Freeman Young published the English translation of Silent Night that is most frequently sung today.
- 1858 in music - Birth of Medardo Rosso and Giacomo Puccini, Italian opera composer, Orphée aux enfers by Jacques Offenbach, the first operetta, premieres in Paris; Hector Berlioz writes Les Troyens
- 1857 in music - First public performance of Franz Liszt's Piano Sonata in B Minor
- 1856 in music - Death of Robert Schuman, German composer and pianist; Richard Wagner, German composer, concludes Die Walküre
- 1855 in music – Birth of Ernest Chausson
- 1854 in music - Richard Wagner, German composer, concludes Das Rheingold
- 1853 in music - Il trovatore by Giuseppe Verdi premieres in Rome; La traviata by Verdi premieres in Venice
- 1852 in music – Births of Charles Villiers Stanford and Francisco Tárrega
- 1851 in music - Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi premieres in Venice
- 1850 in music - Lohengrin by Richard Wagner premieres in Weimar; Foster's Plantation Melodies by Stephen Foster, including "Camptown Races"
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1840s
- 1849 in music - Death of Frédéric Chopin, Polish composer and pianist
- 1848 in music - Death of Gaetano Donizetti, Italian opera composer
- 1847 in music - "Oh! Susanna" by Stephen Foster published
- 1846 in music - Adolphe Sax invents the saxophone
- 1845 in music - Tannhäuser by Richard Wagner premières in Dresden
- 1844 in music – Birth of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Charles-Marie Widor
- 1843 in music - Birth of Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (d. 1907); Minstrel show premieres in United States; The Flying Dutchman by Richard Wagner premieres in Dresden
- 1842 in music - "Lisztomania" sweeps Europe
- 1841 in music - Birth of Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer
- 1840 in music - Birth of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer; Death of Niccolò Paganini, Italian composer and ultra virtuoso violinist
[edit]
1830s
- 1839 in music
- 1838 in music
- 1837 in music
- 1836 in music - Birth of Carlos Gomes, Brazilian composer and opera composer, Les Huguenots by Giacomo Meyerbeer premieres in Paris;
- 1835 in music - Death of Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini, Italian opera composer, Lucia di Lammermoor by Gaetano Donizetti premieres in Naples; Gaetano Corticelli is in vogue in salons of Bologna, Italy featuring his terzettis and fantasies
- 1834 in music - Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik first published by Robert Schumann
- 1833 in music - Johannes Brahms born
- 1832 in music - Death of Muzio Clementi, Italian composer and pianist
- 1831 in music
- 1830 in music
[edit]
1820s
- 1829 in music - Birth of Anton Rubinstein, Russian composer and ultra virtuoso pianist
- 1828 in music - Franz Schubert dies
- 1827 in music - Ludwig van Beethoven dies; Winterreise by Franz Schubert
- 1826 in music - June 5, Death of Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber, German opera composer. String Quartet No. 14 in C Sharp minor by Ludwig van Beethoven was completed. October 31, Muzio Clementi’s complete Gradus ad Parnassum (100 pieces) appears for the first time, simultaneously in Paris, Leipzig and London.
- 1825 in music - Songs from Sir Walter Scott by Franz Schubert, including "Ellens dritter Gesang" (Schubert's Ave Maria)
- 1824 in music - Birth of Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer and organist; Beethoven's 9th Symphony
- 1823 in music - Die schöne Müllerin by Franz Schubert
- 1822 in music
- 1821 in music - Der Freischütz by Carl Maria von Weber, premieres in Berlin
- 1820 in music
[edit]
1810s
- 1819 in music - April 16, The publication of Muzio Clementi’s Gradus ad Parnassum Volume II is entered at Stationer’s Hall, London. September 13, Birth of Clara Schumann, German pianist and composer.
- 1818 in music - Hammerklavier sonate by Ludwig van Beethoven; "Silent Night" written by Josef Mohr and composed by Franz Xaver Gruber, - The first performance of Silent Night on December 25, (Church of St. Nikolaus in , Austria).
- 1817 in music - March 1, Muzio Clementi’s Gradus ad Parnassum Volume I is published simultaneously in London, Paris and Leipzig.
- 1816 in music - Il barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville) by Gioachino Rossini, premieres in Rome
- 1815 in music
- 1814 in music
- 1813 in music Birth of Charles-Valentin Alkan, French composer and ultra virtuoso pianist, Richard Wagner, German composer and Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer
- 1812 in music
- 1811 in music - Franz Liszt born
- 1810 in music - Birth of Frédéric Chopin and Robert Schumann, Fifth Piano Concerto Emperor by Ludwig van Beethoven
[edit]
1800s
- 1809 in music - Birth of Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, German composer, pianist, organist and conductor; Death of Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
- 1808 in music - Beethoven completes his 6th Symphony "Pastoral", Beethoven's 5th Symphony
- 1807 in music - La Vestale by Gaspare Spontini
- 1806 in music - Fourth Piano Concerto,Violin Concerto by Ludwig van Beethoven
- 1805 in music - Fidelio by Ludwig van Beethoven
- 1804 in music - Symphony No. 3 'Eroica' by Ludwig van Beethoven
- 1803 in music - Birth of Hector Berlioz, French composer
- 1802 in music - Bach's Sonatas and partitas for solo violin are published by Bote and Bock
- 1801 in music - and Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini, Italian opera composer, Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata
- 1800 in music -
[edit]
1790s
- 1799 in music -
- 1798 in music -
- 1797 in music - Birth of Franz Schubert, Austrian composer and pianist and Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti, Italian opera composer
- 1796 in music -
- 1795 in music -
- 1794 in music -
- 1793 in music -
- 1792 in music - Birth of Gioachino Antonio Rossini, Italian composer
- 1791 in music - Mozart's Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute); death of Mozart
- 1790 in music -
[edit]
1780s
- 1789 in music - Mozart's Così fan tutte
- 1788 in music - Death of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, German composer and keyboardist
- 1787 in music - Mozart's Don Giovanni
- 1786 in music - Birth of Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber, German opera composer, Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro (The marriage of Figaro)
- 1785 in music - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composes his Piano Concerto No. 21
- 1784 in music -
- 1783 in music -
- 1782 in music - Birth of Niccolò Paganini, Italian composer and ultra virtuoso violinist; Death of Johann Christian Bach, German composer, Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio)
- 1781 in music -
- 1780 in music -
[edit]
1770s
- 1779 in music -
- 1778 in music -
- 1777 in music - Il mondo della luna by Joseph Haydn, premieres in Eszterháza, Hungary
- 1776 in music -
- 1775 in music -
- 1774 in music -
- 1773 in music -
- 1772 in music -
- 1771 in music -
- 1770 in music - Ludwig van Beethoven born
[edit]
1760s
- 1769 in music -
- 1768 in music -
- 1767 in music -
- 1766 in music -
- 1765 in music -
- 1764 in music - Death of Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer and music theorist
- 1763 in music -
- 1762 in music - Orfeo ed Euridice by Christoph Willibald Gluck, premieres in Vienna
- 1761 in music -
- 1760 in music - La buona figliuola by Niccolò Piccinni, premieres in Rome
[edit]
1750s
- 1759 in music - George Frideric Handel dies
- 1758 in music -
- 1757 in music - Death of Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer and harpsichordist
- 1756 in music - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born
- 1755 in music -
- 1754 in music -
- 1753 in music -
- 1752 in music - Muzio Clementi born
[edit]
1740s
- 1749 in music - Bach's Mass in B Minor premiere
- 1748 in music -
- 1747 in music - Johann Sebastian Bach finishes his Musical Offering
- 1746 in music -
- 1745 in music -
- 1744 in music - Johann Sebastian Bach finishes the Book II from The Well-Tempered Clavier
- 1743 in music -
- 1742 in music - première of Messiah by George Frideric Handel, in Dublin
- 1741 in music - Bach's Goldberg Variations are published
- 1740 in music - Death of Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, Italian composer and violinist
[edit]
1730s
- 1739 in music -
- 1738 in music -
- 1737 in music -
- 1736 in music -
- 1735 in music - Birth of Johann Christian Bach, German composer
- 1734 in music -
- 1733 in music - La serva padrona by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, the first opera buffa, premieres in Naples; Hippolyte et Aricie by Jean-Philippe Rameau, premieres in Paris, Death of François Couperin, French composer and harpsichordist
- 1732 in music - Joseph Haydn born
- 1731 in music -
- 1730 in music -
[edit]
1720s
- 1729 in music -
- 1728 in music - The Beggar's Opera by John Gay and Johann Christoph Pepusch, premieres in London
- 1727 in music - Zadok the Priest (the coronation anthem) by George Frideric Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach finishes and presents his St Matthew Passion
- 1726 in music -
- 1725 in music - publication of Twelve concerti, Op. 8 by Antonio Vivaldi, including the Four Seasons
- 1724 in music - Giulio Cesare by George Frideric Handel premières in London, Johann Sebastian Bach presents his St John Passion
- 1723 in music - Vivaldi composes The Seasons
- 1722 in music - Johann Sebastian Bach finishes the Book I from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Traité de l'harmonie by Jean-Philippe Rameau causes a revolution in music theory.
- 1721 in music -
- 1720 in music - Johann Sebastian Bach presents his Brandenburg Concertos to Christian Ludwig
[edit]
1710s
- 1719 in music -
- 1718 in music -
- 1717 in music -
- 1716 in music -
- 1715 in music -
- 1714 in music - Birth of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, German composer
- 1713 in music - Death: Arcangelo Corelli, Italian composer and violinist
- 1712 in music -
- 1711 in music - Rinaldo by Handel, premieres in London, the first all-Italian opera performed in London
- 1710 in music - Agrippina by Handel, premieres in Venice
[edit]
1700s
- 1709 in music -
- 1708 in music -
- 1707 in music -
- 1706 in music - Johann Pachelbel dies
- 1705 in music -
- 1704 in music -
- 1703 in music -
- 1702 in music -
- 1701 in music -
- 1700 in music -
[edit]
1690s
- 1699 in music -
- 1698 in music -
- 1697 in music -
- 1696 in music -
- 1695 in music - Henry Purcell dies
- 1694 in music -
- 1693 in music -
- 1692 in music -
- 1691 in music -
- 1690 in music -
[edit]
1680s
- 1689 in music - Dido and Aeneas, opera, by Henry Purcell and Nahum Tate (libretto) performed
- 1688 in music -
- 1687 in music - Death of Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer
- 1686 in music -
- 1685 in music - Birth of: Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Häendel (German composers, organists and harpsichordists); Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer and harpsichordist
- 1684 in music -
- 1683 in music - Birth of Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer and music theorist
- 1682 in music -
- 1681 in music -
- 1680 in music -
[edit]
1670s
- 1679 in music -
- 1678 in music - Birth of Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, Italian composer and violinist
- 1677 in music -
- 1676 in music -
- 1675 in music -
- 1674 in music -
- 1673 in music -
- 1672 in music -
- 1671 in music -
- 1670 in music -
[edit]
1660s
- 1669 in music -
- 1668 in music - Birth of François Couperin, French composer and harpsichordist
- 1667 in music -
- 1666 in music -
- 1665 in music -
- 1664 in music - Heinrich Schutz completes Weihnachtstorie
- 1663 in music -
- 1662 in music -
- 1661 in music -
- 1660 in music - Birth of Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer and harpsichordist
[edit]
1650s
- 1659 in music - Henry Purcell born
- 1658 in music -
- 1657 in music -
- 1656 in music -
- 1655 in music -
- 1654 in music -
- 1653 in music - Arcangelo Corelli, Johann Pachelbel born
- 1652 in music -
- 1651 in music - La Calisto by Francesco Cavalli
- 1650 in music -
[edit]
1640s
- 1649 in music - Giasone by Francesco Cavalli, premieres in Venice, the first opera to separate aria and recitative
- 1648 in music -
- 1647 in music -
- 1646 in music -
- 1645 in music -
- 1644 in music - Ormindo by Francesco Cavalli, premieres in Venice
- 1643 in music - death of Claudio Monteverdi
- 1642 in music - L'incoronazione di Poppea by Claudio Monteverdi, premiered in Venice
- 1641 in music -
- 1640 in music - Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria by Claudio Monteverdi, premieres in Venice
[edit]
1630s
- 1639 in music -
- 1638 in music -
- 1637 in music -
- 1636 in music -
- 1635 in music -
- 1634 in music -
- 1633 in music -
- 1632 in music - Birth of Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer
- 1631 in music -
- 1630 in music -
[edit]
1620s
- 1629 in music -
- 1628 in music -
- 1627 in music -
- 1626 in music -
- 1625 in music -
- 1624 in music -
- 1623 in music -
- 1622 in music -
- 1621 in music -
- 1620 in music -
[edit]
1610s
- 1619 in music - Michael Praetorius, Polyhymnia caduceatrix
- 1618 in music -
- 1617 in music -
- 1616 in music -
- 1615 in music -
- 1614 in music - Marco da Gagliano, Sacrarum cantionum
- 1613 in music -
- 1612 in music -
- 1611 in music - William Byrd, Fantasia a 6, No.3
- 1610 in music -
[edit]
1600s
- 1609 in music -
- 1608 in music - L'Arianna by Claudio Monteverdi
- 1607 in music - La Favola D'Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi
- 1606 in music -
- 1605 in music -
- 1604 in music -
- 1603 in music -
- 1602 in music -
- 1601 in music -
- 1600 in music - the first oratorio: Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo by Emilio de' Cavalieri
[edit]
1590s
- 1599 in music -
- 1598 in music -
- 1597 in music - John Dowland's First Book of Lute Songs; Dafne, the first known opera
- 1596 in music -
- 1595 in music -
- 1594 in music - Orlande de Lassus completes Lagrime di San Pietro (posthumously published); Orlande de Lassus dies
- 1593 in music -
- 1592 in music -
- 1591 in music -
- 1590 in music - Claudio Monteverdi, Il secondo libro de madrigali a 5
[edit]
1580s
- 1589 in music -
- 1588 in music -
- 1587 in music -
- 1586 in music -
- 1585 in music -
- 1584 in music -
- 1583 in music -
- 1582 in music -
- 1581 in music -
- 1580 in music - Appearance of three Fantasias for viol consort by William Byrd. Founding of Concerto delle donne under the direction of Luzzasco Luzzaschi: Consisting of women voices, this group becomes a significant part of Alfonso II d'Este's court entertainment.
[edit]
1570s
- 1579 in music -
- 1578 in music -
- 1577 in music -
- 1576 in music -
- 1575 in music -
- 1574 in music -
- 1573 in music -
- 1572 in music -
- 1571 in music -
- 1570 in music -
[edit]
1560s
- 1569 in music -
- 1568 in music -
- 1567 in music - Birth of Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer and singer
- 1566 in music -
- 1565 in music -
- 1564 in music -
- 1563 in music -
- 1562 in music -
- 1561 in music -
- 1560 in music - First works for Viol Consort attributed to William Byrd
[edit]
1550s
- 1559 in music -
- 1558 in music -
- 1557 in music -
- 1556 in music -
- 1555 in music -
- 1554 in music -
- 1553 in music -
- 1552 in music -
- 1551 in music -
- 1550 in music -
[edit]
1540s
- 1549 in music -
- 1548 in music -
- 1547 in music -
- 1546 in music -
- 1545 in music -
- 1544 in music -
- 1543 in music -
- 1542 in music -
- 1541 in music -
- 1540 in music - Thomas Tallis begins writing his first works for the Latin church service.
[edit]
1530s
- 1539 in music -
- 1538 in music - printing of the first Protestant hymn-book, Ein Hubsch new Gesangbuch; publication of the first book of madrigals by Maddalena Casulana, the first printed book of music by a woman in European history.
- 1537 in music -
- 1536 in music -
- 1535 in music -
- 1534 in music -
- 1533 in music -
- 1532 in music -
- 1531 in music -
- 1530 in music -
[edit]
1520s
- 1529 in music -
- 1528 in music -
- 1527 in music -
- 1526 in music -
- 1525 in music - birth of Palestrina
- 1524 in music -
- 1523 in music -
- 1522 in music - death of Jean Mouton (c. 1459 – October 30, 1522)
- 1521 in music - death of Josquin
- 1520 in music -
[edit]
1510s
- 1519 in music -
- 1518 in music -
- 1517 in music -
- 1516 in music -
- 1515 in music -
- 1514 in music -
- 1513 in music -
- 1512 in music -
- 1511 in music -
- 1510 in music -
[edit]
1500s
- 1509 in music -
- 1508 in music -
- 1507 in music -
- 1506 in music -
- 1505 in music -
- 1504 in music -
- 1503 in music -
- 1502 in music -
- 1501 in music - publication of Harmonice Musices Odhecaton by Ottaviano Petrucci, the first printed collection of polyphonic music
- 1500 in music -
[edit]
Early history
- 1499 in music
- 1490s in music
- 1483 Johannes Ockeghem completes Requiem
- 1470 in music First chansons attributed to Alexander Agricola appear
- 1360s in music Guillaume de Machaut composes Messe de Nostre Dame, the first complete polyphonic ordinary of the mass
- 1st millennium BC in music
- 2nd millennium BC in music
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Timeline of musical events" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on original research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
