The Principle of Hope
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| - | '''''Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844''''' (also referred to as '''''The Paris Manuscripts''''') are a series of notes written between April and August [[1844]] by [[Karl Marx]]. Not published by Marx during his lifetime, they were first released in [[1927]] by [[Philosophy in the Soviet Union|researchers in the Soviet Union]]. | ||
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| - | The notebooks are an early expression of Marx's analysis of economics and critique of [[G.W.F. Hegel]]. The notes cover a wide range of topics including [[private property]], [[communism]], and [[money]]. They are best known for their early expression of Marx's argument that the conditions of modern industrial societies result in the estrangement (or [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]]) of wage-workers from their own life. | ||
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| - | Because the 1844 manuscripts show Marx's thought at the time of its early genesis, their publication has profoundly affected recent scholarship on Marx and [[Marxism]], particularly regarding the relation of Marxism to earlier work in [[German Idealism]]. The [[young Marx]] had been ignored until recently, because his early works were considered more "philosophical" and not enough "scientific", that is, "economic" as in ''[[Das Kapital]]''. However, [[Marxist humanists]] regard this book as one of the most important books of Marx and crucial for understanding his thought, and [[Marxian]]s also refer to it. | ||
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| - | In the first manuscript, [[Marx's theory of alienation|Marx exposes his theory of alienation]], which he adapted from [[Ludwig Feuerbach|Feuerbach]]'s ''[[The Essence of Christianity]]'' (1841). He explains how, under [[capitalism]], more and more people rely on "labour" to live. That is, before people could rely in part on [[Nature]] itself for its "natural needs"; in modern society, if one wants to eat, one must work: it is only through [[money]] that one may survive. Thus, if the alienation of the worker consists in being a "slave toward its object", the worker is doubly alienated: "first, he receives an object of labour, that is he finds work [as one says: 'I finally found work!'], and second, he receives means of subsistence. He thereby owes it [to labour] the possibility to exist first as a worker, second as a physical subject. The last straw of this servitude [or serfdom] is that it is only his quality as a worker that permits him to continue to conserve himself as a physical subject, and it is only as a physical subject that he can be a worker". In other words, the worker relies on labour to find money to be able to live; but he doesn't simply live, he actually only survives, as a worker. Labour is only used to create more wealth, instead of achieving the fulfillment of "human nature". This intervention of the concept of "[[human nature]]" has also been one of the long-standing factors in this text's being largely ignored, as it seemed too "humanist" and therefore akin to [[liberalism]] and bourgeois philosophy (in a literal sense: a philosophy founded on the ''bourgeois'' rights of Man proclaimed in the 1789 [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]). | ||
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| - | == See also == | ||
| - | *[[Young Marx]] | ||
| - | * [[Marxist aesthetics]] | ||
| - | * ''[[History and Class Consciousness]]'' | ||
| - | * ''[[The Principle of Hope]]'' | ||
| - | * [[Young Marx]] | ||
| + | '''''The Principle of Hope''''' is a book by the Marxist philosopher [[Ernst Bloch]], published in three volumes in 1954, 1955, and 1959, in which the author explores utopianism, studying the utopian impulses present in art, literature, religion and other forms of cultural expression, and envisages a future state of absolute perfection. ''The Principle of Hope'' has become fundamental to dialogue between Christians and Marxists. | ||
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Revision as of 13:51, 7 May 2018
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The Principle of Hope is a book by the Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch, published in three volumes in 1954, 1955, and 1959, in which the author explores utopianism, studying the utopian impulses present in art, literature, religion and other forms of cultural expression, and envisages a future state of absolute perfection. The Principle of Hope has become fundamental to dialogue between Christians and Marxists.
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