The Discovery of a World in the Moone  

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The Discovery of a World in the Moone, or, a Discourse Tending to Prove, that ’tis probable there may be another habitable World in that Planet (1638) is a text by John Wilkins.

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7 Mars . Projeğine cores setpengar Venus . uc con mnibw DO calorem moturt noua fovent ornant . Vniverfü Vtinam , ct ale Quid fi pe ? Mutuo fcilluminates Hic zjus oculi A Diſcourſe, concerning A NEW world & Another Planet In 2 Bookcs? Printedfor Tohn Maynard , lesare to be fold at the George,in Flectstreet ncare Si Dunstans Church.1640, Copernicus . Marſhall,Sculpsit . Galiaus Koplar . тА THE FIRST BOOK, THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW WORLD OR, A Diſcourſerending to prove , that'cis probable there may be another habitable World in the Moone. With a Diſcourſe concerning the poſſibility of a Paſſage thither. The third impreſsion. Corrected and enlarged . Quid tibiinquis iſta proderunt ? Sinihil aliud, hoc certè,feiam omnia hic angufta elle, Seneca præf. ad s. lib.Nat.Quält. LONDON : Printed by John NORTON for IơHN MAYNARD , and are to be ſold at the George in Fleetſtreer, neere St.Dunstons Church . 1.6.4 0. Р EKL. ) DEUTSCHES MUSEUM Sig. Graf Klinckowstroom ) едучих «4*за,чтани яваа itнэг :) Ля - дгийг 12. dosos D.O. To the Reader. SLATURRAND ti WE F amongſt thy lei Jure houres , thou can't ſpareany for the perufal of this diſcourfe , and doft looke to find fome what in it which may ſerve for thy in formation and benefit: letmethen ad viſe thee to come unto it with an equall minde , not fi.ayed by prejudice , but indifferently reſolved to affent unto thať truth which upon deliberation Jhällſeeme moſt probableuntothy rea fon , and then Idoubt not , but either hou wilt agree with mee in this aßer tion , or at leaft not think it to be as farre from truth, as it is from com Tubo > 9 mion opinio" . The Epiſtle Two cautions there are which I would willingly admoniſh thee ofin the beginning. !. That thou ſhouldſtnot here looke to find any exact, accurate Treatiſe, Since this diſcourſe was but the fruit of ſoine lighter ſtudies, and thoſe too hudled up in a ſhorttime, be ingfirſt thought of and finiſhed in theſpace of ſome few weekes, and therefore you cannot in reaſon pect,that it ſhould be ſo poliſhed,as perhaps, theſubject would require, or the leiſure ofthe Author might bavedoneit. 2. To remember that I promiſe only probable arguments for theproofe of this opinion, and therefore you muſt not looke that every conſes quence fhould be ofan undeniable dependance , or that the truth of each argument fhould bee meaſured by! to the Reader. as by its neceſsity.Igrant that fome A ſtronomical appearances mayposſibly beſolved otherwiſe than herethey are. But the thingIaime at is this, that probably theymay ſobeſolved, I have here ſet themdowne: Which, ifit be granted ( as Ithink itmuft) then Idoubtnot, but the indifferent Reader willfindſomefatisfa &tion in the maine thing that is to beproved Many ancient Philoſophers of the better note ; have formerly defended this affertion , which Ihave here laid downe; and it were to be wiſhed, that ſome of us would more apply our ens deavours unto the examination oftheſe old opinions,Dolich though they have for a long time lien neglected by others, yet in them may g'oufind manytruths well worthy your paines and obſervatia on. Tis a falfe conceitfor us to thinke, that amongſt the ancient varietie and 13 ſearch The Epiſtle ſearch ofopinions , the beſt hath ſtill prevailed . Time (faith the learned Verulam) ſeemes to be of the nature of ariver or ſtreame , which carrieth down to us that which is light or blown up, but ſinketh that which is weighty and folid. от It is my deſire that by the occaſi mn of this diſcourſe , Imay raiſe up fome more active ſpirit to a ſearch after other hidden and unkroupne trutlis. Since it muſt needes be agreat impediment unto the growth ofſcia ences , for men ſtill ſo to plod on upon beaten principles, as to beafraid of en tertaining any thing that mayſeeme ta contradict them. Anunwillingnefje to take ſuch things into examination , one of thoſe errours of learning in theſe times obſerved by the juz dicious' Verulam Queſtionleſe, there are many ſecret truths, which the 2 to the Reader. the ancients have paſſed over, that are yet left to make ſome of our age fa. mous for their diſcovery. If by this occaſion I may provoke any Reader to an attempt ofthis na túre , Iſhallthink myfelfe happy, and this workeſucceſſefull. Farewell. 1 1 1 LIB.I. Cap.i. The firſt Book . - That the Moone may be a World . The firſt Propoſition, by way of Preface. mand That the ſtrangeneffe of this opinion is no fufficient reaſon why it ſhould be rejer ted ,becauſe other certaine truthshave beene formerly eſteemed ridiculous,and great abſurdities entertained by com mon conſent. Here is an earneftneffe and hungering after noveltie , which doch RUE ftill adhere unto all our natures , and it is part of that primitive image , thatwide extentand infinite B capacity 2 That the Moone L1B.I. capacity at firſt created in the heart Cap.i. of man. For this, ſince its depra vation in Adam , perceiving it felfe altogether emptied of any good, doth now - catch after every new thing , conceiving that poſsibly it mayfinde ſatisfačtion among ſome of its fellow creatures. But our ene mie the devill ( who ſtrives ſtill to pervert our gifts , and beat us with our owneweapons) hath fo contriy'd it , that any truth doth now ſeeme diſtaſtefull for that very reaſon , for which errour is entertain'd .. No velty. For let but ſomeupſtarthere Le be fet abroach , and preſently there are ſome out of a curious hu mour; others, as if they watched an occaſion of fingulærity , will take it up for canonicall, andmake it part of their creedeand profeſsion; whereas ſolitary truth cannot any-where find ſoready entertainment, but the ſame Novelty which is eſteemed the com mendation of errour,and makes that acceptable, is counted the fault of truth,and cauſes that to be rejected . How did the incredulous World gaze > may be a World. 3 gaze at Columbus, when hee promiſed LIB.1 . to diſcover another part of the earth,; Cap.io. and he could not for a long time, by his confidence, or arguments, induce any of the Chriſtian Princes, either to aſſent unto his opinion , orgoe to the charges of an experiment? Now ifhe, whohad ſuch good grounds for his affertion , could finde no better enter : tainement among the wiſer fort, and upper end of the World , ' tis not like. ly then that this opinion which I now deliver , ſhall receive any thing from the men oftheſe dayes , eſpecially our vulgar wits,butmisbeliefe or deriſion. It hathalwayes beene the unhappi neſſe ofnew truths in Philoſophy, to be derided by thoſe that are ignorant of the cauſes of thingswand rejected by others, whoſe perverſeneſſe ties them to the contrary opinion , men whoſe envious pride willnot allow any new thing for truth ,which they themſelves were not the firſt inventors of. So that I mayjuſtly expect to be accuſed of a pragmaticallignorance, & bold often tation, eſpecially ſince forthis opinion Xenophanes, aman whoſe authority was ze B 2 . able 4 That the Moone LIB.I. able to adde ſomecredit to his aſſer Cap.1. tion, could not eſcape the like cenſure from others. For Natales Comes fpeak. Mycholog lib.3.c.17. ing of that Philoſopher , and this his opinion , ſaith thus; Nonnulli ne nihil frifle videantur, aliqua nova monfira in Philoſophiam introducunt,ut alicujus reiin . cventoresfuilleappareant. Some there care who left they might ſeeme to « know nothing, will bringupmon ſtrous abſurdities in Philoſophy, that ſo afterward they may be fa " med for the invention ofſomewhat. Theſame Author doth alſo in another Lib.7.c.r. place accuſe Anaxagoras of follyfor the ſame opinion .Eft enim non ignobilis gradus ftultitie , vel fi neſcias quid dicas;ta men velle de rebus propofitis hanc velillam “ partem ſtabilire. 'Tis none of the worſt-kindes of folly, boldly to af << firme one ſide or other, when a man “ knowes notwhatto ſay . If theſe men were thus cenſur'd , I may juſtly then expect to be derided by moſt, and to be beleeved by few or none ; eſpecially ſince this opinion feemes to carry init ſomuch ſtrange nefſe, and contradiction to the gene rall CC CC may be a World. 5 rall conſentof others. But how ever , L18.I. I am reſolved that this ſhall not be cap.ro any diſcouragement, ſince I know that it is not common opinion that can ej ther adde or detract from the truth. For, 1. Other truths have beene formerly eſteemed altogether as ridiculous as this can be. 2. Grofle abſurdities have beene en tertained by generall opinion . I ſhall give aninſtance of each, that ſo I may the better prepare the Reader to conſider things withouta prejudice, when hee ſhallſee that the cominon oppoſition againſt this which I affirme, cannot any way derogate from its truth. 1. Other truths have beene for merly accounted as ridiculous as this . I ſhall ſpecifie that of the Antipudes, which have beene denied, and laught at by many wiſe men and great Schol fers, ſuch as were Herodotus, Chryfo. Vid.lofeph. Acofta.de ftome, Auſline, Ladantius, the venerable Bede, Lucretius the Poet, Procopius, and orbis lib.i. the voluminous Abulenfis , together cap. s . with all thoſe Fathers or other Au thors Batonovi B 3 6 That the Moone CC LIB . I. chors who denied - the roundneffe of Cap.1, the heavens. Herodotus counted it ſo horrible an abſurdity , that hee could not forbeare laughing to think of it. Γελώ Η δρών γης σειόδες γράψαντας και πολλές ήθη και *Λένα νόον έχοντας εξηγησεωχον δι Ω 'κανόντε δεόντει zgáépkor, mies rhote pei išsay RUKAOTEPéc os Sto Topus. “ I cannot chooſe but laugh, ( faith he) to ſee ſo many men venture to de “ fcribe the earths compaſſe, relating " thoſe things that are without all " ſenſe , as that the Sea flowes about " the World,and that the earth it felfe “ is idund as an Orbe. But this great ignorance is not ſo much to be ad mired in him , as in thoſe learneder of later times , when all Sciences began to flouriſh in the World. Such were St.Chryfoftome, who in his 14 HO mily upon the Epiſtle to the Hebrewes, dos make a chalenge to any man that ſhall dare to defend that the heavens are round , and not rather as a tent . Thus likewiſe S. Auftine, who cen ſures that relation of the Antipodes Dci. hb.16 . cap.9 . to be an incredible fable; and with him Inftitut.l.3. agrees the eloquent Lactantius, Quid illi qui eſſe contrarios veftigiis noftris An. tipodes men De civit. 0.24 may be a World. 7 CC tipodes putant ? num aliquid loquuntur ? LIB . I , aut eft quiſpiam tam ineptus, qui credat Cap.l. elle homines, quorum veſtigia funtſuperio ra quam capita ? ,aut ibi que apud nos jája. cent inverfa pendere ? fruges &arbores de orſum verfus crefcere,pluvias ( nives, & grandinem furſum verſus cadere in ter ram ? lo miratur aliquis hortos penfiles inter ſeptem mira narrari , quum Philofo phi, & agros de maria, Gurbes ã mon tespenples faciunt, & c.What ( faith he) are they that think there are Anti “ podes, ſuch as walk with their feet againſt ours ? doe they ſpeake any Colikelihood ? or is there any one ſo " fooliſh as to beleeve that there are ( men whoſe heeles are higher than " their heads : that things which with us doe lie on the ground, doe hang " there that the Plants and Trees ( grow downwards that the haile,and " raine, and ſnow fall upwards to the " earth and doe we admire the hang “ ing Orchards amongſt the ſeven cwonders , whereas here the Philo ſophers have made the field and “ Seas, the Cities & mountains hang . ing ? What ſhall wethink (faith hee fo CC CC C CC CC CC Bº4 in 8 That the Moone. S LIB . 1. in Plutarch) that men doe cling to thạc Cap.l. place like wormes , or hang by their clawes as Cats : or if weſuppoſe a man a little beyond the Center , to be dig. ging with a ſpade, is it likely (as it muſt beaccording to this opinion )that the earth which hee looſened , ſhould of it felfe afcend upwards? or elſe ſuppoſe two men with their middles about the Center, the feet of the one being placed where the head of the other is, and ſo two other men croſſe them , yet all theſemen thus ſituated according tothis opinion ſhould ſtand upright, and many other ſuch groſſe confequenceswould follow ( faith he) whichafalſe imagination is not able to fancie as poſsible. Vpon which conſiderations , Bede alſo denies the De ratione being of any Antipodes, Neque enim temporum , Antipodarum ullatenus eli Fabulis ac Cap.32, " commodandus aflenſus, Nor ſhould we " any longer aſſentto the Fable of An «s tipodes. So alſo Lucretius the Poet ſpeaking of theſame ſubject, ſayes, Sed vanus ftolidis hæc omnia finxerit error , rum , Lib.i. That ſomeidle fancie faigned theſe for C De naive may be...a World . 9 3 for fooles to beleeve . Ofthis opinion LIB. 1 . was Procopius Gazaus , but hee was Cap.i. perſwaded to it by another kinde of Coment.in reaſon ; for hee thought that all the .Cap.Gen. earth under us was funk in the water, according to the faying ofthePfalmift, Pfal.24.2, He hath founded the earth upon the Seas ; and therefore hee accounted it not inhabited by any. Nay, Toftatus a man of later yeares and generall learning , doth alſo confidently deny that there are any ſuch Antipodes ; though the reaſon which hee urges for it, benot ſo abſurd as the former ; For the Apoſtles, faith hee, travelled Comment.in through the whole habitable world, 1. Genes. but they never paſſed the Equinocti all, and if you anſwer that they are ſaid to goe through all the earth , be cauſe they went through all the knowneworld ; he replies, that this is not fufficient, ſince Chriſt would have 1 Tim.2.4 all men to be ſaved, and come to the knowledge ofhis truth, and therefore ’tis requiſite that they ſhould have tra velled thither alſo, ifthere had beene any Inhabitants , eſpecially ſince hee did exprefly command them to goe and 10 That the Moone Aventinus LlB.I. and teach all nations , and preach the Cap.1. Goſpell through the whole world , and Mat28.19 therefore he thinks that as there are nomen , fo neither are there feas , or rivers , or any other conveniencie for habitation. ' Tis commonly related of. one Virgilius, that hee was excommu Annal. Boie nicated and condemned for a Here erum.lib.3.tique by Zachary Biſhop of Rome, be cauſe hee was not of the ſame opinion. Annal. Eco Bur Baroniusſayes, it was becauſe hee clef. A.D. thought there was another habitable 748 world within ours. How ever , you may well enough diſcerne in theſe ex amples how confident many of theſe great Schollars were in ſo groſſe an er rour, how unlikely, what an incredi ble thing it ſeemed to them, that there ſhould be any,Antipodes ; and yet now this truth is as certaine and plain, as ſenſe or demonſtration can make it. This then which I now deliver, is not to be rejected , though it may feeme to contradict the common opi nion. 2. Groffe abſurdities have beene entertained by generall conſent. I might inſtance in many remarkable examples, may be a World . 11 LIBil . examples , but I will onely ſpeake of the ſuppoſed labour of the Moone in Cap. I. her eclipſes , becauſe this is neereſt to the chiefe matterin hand, and was re ceived as a common opinion amongſt many ofthe Ancients, In ſo much that from hence they ſtiled eclipſes by the name of railin paſsions, or in the phraſe of the Poets, Solis lunæq; labores. And therefore Plutarch ſpeaking ofa Lunary eclipſe , relates , that at ſuch times 'twasa cuſtome amongſt the Ro. mans ( the moſt civill and learned people in the world) to ſound braffe Inſtruments , and hold great torches toward the heaven. Tã Pwuetan (comp.mil. και Ρωμαίων Ενενομισμθύον χαλκάπ πατάρις ανακαλεμένων το φώς αυτής και πυρά πολλα θαλείς και στον αυχέντων σεύς Tèv šedevov. For by this meanes they ſup poſed the Moone was much eaſed in her labours ; and therefore Ovid calls ſuch loud Inſtruments the auxiliaries or helps oftheMoone, Metam . Cumfruftra refonant eraauxiliaria Luna. And therefore the Satyriſt too,defcri bing a loud Scold , fayes, She was able و Ir vita Paul.de Lib.4. to SUCHES MUSEUA BIBLIOTHEK 121 That the Moone SAI.6 . LIB.I. to make noiſe enough to deliver the Cap. &. labouring Moone. Fuven. Vna laborantipoteritfuccurrere Luna . Nowthe reaſon ofallthis their ce remonie, was, becauſe they feared the world would fall aſleepe, when one of its eyes began to wink , and there fore they would doe what they could by loud ſounds to rouſe it from its drowſineſſe, and keepe it awake : by bright torches,to beſtow that light up on it which it began to loſe. Some of them thought hereby to keepe the Moone in her orbe, where as otherwiſe ſhee would have fallen downe upon the earth, and the world would have loſt one of its lights ; for the credulous people beleeved , that Inchanters and Witches could bring the Moone downe , which made Vir gil ſay, Cantus de coelo poſſuntdeducere Lunam , And thoſe Wizards knowing the times of her eclipſes', would then threaten to ſhew their skill, bypulling her 'out of her orbe. So that when the filly multitude ſaw that ſhee began to looke may be a World. 13 Сар Lib.2.6.82. looke red , they preſently feared they Lib.d. ſhould loſe thebenefit ofher light and Cap.r. therefore made a greatnoiſethat ſhee might not heare the found of thoſe Charmes , which would otherwiſe bringher downe, and this is rendred for a reaſon of this cuſtome by Pliny and Propertius : Nat.Hift. Cantus &è curru lunam deducere tentant, Etfacerent, finon era repulfa fonent. Plutarch gives another reaſon of it, and he ſayes, ' tis becauſe they would haſten the Moone out of the dark ſhade wherein ſhewas involy'd , that ſo ſhee might bring awaythe foules of thoſe Saints that inhabit within her, which cry outby reaſon theyare then deprived of their wonted happi neſſe , and cannot heare the Muſick of the Spheares,but are forced to behold the torments , and wailing of thoſe damned fouleswhich are repreſented to them as they are tortured in the re gion of the ayre. But whether this or what ever elſe was the meaning of this ſuperſtition , yet certainly ' twas a very ridiculous cuſtome, and bewray ed a great ignorance of thoſe ancient times, 14 That the Moone Lle.i. times 3; eſpecially ſince it was not only Gap.i. received by the vulgar , ſuch as were men of leſſe note and learning, but be leeved alſo by the more famous and wiſer fort , ſuch as were thoſe great Poets, Stefichorus and Pindar. And not onely amongſt the more ſottiſh Hea thens , who might account that Pla net to be one of their gods; but the Primitive Chriſtians alſo were in this kind guilty , which made Saint Am . broſe fo tartly to rebuke thoſe of his time, when heſaid , Tum turbatur car. minibus Globus Lune , quando calicibus tur bantur &oculi. Whenyourheads " are troubled with cups, then you " think theMooneto be troubled with u charmes. And for this reaſon alſo did Maxi. mus a Biſhop,write a Homily againſt it, Turinens Epifc. wherein hee ſhewed the abſurdity of that fooliſh ſuperſtition. I remember that Ludovicus Vives relates a more ri diculous ſtory of a people that im priſoned an Affe for drinking up the Moone, whoſe image appearing in the water , was covered with a cloud as the Afle was drinking, for which the poore may be a World . 15 poore beaſt was afterward brought to LIB.i. the barre to receive a ſentence . ac- Cap.I. Сар cording to his deſerts ,where the grave Senate being ſet to examine themat ter , one of the Counſell ( perhaps wiſer than the reſt) riſes up , and out of his deepe judgement thinks it not fit that their Towne ſhould loſe its Moone,butthat rather the Affe ſhould be cut up and that taken out ofhim; which ſentence being approved by the reſt of thoſe Politicians , as the ſubtileſt way for the concluſion of the matter, was accordingly perform ed . But whether this tale were true or no, I will not queſtion ; however, there is abſurdity enough in that for mer cuſtome of the Ancients that may confirme the truth to be proved , and plainely declare the inſufficiencie of common opinion to adde true worth or eſtimation unto any thing. So that from that which I have faid may be gathered thus much. 1. That a new truth may ſeeme ab furd and impoſsible not onely to the vulgar , but to thoſe alſo who are otherwiſe wiſe men and excel lent 16 That the Moones Lib. I. Cap.i.

lent Schollars ; and hence it will follow that every new thing which ſeemes to oppoſe common princi ples is not preſently to berejected, but rather to be pry'd into with a diligent enquiry, ſince thereare ma. ny things which are yet hid from us, and reſery'd for future difco verie. 2. That it is not the commonneffe of an opinion that can priviledge it for a truth ; thewrongway is ſometime a well beaten path , whereas the right way ( eſpecially to hidden truths) may be leffe trodden and more obſcure. ! True indeed , the ſtrangeneffe of this opinion will detract much from its credit ; but yet wee ſhould know that nothing isin it felfe ſtrange, ſince eve ry naturall effect has an equall depen dance upon its cauſe, and with the like neceſsity doth follow from it ; ſo that 'tis our ignorance which makes things appeare ſo; and hence it comes to pafle that many more evident truths ſeeme incredible to ſuch who know not the cauſes of things': you may as ſoone per maybe a World 17 perſwade fome Country Peaſants that LIB.I. the Moone is made of grecne Cheeſe Cap.i. ( as 'wee fay ) as' that 'tis bigger than his Cart-wheele , lince both feeme equally to contradi&t his fight, and he has not reaſon ' enough to leade him farther than his fenfes. Nay fuppofe (faith Plutarchy a Philoſopher ſhould be educated in ſuch a ſecret place, where hee might not ſee either Seaor River , and afterwards ſhould be brought out where one night thew himthe great Ocean , telling him the quality of that water , that it is bracka ith ſalt and not potable , and yetthere were many vaſt creatures ofall forms living in it, which makë uſe ofthewa ter as wee doe ofthe 'ayre, queſtion leffe hee would laugh at all this as be ing monſtrous lies , and fables , with out any colour of truth . Juſt To will this truth which I now deliver,appeare unto others ;becauſe we never dreamt of any ſuch matter as a World in the Moone, becauſe the ſtate of thatplace hath as yet beene vailed from our knowledge, thereforewecan ſcarcely affent to any ſuch matter. Things áre С very i8 That the Moong Cap.i. . LİB.I. very hardly received which are alto gather ſtrange to our thoughts and our fenſes. The foule may with leſſe dif ficulty bebrought to beleeve any ab furdity, when as it has formerly beene acquainted with ſome colours and probabilities for it; but when a new , and an unheard of truth ſhall come be fore it , though it have good grounds and reaſons, yet the underſtanding is afraid ofit as a ſtranger, and dares not admit it into his beleefe , without a great deale of reluctancie and triall. And beſides, things that are notmani feſted to the ſenſes , are not aſſented unto without ſome labour of minde, ſome travaile and diſcourſe of the un . derſtanding , and many lazie ſoules had ratherquietly repofe themſelves in an eaſie erróur, than take paines to fearch outthe truth . Theſtrangeneſle then of this opinion which I now de liver , will be agreat hinderance to its beliefe , but this is not tobe reſpected by reaſon it cannot be helped. Ihave ſtood the longer in the Preface , be: cauſe that prejudice which the meere title of thebooke may beget , cannot eaſily ģ may be a World . 19 ur f Cap.i. $ S t 2 ܪ eaſily be removed without a great LIB.I. deale of preparation , and I could not tell otherwiſe how to - rectifie the thoughts of the Reader for an im partiall ſurvey of the following dif courſe. I muſt needs confeſſe, though Ihad often thought with my felfe that it was poſsible there might be a world in theMoone , yet it ſeemed ſuch an Uncouth opinion that I neverdurft dif cover it, før -feare of being counted fingular , and ridiculous ; but after ward having read Plutarch,Galileus,Ke. plar, with ſomeothers, and finding many of mineowne thoughts confir med byſuch ſtrong authority , I then concluded that it wasnot onely pol-, fible there might bebutprobable that there was another hábitable world in that Planét. In the proſecuting ofthis affertion I fhall firſt endeavour to cleare the way from ſuch doubts as may hinder the ſpeed or leaſe of fạr: ther progreffe , and becauſe the fup poſitionsimply'd in this opinion, may ſeeme to .contradictthe principles of reaſonorfaith , it will berequiſitethat C2 I firſt 26 That the Mome . LIBI. I firſt remove this ſcruple, ſhewing the Cap.2. conformity of them to both theſe, and proving thoſe truths that may make wäy forthe reſt Which I ſhall la bour to performe in the ſecond,third, fourth, and fifth Chapters , and then proceedeto confirme fuch Propoſiti ons which doe more difeâly belong to themaine point in handiciae ?: 8:00 2 Propoſition کر بالتعبنييييييمتييبببببببیت That a plurality ofworlds dóth notcontra 1 di&t any principle of reaſon or faith TI . Is reported of Ariſtotle that when he fawthe Books of Mofes, hee commendedthem for ſuchamajeſtick ſtile as might become a .God , bút withall hea cenſured that manier of writing to bevery unfittingfor a Phi loſopher; becauſe thererwas nothing proved inthem , but matters were de livered as if they wouldrather com mand than perlwade beliefe. And ?tis obſervedthat hide fets dirwhenothing him may be a World. 21 himſelfe , but hee confirmes it by the Lib.i. ſtrongeſt reaſons that may be found, Cap.z. there being ſcarce an argument of force for any ſubject in Philofophy, which may not be picked out of his Writings and therefore'tis likely if there were in reaſon a neceſsityofone onely world , that hee would have found out ſome ſuch neceſſaryproofe as might confirme it : Eſpecially ſince hệe labours for it ſo much in two whole Chapters, But now allthe ar guments which hee himſelfe urges in this ſubject, are very weake, and farre De Cielo enough from having in them any con vincing power. Therefore ' tis likely that a plurality of worlds doth not contradict any principle of reaſon. However , I will ſet-downe the two chiefe ofhis argumentsfrom his owne works, and from them you may gueſſe the force of the other. The firft is this, fince every heavie Ibid. body doth naturally tend downwards, and every lightbody upwards, what a hudling and confuſion muſt there be ifthere were two places forgravity, and two places for lightneſſe : for it 2.1.6.8.9 . C 3 is 22 That the Moone De operis bus Dei. LIB.I. is probable that theearth of that other Cap.2. world would falldown to this Center, and fo mutually the ayre and fire here afcend to thoſe Regions in the other, which muſt needs much derogate from the providence of nature, and cauſe a great diſorder in his works. But ratio hæc eft minimè firma , ( faith Z anchy ) And if you well conſider the part.z.lib. 2.cap.z. nature of gravity , you will plainely ſee there is no ground to feare any fuch confuſion , for heavineſſe is no thing elſe but ſuch a quality as cauſes a propenſion in its ſubject to tend downwards towards its owne Center; ſo that for ſome ofthat earth to come hither, would not be faida fall but an aſcenſion, ſince it moved from its own place, and this would be impoſsible (faith Ruvio ) becauſe againſt nature, and therefore no more to be feared De Calo 21.6.9.q.1. thanthe falling of theHeavens. If you reply that then according to this , there muſt be more Centers of gravity than one ; I anſwer. ' Tis ve ry probable there are, nor can we well conceive, what any piece ofthe Moon would doe being ſevered from the reſt may be a World. 23 lib.3. reſt in thefreeandopen ayre, but only Lib.l. L16.1 returne unto it againe. Cap.2 . Another argument hec had from Mctaphys. his Maſter Plaro, that there is but one 1.120.8 . world , becauſe there is but one first piog.Laert. mover , God. Infirma etiam eft hæc ratio ( ſaith Zani chy) and wemay juſtly deny the con, ſequence, ſince a plurality of worlds doth not take away the unity of the firſt mover. Vt enim formafubftantialis, foc primum efficiens apparentem ſolummodo. multiplicitatem induit per fignatam male riam ( faith a Country -man of ours. ) Nic.Hill.de As the ſubſtantiall forme, ſo the effici. Philoſop. ent'cauſe hath only an appearing mul- tic 379. tiplicity from its particular natter. You may ſee this point more largely handled , and theſe Arguments more fully anſwered by Plutarch in his booke ( why Oracles are ſilent ) and Iacob Carpentarius in his comment on Alcinous. But our oppoſites the Interpreters themſelves , (who too often doe ju rare in verba magiſtri) will grantthat there is not any ſtrength in theſe con ſequences , and certainly then ſuch weake Epic.par C4 That the Moone 24 Plutarch . de tranq. arim . Lib . I. weakë arguments could not covince Сар.2 . that wiſe Philoſopher, whoin his o ther opinionswaswontto be ſwayed by the ſtrength and power of reaſon : wherefore I ſhould rather think that he hadſome by-reſpect, which made him firſt affentto this opinion, andaf. terwards ſtrive to proveit. Perhaps it was becauſe hee feared to diſpleaſe his fcholler Alexander, of whom 'tis related that he wept to heare a diſpu tation of another world, ſince he had not then attained the Monarchy of this ; his reſtleſſe wide heart would have eſteemed this Globe of Earth not big enoughfor him, if there had beene another, which made the Saty riſt fay ofhim , Fuvena ! æftuar infælix angufto limite mundi. « That he did vex himſelfeand ſweat « in his deſires, as being pend up in a narrow roome, when hee was con « fin'd bút to one world. Before, he thought to feat himſelfe next the Gods ;butnow, when hee had done his beſt, hee muſt be content with fome equall, or perhaps ſuperiour Kings. It

may be 4 World. C d

S ? It maybe, thar Ariftorte was mo- LIB . ved to this opinion , that hee might Capozi. thereby takefrom Alexander the occa fion of this feare and diſcontent; or elſe, perhaps, Ariftotle himſelfe was as loth. to hold the poſsibility of a world whichhe couldnot diſcover, as Alexander wasto heare of one which he could not conquer. ' Tis likely that ſome ſuch hy -reſpect moved him to this opinion, ſince the arguments hee urges for it, are confeſt by his zealous. followers and commentators , to be very fleight and frivolous , andthey themſelves granr , what I am now to prove , that there is not any evidence in the light of naturall reaſon , which can fufficiently manifeft thatthere is butoneworld. Bur however ſome may object, would itnot be inconvenient and dan apa gerous to admit ofſuch opinions that doe deſtroy thoſe principles' of Ari. fotle, which all the worldhathſo long followed ? This queſtion is much controverted Apologiz by ſome of the Romißh Divines ; Cam- pro Gam panells hath writ a Treatiſe in defence likko. of 11 " 리 a 1 26 That the Moone 6.6. L18.11 of it in whom you may ſee many Cap.z. things worth the reading and notice. To it I anſwer, that this poſition in Philofophy , doth not bring any in convenience to thereſt, fince 'tis not Ariftocle , but truth that ſhould bethe rule ofour opinionsand ifthey be not both found together , we may ſay to him , as hee ſaid to his Maſter Plato , Etbic.l.s . la recoño 38 opray sina , ona mestuar shteter. « Though Plato were his friend , yet 2cc liee would rather adhere to truth 6C than him. I muſt needs grant, that wee are all much beholden to the induſtry of the ancient Philofophers, and more eſpe cially to Ariftoile, for the greater part ofourlearning,; but yet‘ ris not ingra titudeto ſpeak againſt him , whenhec oppoſeth truth , for then many ofthe Fathers would be very guilty, eſpeci ally fuftin , who hath writ a Treatiſe purpoſely againſt him . Bur ſuppoſethis opinion were falſe, yet ’tis not againſt the faith, and ſo it mayſerve for the better confirmation of that which is true ; the ſparks of er. rour, being forc'dout by oppoſition , 3 3 as may be a World. 27 . as the ſparks of fire by the ſtriking of LIB . I. the Aint and ſteele. But ſuppoſe too Cap.2. that it were hereticall, and againſt the faith, yet may it be admitted with the ſame priviledge as Ariſtotle , from whom many more dangerous opini ons have proceeded : as that the world is eternall, that God cannot have while to looke after theſe inferi our things, thatafrer death there is no reward or puniſhment, and ſuch like blafphemies , which ſtrike directly at the fundamentals ofourReligion . So that it is juſtly to be wondred why ſome ſhould be ſo ſuperſtitious in theſedayes, as to ſtick cloſer unto him, than unto Scripture asif his Phi lofophy were the onely foundationof all divine truths. Vpon theſe grounds both Se. Vino, centius and Serafinus deformo ( as I have ſeenethem quoted ) think that Ariftorle was the violl of Gods wrath , which was powred out upon the watersof wifedom by the third Angel ; But Rev.16.4 for mypart ,I think the world is much beholden to him for all its ſciences. But yet 'twere a ſhame for theſe later ages 28 That the Moone > Libl. ages to reft our felves meerely upon capes : the labours of our Fore-fathers , as if they had informed us of all things to be knowne ; and when we are ſet upon their ſhoulders, not to ſee further than they themſelves did. " Twere a fu perſtitious, a lazie opinion to think Ariftotles works the bounds and limits of all humane invention beyond which there couldbe no poſsibility of reaching. Certainly there are yet ma ny things left to diſcovery, and it can not be any inconvenience for us , to maintaine a new truth, or rectifie an ancient errour . But the poſition (ſay ſome) is di rectly againſt Scripture, for vi 1. Mofes tels usbutof one world , and his Hiſtory of the Creation had been very imperfect, if God had made another. :: 2 : Saint John ſpeaking of Gods works, ſays heemade theworld , in the fingular number , and therefore ::.. there is but one : ' tis the argument of Parer.Q. Aquinas, and he thinks that none will 47.Art.3. oppoſe it, but ſuch who with Demo critus eſteeme ſome blinde chance, and not may be a World. 29 not any wiſe providence to be the fra - L13.1, mer ofall things. Capes. 3. The opinion of more worlds has in ancient times beene accounted a hereſie, and Baronimaffirmes that for this veryreaſon Firgilius wascaſt out ofhis Bifhoprick , and excommunica ted from the Church . Anmet. Eccl.A.D. 4. A fourth argument there is ur- 748. ged by Aquinas if there be more worldsthan one ,' then they muſt ei ther be ofthe fame, orofa diverſe'na tuře ; but they are not of the ſame kinde ; for thiswere needleſſe, and lbid. would argue an improvidence, fince one would have no more perfection than the other ; not of divers kindes, for then oneofthem could notbecal led theworld oruniverſe , ſince it did not containe univerfall perfection. I have cited this argument, becauſe it is ſo muchſtoodupon by Julius Ceſur la DePhenom Galla, one that has purpoſely Wtit a in orbe Lidh Treatiſe againſt this opinion which I now deliver ; but the Dilemma is fo bluntthat it cannot cut on either ſide, and the conſequences fo wéakethat I dáre trüft them without an anſwer ; And ne. That the Moone 30 1 Lie.It And (by theway ) you may ſee this Gap.261 later Author in that place , where hee endeavours to prove a neceſsity of one world, dothleave the chiefe mat ter in hand,and take much needleſſe paines to diſpute againſt Democritus, who thoughtthat the world wasmade by thecaſuall concourſe ofatoms in a great vacuum . It ſhould ſeemęthat ei ther his cauſe or his skill . was weake, or elſe he would have ventured upon a ſtronger adverſary. Theſe argu ments whichI have ſet downe are the chiefeft which I havemetwithagainſt this ſubject , and yet the beſt oftheſe hath not force enough to endanger the truth that I have delivered , Vnto the two firſt it may be an ſwered, that the negative authority of Scripture is not prevalent in thoſe things which are not the fundamen tals ofReligion, a But you'le reply, though it doe not neceffarilyconclude, yet 'tis probable if there had beene anotherworld, wee ſhould have had ſome notice of it in Scripture. I anſwer , 'tis as probable that the Scrip: may be a World. 31 V 1 . Scripture ſhould have informed us of L1B. I , the planets , they being very remark- Cap.z. able parts of the Creation , and yet neither Moſes, nor fob, northe Pſalmes (the places moſt frequent in Aftrono. micall obſervations ) nor any other Scripture mention any of them but the Sunne and Moone. Becauſe the difference betwixt them and theother ſtarres , was knowne onely to thoſe who were learned men , and had skill in Aftronomie. As for that expreſsion in Fob. Pa 13313 she ftarres of tbemoro 10638 7 . ning, it is in the plurall number, and therefore cannot properly be applied to Venus, And for that in Ifaiah 55107 , 'tisconfeſſed to bea wordofobſcure Ifai.19.12. interpretation, and therefore is butby gueſſe tran Pated in that ſence. It be ing ačrue and common rule; that Hes bræi reifaderalis minimecurioscæleftium eft.l.3. Fromond. - nominum penuriâ laborant...,The Jewes cap.z. beingbut little skilled in Aſtronomic, so z Reg. their language dos want proper ex- misin. preſsionsfor the heavenly bodies, which is and therefore they are faine ; ſome interpre times to attribute the ſame name unto for the divers conſtellations, planets & Now fignes. 23 5. both for the is 32 That the Moone troduct.in Mart. Libi. Now if theHoly Ghoſt had inten Cap. co ded to reveale unto us any náturáll fe a . crets, certainly hee would never have omitted the mention of the planets, Keplar.in Quorummotu nibil eft quod de Conditoris Sapientia teftatur evidentius spred. eos qui capiunt. Which doe fo evidently fet forth the wifedome of the Creator. And therefore you muſt know that 'tis beſides the ſcope of the old Te ftament or the new , to diſcover any thing onto us concerning the ſecrets Bel ofPhiloſophy; "tis not his intentin the new Teſtament, ſince weć dannot conceive how it might any way be long either to the Hiſtorical, exegeri - A1.1 call, or propheticall parts of it'"nor is it his intent in theold Teſtament,jasis well obfervedbyour Countrey -man MalterWRIGHT. Non Mofos awr Pro In Epistad phetarum inftitutum fuiffe videturMathe maticas aliquas aut Phyficas fubtilitares promulgare , fed ad valgi capram to low quendi morem , quemadmodumnutrices in . fantulis solent,fefe accommodare. Tis ce not the endeavoul of Moſesor the “Prophers to diſcover any Mathema “ ticall or Philoſophicall fübtilties, Gilbert. ccbut may be a World. 33 CC Ve CC ES 6 r. í Gen , ti ot " but rather to accommodate them - LIB.I. “ ſelves to yulgar capacities, and ordi- Cap.2. nary ſpeech , as nurſes are wont to uſe theirInfants. True indeed , Mo. ſes is there to handle the. Hiſtory of the Creation . But 'tis certaine ( faith Calvin) that his purpoſe is to treat only Calvin in oftheviſible formeofthe world, and thoſe parts of it which might bemoſt eaſily underſtoodby the ignorant and ruder fort ofpeople, and thereforewe are notthence to expect the diſcovery of any naturall ſecret. Artes reconditas aliunde diſcat qui volet ; hic fpiritus Dei omnes fimul ſine exceptione docere voluit. As for more hidden Arts,they muſt he looked for elſe-where ; the Holy. Ġhoſt did here intend to inſtruct all without exception. And therefore ?tis obſerved , that Mofes does not any where meddle with ſuch matters as were very hard to be conceived' ; for being to informe the common people as well asothers, he does it aftera vul gar way;asit is commonly noted, de claring the originallchiefely of thoſe things which are obvious to the ſenſe, and being filent ofother things which D then . 13 21 8 AS + That the Moone 34 . Com , in I Gen II. LIB . I. then could not well be apprehended. Сар.2 . And therefore Pererius propoſing the queſtion , why the Creation of plants & herbs is mentioned, but not ofmet tallsand inineralls ? Anſwers. Quia iftarum rerum ge. neratio eft vulgo occulta doo ignota. Be cauſe theſe things are not ſo com monly knowne as the other , and hee adds, Moſes non omnia, fed manifefta omnibus enarranda fufcepit. Moſes did not intend to relate unto us the begin nings of all things , but thoſe onely which were moſt evident unto all Part 1. Q. men . And therefore too, Aquinas ob 68. Art.3. ſerves that hee writes nothing ofthe ayre , becauſe that being inviſible , the people knew not whether there were any ſuch body or no . And for this very reaſon, Sc. Ferom alſo thinks Epist.139. that there is nothing expreſt concer ad cypri. So Pererius ning the Creation of Angels , becauſe the rudeand ignorant vulgar werenot ſo capable of apprehendingtheir na tures. And yet notwithſtanding,theſe are as remarkable parts of the Creati on, and as fit to be knowne as another world . And therefore theHoly Ghoſt in 2 Gen. too may be a World: 35 ) t90 uſes ſuch vulgar expreſsions, Lib. I. which ſet things forth rather as they Cap.2. appeare , than as they are, as when he calls theMoone one of the greater lights, Gen.1.16. whereas ' tis the leaſt that wee can ſee in the whole heaveas. So afterwards ſpeaking of the great raine which Gen.ir. drowned the world ; hee fayes , The Mald.3.10. windowes ofheaven were opened ,be cauſe it ſeemed to come with that vio lence , as if it were poured out from Bir ppalter windowes in the Firmament. Paroly 6.7. ref.6. And in reference to this, a drowth is deſcribed in ſundry other places by Dcut.Ii. the heavens being ſhut up. So that the Reg 3:35 phraſes which the Holy Ghoſt uſes Luk.4.25. concerning theſe things , are not to be underſtood in a literall lenſe ; but ra ther as vulgar expreſsions ; and this rule is ſet down by Saint Auſtin ,where 1.2.in Gem. ſpeaking concerning that in the Pſalm , Pfal.136.5 who Atreiched the earth upon the waters, he notes that when the words of Scrip ture ſhall ſeeme to contradi& t com mon ſenſe or experience , there are they to be underſtood in a qualified ſence, andnot according to the letter. And 'tis obſerved , that for want of this 17. D 2 36 That the Moone Hcxamer . lib.2. а 17.5. 3. 4. LIB.I. this rule , ſome of the Ancients have Cap.2. faſtned ſtrange abſurdities upon the words of theScripture. So Saint Am . Item,Bafil. broſe eſteemed it a hereſie to think that Hom-3.in the Sunne and Starres were not very Genel Wiſd . 2.4. hot , as being againſt the words of Scripture, Pfalm.19.6.where the Pſal Ecclus.43. miſt ſayes, that there is nothing that is hid from the heat of the Sunne. So others there are that would prove the heavens not to be round , out of that place, Pfal.104. 2. Hee Aretched out the Com.in c... heavens likea curtaine. SoProcopius alſo Gen. was of opinion , that the earth was founded upon the waters ; nay, made it part of his faith ,proving itout of Pſal.24.2.Hebath founded the earth up on the ſeas,and eſtabliſhed it upon the floods. Theſe and ſuch like abfürdities have followed , when men looke for the grounds of Philoſophy in the words ofScripture. So that,from what hath beene faid, Imay conclude that the fi lence of Scripture concerning any o ther world , is not ſufficient argument to prove that there is none. Thus for the two firſt arguments. Vito the third, I may anſwer, that this $ hee may be a World. 37 thisvery example is quoted by others, LIB . I. to ſhew 'the ignorance of thoſe primi- Cap.2, tive times, who did ſometimes con demne what they did not underſtand, and have often cenſur'd the lawfull and undoubted parts ofMathematicks for hereticalt , becauſe they them ſelves could nut perceive a reaſon of it. And therefore theirpractiſe in this particular, is no ſufficient teſtimonie againſt us. But laſtly, I anſwer to all the above named objections , that the terme (World ) may be taken in a double ſenſe, more generally for the whole Vniuerſe,as it implies in it the elemen tarie and æthereall bodies, the ſtarres and the earth . Secondly, more parti cularly for an inferiour World con fiſtingofelements. Now the maine drift ofall theſe ar guments, is to confute a plurality of Worldsin the firſt ſenſe, and if there were any ſuch , it might,perhaps,ſeem ſtrange, that Moſes , or St.John ſhould either not know , or not mention its creation . AndVirgiliuswas condem : ned for this opinion, becauſe hce held quòd > D 3 38 That the Moone LIB.I. quòd fit alius mundus ſub terrâ, aliufque Cap.2 Sold Luna ,(as Baronius ) that within our globe of earth , there was another world , another Sunne and Moone, and ſo he might ſeeme to exclude this from the number of the other crez tules . But now there is no ſuch danger in this opinion, which is here delivered , ſince this World is ſaid to be in the Moone, whoſe creation is particularly expreſt. So that in the firſt ſenſe I yeeld that there isbut one world , which is all that thearguments doe prove ; but un derſtand it in the ſecond ſenſe, and ſo I affirme there may be more , nordoe any of the above named objections prove the contrary Neither can this opinion derogate from the divine Wiſedom (as Aquinas thinks) but rather advance it , ſhewing a compendium ofprovidence,that could make the ſame body a world , and a Moone ; a world for habitation ,and a Moone for the uſe of others , and the ornament of the whole frame of Na ture. For as the members of the body ſerve may be a World. 39 doét,ignor. பெ. 19 . Art.z. fervę not onely for the preſervation of Lib.l. themſelves, but for theuſe and conve- Cap.2. niencie ofthewhole, as the hand pro- | Çufanus dc tects thehead as well as faves it felfe; 10.27.1.2. ſo is it in the parts of the Vniverſe, where each onemay ſerve as well for the conſervation of that which is with in it , as the help of others without it. Alerſennus a late Jeſuite , propoſing comment. the queſtion whether or no the opini- inGen. on ofmore worlds than one, be hereti- Anton! call and againſt the faith : He anſwers it negatively, becauſe it does not con : tradict any expreffe place ofScripture, or determination of the Church. And though ( faith he) it ſeemes to be a raſh opinion , as being againſt the conſent of the Fathers ; yet if this controverſie be chiefly Philofophicall, then their authorities are not of ſuch weight. Vậto this it may be added, that the conſent of the Fathers is prevalent onely in ſuch points as werefirſt con troverted amongſt them , and then ge nerally decided oneway, and not in ſuch other particulars as never fell un der their examination and diſpute. I have now in ſomemeaſure ſhewed D A that 40 That the Moone LIB.1 . that a plurality of worlds does not Cap.3. contradict any principle of reaſon or place of Scripture , andſo cleared the firſt part of that ſuppoſition which is implied in the opinion. Itmay nextbe enquired , whether 'tis poſsible there may be a globe of elements in that which wee call the æthereall parts ofthe Vniverſe ; for if this (as it is accordingto the common opinion ) be priviledged from any change or corruption , itwillbe in vain then to imagine any element there ; and ifwe will have another world ,we inuſt then ſeeke out ſome other place for its ſituation. The third Propofiti on therefore ſhall be this . Propoſition 3. That ibebeavens doe not conſiſt of anyſuch pure matter , which can priviledge them from the like change and corruption , as theſeinferiour bodies are liable unto. T hath beene often queſtioned a mongſt the ancient Fathers & Phi lolophers , what kinde of matter that ſhould IT may be a World . 41 ſhould be of which the heavens are LIB . I. framed. Some think that they conſiſt | Cap.3. of a fifth ſubſtance diſtinct from the foure elements, as Ariſtotle holds , and De Calo with him ſome of the late Schoole- 6.2.cap.z. men , whoſe ſubtill braines could not be content to attribute to thoſe vaſt glorious bodies but common materi alls , and therefore they themſelves hadrather take pains to preferre them to fome extraordinary nature;whereas notwithſtanding , all the arguments they could invent, were not able to convince aa neceſsity of any ſuch mat ter , as is confeſtbytheir owne * ſide. * Colleg. . It were much to be deſired, that theſe consimb. de cælo.l.1. men had not in other caſes, as well as c.2.q.6. this, multiplied things without necef- art.3. ſity, and as if there had not beene e nough to be knowne in the ſecrets of nature, have ſpunne out new ſubjects from their own braines, to finde more work for future ages ; I ſhall not nien tion their arguments, ſince 'tis already confeſt, that they are none of them of any neceffary conſequence'; and be fides, you may ſee them fetdowne in any of thebooks de cælo. But! That the Moone 42 lib.4. LIB.I. But it is the generall conſent of the Cap. 3• Fathers , and the opinion of Lombardo that the heavens conſiſt of the ſame matter with theſe ſublunary bodies. In Hexam . St. Ambroſe is ſo confident of it,that he eſteemesthe contrary a hereſie. True indeed,they differ much among them ſelyes,ſomethinking them to be made of fire, others of water, and others of both; but herein they generally agree, that they are all framed of ſome ele. Enarrat .inment or other. Which Dionyſus Car Gemefoart. thufianus collects from that place in Geneſis, where the heavens are mentio nedintheir creation, asdivided onely in diſtance from the elementary bo dies, & not as being made ofany new matter. To this purpoſe others cite the derivation of the Hebrew word DOU, quafi po ibió 'naque or quafi aque. are framed out of theſe elements , But concerning this , you may ſee ſundry diſcourſesmoreat large in Ludovicus Molina, Euſebins Nirembergises, with divers, others. The venerable Bede thoughtthe Planets to conſiſt of all difput.s. the foure elements ; and'tis likely that . they Becauſe מימ & & ign אש שמ , שסים In opere 6. dierum . the may be a World. 43 3 Mundi theother parts are of an aereous fub- LIB.I. ſtance , as will be ſhewed afterward ; Cap.3. however, I cannot now ſtand to recite in lib.de the arguments for either;I have onely conftit. urged theſe Authorities to counter vaile Ariſtotle, and the Schoolemen, and the better to make way for a proofe of their corruptibility . The next thing then to be enquired after, is, whether they be ofa corrup- 2 Pet.3.12 tible nature , ' not whether they can be deſtroyed by God ; for this, Scripture puts out ofdoubt. Nor whether or no in a long tine they would weare away, and grow wõrſe ; for from any ſuch feare they have beene lately priviledged. But By Do& or whether they are capable of ſuch Hakemill. Ap.i.lib.z. changes and viciſsitudes, as this inferi our world is lyable unto : The two chief opinions concerning this, have both erred in ſome extre mity, the one ſide going ſo farre from the other, that they have both gone beyondthe right, whilſt Ariſtotle hath oppoſed the truth , as well as the Stoicks . Some ofthe Ancients have thought, that r That the Moone 44 de plac. 1.17. L18.1 . that theheavenly bodieshave ſtood in Сар.3 . need of nouriſhment from the ele ments , by web they were continually fed,& ſo had divers alterationsby rea ſon oftheir food;this is fatheredonHe Plutarcho raclitus,followed by that greatNatura philof.l.2. liſt Pliny, & in generall attributed to all the Stoicks. You may ſee Seneca ex pat Hiß. prefly tothis purpoſe iu theſe words. 12.c.9 Exitla alimenta omnibus animalibus,om . Natique . nibus ſatis,omnibusftellisdividuntur;hinc lib.2.cap.s profertur quo fuftineantur tor Sidera tano exercitata, tam avida,per diem ,nodémque, ut in opere,ita in paflu. Speaking ofthe earth , he ſayes, from thence it is that nouriſhment is divided to allthe living creatures, the Plants and the Starres ; hence wereſuſtained fo many conſtel lations, fo laborious, foſo greedy, both day andnight, as well in their feeding as working. Thus alſo Lucan ſings, Necnon Oceano paſci Phoebúmque po. lumg Credimu . Vnto theſe Ptolomie alſo that learned 1.Apoftcl. Egyptian ſeemed to agree, when hee affirmes that the body of the Moone is moiſter, and coolerthan any of the other Planets by reaſon of the earthly yapours vapcſee venginccweaſomwhIfofthotainasrchare foar10EeiW. may be a World. 45 De celo vapours that are exhaled unto it. You LIB. I. ſee theſe Ancients thought the Hea- Cap.3. vens to be ſo farre from this imagined incorruptibility, that rather like the weakeſtbodiesthey ſtood in need of ſome continuall nouriſhment, without which they could not ſubſiſt . But Ariſtotle and his followers were ſo farre from this , that they thought 51.6.3. thoſe glorious bodies could not con taine within them any ſuch principles as might makethem lyable to theleaſt change or corruption ; and their chiefe was , becauſe we could not in ſo long a ſpace diſcerne any alteration amongſt them ; But unto this I anſwer. 1. Slippoſing we could not, yet would it not hence follow that there were none , as hee himſelfe in effet doth confeffe in another place ; for ſpeaking concerning our knowledge De coelo.l.2 ofthe Heavens, he ſayes, 'tis very im- cap.s. perfect and difficult, by reaſon of the vaft diſtance ofthoſe bodies from us, and becauſe the changes which may happenunto themarenot either bigge enough , or frequent enough to fall within the apprehenſion and obſerva tion reaſon was, 46 That the Moone LIB.1 . tion of ourſenſes ; no wonder then if Gap.3 . he himſelfe bedeceived in his afferti ons concerning theſe particulars. But yet, in this hee implies , that if a man were nearer to theſe heavenly bodies, hee would be aa fitter Judge to decide this controverſie than hiinſelfe. Now its our advantage, that by thehelp of Galileus his glaſſe, we are advanced nearer unto them ,and the heavens are made more preſent to us than they were before. However,as it iswith us wherethere be many vicifsitudes and ſucceſsions ofthings, though the earth abideth for ever : So likewiſe may it be amongſt the planets, in which though there Thould be divers alterations, yet they themſelves may ſtill continue of the ſamequantity and light." ; 2. Though wee could not by our fenfes fee ſuch alterations, yet our rea ſon might perhaps fufficiently con vinceus of them . Nor can wee well conceive how the Sunne ſhould reflect againſt the Moane, and yet not pro duceſome alteration ofheat , Diogenes the Philoſopher was hence perſwa ded , that thoſe ſcorching heats had burnt may be a World. 47 Cap.3. burnt the Moone into the forme of a L1B , 1. Pumice- ſtone. 3. Ianſwer, that there have beene ſome alterations obſerved there ; wit nefſe thoſe comers which have beene ſeene above the Moone. As alſo thoſe ſpots or clouds that encompaſſe the body ofthe Sun ,amongſt which,there is a frequent ſucceſsion by a corrupti on ofthe old ,and a generation ofnew . So that though Ariſtotles conſequence were ſufficient,whéheproved that the heavens were not corruptible,becauſe there have not any changes beenedif covered in them ; yet this by the ſame reaſon muſt be as prevalent; that the Heavens are corruptible,becauſe there have beene ſo many alterations obſer ved there ; But of theſe, together with a farther confirmation ofthis propofi tion, I ſhall have occaſion to ſpeak af terwards ; In the meane ſpace, I will referre the Reader to that work of Sheiner,a late Jeſuite which'he titles his Roſa Vrfina , where he may ſee this Lib.q.par.a point concerning the corruptibility of cap.24. 35. the Heavenslargely handled,and ſuffi ciently confirmed . There 3 1ܘ 48 That the Moone a LIB.I. There are ſome other things, on Cap.z. which I might here take an occaſion to enlarge my felfe ; but becauſethey are directly handled by many others, and doe not immediatly belong to the chiefe matter in hand, I ſhall therefore referre the Reader to their Authors , and omit any large proofe ofthem my felfe, as deſiring allpoſsible brevity. 1. The firſt is this : That there are no folid Orbes. Ifthere be a habitable world in the Moone (which I now af firine) it muſt follow , that her Orbe is nor ſolid asAriſtotle ſuppoſed ; and if not hers, why any of the other. I ra ther think that they are all of a fluid (perhaps aereous)ſubſtance.Saint Am 169.51.6. broſe , and Saint Bafildid endeavour to Ane.llt. provethisout of that place in 1 ſay,, where they are comparedto ſmoak ,as they are both quoted by. Rhodiginus, Hiß.mat. Eufebius Nicrembergius doth likewife 1.2.6.11.13. from that place confute the folidity and incorruptibility of the Heavens, and cites for the ſameinterpretation the authority of Euftachius ofAntioch ; and Saint Auſtin ,I am ſựrein one place In lib.sie. Teemes to affent unto this opinion, Geradling though a . 1,1.6.4. may . be a World. 49 Cap.3. though hee does often in his other | LIB.I. works contradict ië . If you eſteeme the teſtimony of the ancient Fathers , to be ofany great force or conſequence in a Philoſophi call diſpute, you may ſee them to this purpoſe in Sixtus Senenfis lib.s.Bibliórh. annot. 14. The chiefe reaſons, that are commonly urged for the confirmați on ofit, are briefly theſe three. i From the altitude of divers co mets , which havebeeneobſerved to be above the planets, thorough whoſe Orbs ( if they had becne ſolid ) there would not have beene any paffage. To theſe may beadded thoſe lefſer pla nets lately diſcovered about Jupiter and Saturne, for which Aſtronomers have not yet frarned any Orbs. 2. From that uncertainty ofall À ſtronomicall obſervations, which will follow upon the ſuppoſition of ſuch folid ſpheres. Forthen we ſhould ne. ver diſcerne any Starre but by a mul titude of refractions , and ſo conſe : quently wee could not poſsibly finde their true ſituations either in reſpect of us, or in regard ofone another: Since E what 50 That the Moone Lib.I. whát ever the eye diſcernés by a re Cap.3 . fracted beame, it apprehends to be in ſome other place than wherein it is . But now this would be ſuch an incon venience, as would quite ſubvert the grounds &whole Arc'of Aſtronomy, and therefore is by no meanes to be admitted . Vnto this it is commonly anſwered, that all thoſe Orbs are equally dia phanous, though nor of acontinued quantity. Wee reply, that ſuppoſing they were,yetthis cannothinder them from being the cauſes of refraction , which is produced as well by the di verſity of ſuperficies , as the different perſpicuity ofbodies. Two glaſſes put together, will cauſe a divers refraction from another ſingle one that is but of equallthickneſſe and perſpicuity. 3 3 From thedifferent height of the fanie planet at ſeverall times. For if according to the uſuall Hypotheſis,there ſhould be ſuch diftinét , folid Orbs , then it would be impoſsible that the planets ſhould intrench upon one ano thers: Orbs, or that two of them at fe. verall times ſhould be above one ano ther may be a World. 51 Lib 4 p.ti. ther, which notwithſtanding hath bin Lib. I. proved to be ſo by later experience. Cap.z. Tycho hath obſerved thatVenus is fom times nearer to us than the Sunne or Mercury,and ſomtimes farther offthao both ; which appearances Regiomonta nus himſelfe does acknowledge, and withall, doés confeſſe that they can . not be reconciled to the common Hyu potheſis: But for your betrer ſatisfaction herein , I ſhall referre you to the abově named Scheiner, in his Rofa Vrſine, in 2.cap 7,26 whom you may ſee both authorities 30. and reaſon, very largely and diſtinctly fet downefor this opinion. For the better confirmation of which hee ad foynes alſo fome authenticall Epiſtles of Fredericus C & fius Lynceus , a Noble. Prince, written to Bellarmiine, contain : ing divers reaſons to the fame purpoſe. You may alſo ſee the ſame truth fer dowire by Jobannes Penis , in his Pre face to Euclidsopricks , and Chriſtoph Rothmannus,both who thought the Fir mament to be onely ayre : and though De ftell i. the noble Tycho doe diſpute againſt 15.7.li. them , yet he himſelfe holds Quod proc.g. E 2 pius و 52 That the Moone LIB.. pius ad veritatis penetralia accedit hæcops Cap.3. nio, quam Ariftotelica vulgariter approba ta, quecoelumpluribus realibus atque in . perviis urbibus citra rem replevit. “ That ( this opinion comes neerer to the “ truth than that common one ofAri. Rotle which hath to no purpoſe fille : cctheHeavens with ſuch reall and im " pervious Orbs. 2. There is no element of fire, which muſt be held with this opinion here delivered ; for if wee ſuppoſe a world in the Moone , then it will fol low, that the ſphere of fire , either is not there where'tis uſually placed in the concavity ofhis Orbe, orelſe that there is no ſuch thing at all, which is moſt probable, ſince there are notany ſuch ſolid Orbs, that by their ſwift motion might heat and enkindle the adjoyning ayre, which is imagined to be the reaſon of that element. The arguments that are commonly urged to thispurpoſe, are theſe. I I That which was before alledged concerning therefractions which will be cauſed by a different medium . For if the matter of the heavens be ofone 5 thick may be a World. 53 thickneſſe ,and the element of fire ano- LIB . I. ther, and the upper Region ofayredi- Cap.z. ftinct fromboth theſe, and the lower Region ſeverall from all the reſt, there will then be ſucha multiplicity ofre fractions , as muſt neceſſarily deſtroy the certainty of all Aſtronomicall obſervations. All which inconveni ences" might be avoyded by ſuppo fing ( 25 wee doe ) that there is one ly one Orbe ofvaporous ayre which encompaſſes our earth, all the reſt be ing Æthereall and of the fame perfpi cuity. 2.The ſituation of this element does nowayagreewithAriſtotles ownprin ciples, or that common providence of nature, which wee'may diſcernein or dinary matters. For if the heavens be without all elementary qualities, as is uſually ſuppoſed , then it would be a veryincongruous thing for the ele ment of fire co be placed immediatly nextunto it : Since theheat of this is the moſt powerfull and vigorous qua lity that is amongſt all the reſt ; And Natare in her other works , does not joyne extreames, but by ſomething of 2 E3 2 54 That theMoone 2p . 3 IB.. a middle diſpoſition . So in thevery frame ofour bodies, the bones which are ofa hard ſubſtance, andthe flesh of a ſoft , are not joynedtogether but by the interceſsion of membranes and griſſels , ſuch as being ofa middle na turee may fitly.come betwixt. 3 3 ' Tis not conceiveable for what uſe or benefit there ſhould be any ſuch element in that place , and certaine it is that Nature does not doe any thing in vaine. 4 4 Betwixt two extreams there can be byt one Medium ,"andtherefore be tweene thoſe two oppoſite eleiſents ofearth andwater, itmay ſeeme more conyenient to place onely theayłre which mall partake of middle quali ties different from both . 25.Fire goes not ſeeme properly and directly to be oppoſed to any thingas Ice , and if the one be notan element, why ſhould theother ? If youobject thatthe fire which we commonly uſe, does alwayes tend up -1 wards, I anſwer , This cannot prove thatthere is a naturall place for ſuch anclemènt,fince our adverſaries them ſelves TO may be a World. 55 nat ch eit ang can be felves doc grant that culinary and ele- LIB.I. mentary fire are ofdifferent kinds. The cap.3. onedoes burné, ſhine, and corrupt its fubject; the otherdiſagrees from it in all thefe reſpects. And therefore from the aſcent ofthe one, wee cannot pro perly inferre the being or ſituation of the other. But for your farther ſatisfaction herein , you may peruſe Cardan, Johan . nes Pens that learnedFrenchman , the noble Tycho , with divers others who have purpoſely -Handled this propo ſitions 3 : I might adde a third , viz , that 3 there is no Muſick of the ſpheares; for ifthey be notſolid,how can their mo tion caufe" any ſuch found as is con ceived ? I doethe rather meddle with this , becauſe Pluiarch fpeakes as if a man might very conveniently heare that harmony if hewere an inhabitant in the Moone. But I gueſſe thatheel ſaid this out of incogitancy , and did notwell conſider thoſe neceffarycons fequences which depended upon his opinion . However, the world would have no great loſſe inbeïngdeprived ents zore vre wali. verly any orany 建 n we dupa orove fuch hem elves / E A of 56 That the Moone țärry LIB.I. of this Muſick, unleſſe at ſomtimeswe Cap. 3: had the priviledge to heare.it : Then De somniis indeed Pbilo the Jew thinks it would ſave us the charges of dyet , and wee might live at an eaſie rate by feeding at the eare only and receivingno other nouriſhment; and for this very reaſon ( ſayes he ) was Mofes enabled to forty dayes and forty nights in the Mount without eating any thing, be cauſe hee there heard the melody of the Heavens. ---Riſum teneatis , I know this Mufick hath had great Patrons, both ſacred &prophane Authors,ſuch as Ambrofe, Bede, Boetius, Anſelme, Plato, Cicero, and others, butbecauſe itisnot now , I think, affirmed by any , I ſhall not therefore beſtow either paines or timein arguing againſt it . It may luffice thatI have onely na medtheſe three laſt , and for thetwo more neceſſary neceſſary , have referred the Reader to others for ſatisfaction. I Thall in the next place proceed to the nature of theMoones body , to know whether that be capable of any ſuch conditions, as may makeit poſsible to be inhabited, and what thoſe qualities are may be a World. 57 are wherein it more neerely agrees LIB.I. with our earth. imes we s : Then Cap.4. t would and wee feeding no other Propoſition 4, That the Moone is a ſolid , compa & ed, opa cous body. y reaſon to carry

in the

2g, be lodyof I know atrons, rs,ſuch 1 , Plar, t is not Ifall nes or Shall not need to ſtandlong in the proofe of this Propoſition, ſince it is aatruthalready agreed on by thege nerall conſent ofthe moſt and the beſt Philoſophers. 1. It is folid , in oppoſition to fluid, as is the ayre; for how otherwiſe could it beat back the light whichit receives from the Sunne ? But here it maybe queſtioned ,whe ther orno the Moonc beſtow her light upon us by the reflection of the Sun beames from the ſuperficies ofher bo dy, or elſe by her owne illumination ? Some there arewho affirme this latter 1.2.com.4 part . So Averroes, Cælius Rhodiginus, b Ant.de Etion.li.20 .c Julius Cæfar ,& c. And their reafon is, becauſe this light is diſcerned in many c Dephe. places , whereas thoſe bodies which pom .Lune.Dyn e two the n. I a Decælo . the naw ruch eto c give 6.4. ties C.II. are, 58 That the Moone Li B. 1 give light byreflexion, can there only Cap.4. be perceived where the angle of re flexion is equall to the angle of inci dence, and this is only in one place; as in a looking-glaffe,thore beams which are reflected from it , cannot be per ceived in every place where you may ſee the glaſſe , but onely there where your eye is placed on the ſame line whereon thebeames are reflected .

• But to this I anſwer, That the argu ment will not hold of ſuch bodies whoſe fuperficies is full of unequall parts and gibboſities as the Moone is.

Wherforeit is as wel themore proba ble as themore common opinion , that her light proceeds fró both theſe cau ſes from reflexion & illumination ; nor doth it herein - differ from our earth, ſince that alſó hath ſome light by illu mination : for how otherwiſe would the parts about usin a Sunne-ſhineday appeareſo bright, when astherayes of reflexion cannot enterinto oureye. For thebetterilluſtration of this,we may conſiderthe ſeveral wayeswher- by divers bodies are enlightned . Ei ther 'as water by admitting the beams into may be, aWorld . 59 пеrе on: e ofini e place; ms whic e youm ere whe fame li lected. ch bodie into its ſubſtance ; or as ayre and thin L15.1. le of clouds,by tranſmitting therayesquite cap.4. thorow their bodies;or as thoſe things that are of an:opacous 'nature and ſmooth fuperficies , which reflect the light only in one place; or elſe as thoſe ot be per things whichare of an opacousnature and rugged fuperficies , which by a kind of circumfuous reflexion , are at the ſame time difcernable in many places , as our Earth andthe Moone. at the ang 2. Itis compact ,and nota fpungie anáporous ſubſtance . But this is de of unequ nied bya Diogenes, b Vitellio, and <ReiaPlut,de noldus, and ſome others, who held the pla.phil. 1.2.6.13 ore prohi | Moone torbe of the fame kind of na biOpc.lib.4. ture as aPumiceſtone; & this ſay they, bachbeo Eom.Pur-P. is the reaſon why in theSuns eclipfes there appeares within her a duskiſh ruddy colour,becauſe the Sun beanies being refracted in paſsing thirough theporesofher body ,muſtneceffarily be repreſented underfuch acolour. 3 1. But Ireply if this be the cauſe of her redneſfe , thea why dochThee not appeareunder the ſame forme: when Thee is about a Sextile Aſped,and the darknedpart of her body is diſcern Moones pinion, the 164. theſe ca a ati99; 0 our cath ghtbyilk f Ĉ wifewoni e-linede S the rare to oureyes n ofthis,in ayes whet hened . E thebeams able ? into 60 That the Moone Sect. 13 ; Liel. able for then alfo doe the ſame rayes Gap.4 . paſſe through her, and therefore in all likelyhood Thould produce the ſame effect , and notwithſtanding thoſe beames are then diverted from us,that they cannot enter into our eyes by a ſtraighitline ,yetmuſt the colour still remaine viſible in her body. And be ſides, according to this opinion , the ſpots would notalwayes be the ſame, but divers as the various diſtance of Scaliger the Sunne requires, Againe, if theSun Exercit,80 beamęs did paſſe through her, why then hath ſhe not a taile ( faith Scaliger) as the Comets ?why doth ſheappeare in ſuch an exact roundand not rather attended with aa long flame,ſince it is meerely this penetration of the Sunne beames,thatis uſually attributed to be the cauſe ofbeards in blazing ſtarres. 3 3. It is opacous, not tranfparent or diaphanous like Cryſtall orglafle Plut. defa- as Empedocles 'thought, whoheld the Moon to be a globe of purecongealed ayre, like haile incloſed in a fpheare ! of fire ; for then , 1. Why does ſhee not alwayes ap peare in the full : fince the light is diſperſed cie Luna . 151 may be a World .. 61 Lib.I. Thucid . Us, Lunut , es by fi eray diſperſed through all her body ? eind 2. How can the interpoſition of Cap.4 . e fam herbody ſo darken the Sunne,orcauſe thot ſuch grear eclipſes as have turned day Litij.. us the into night, that have diſcovered the plui.defa ſtarres , and frighted the birds with cie Luña. purdi ſuch a ſuddaine darkneſſe , that they Andbe fell downe upon the earth ,, as it is re ion,the lated in divers Hiſtories. And there che farm fore Herodotus telling of an eclipfe ſtance which fell in Xerxes time, deſcribes it if the Su thus : o únios instwy mov in si četra idem domine lei. Herodot.ly her, Hit The Sun leaving his wonted ſeat in the .637 h Scaligi heavens, vaniſhed away :all which ar heapper gues fuch a great darkneſſe, as could not ratke not havebeene, if herbodyhad beene fince iti perſpicuous. Yet fome there are who 'the Sum interpret all theſe relations to be hy butedook berbolicall expreſsionsand , thenoble Angſtarres Tycho thinks it naturally impoſsible that any eclipſe ſhould cauſe ſuch darkneffe , becauſe the body of the sho heldete Moone can never totally cover the Sunne. However,in this he is fingular, in a fphem all other Aſtronomers. ( if I may be leeve Keplar ) being on the contrarie alwayesap opinion , by reaſon the Diameter of the light theMoonedoes for the moſtpart ap pearel tranſparan Il orgiat Te congeal diſperle 62 That the Moone ! C.11. LIB.I.peare bigger to us than the Diameter Cap.4 . oftheSunne. De phen But here Julius Ceſar once more nom. Lunki puts in to hinder our paſſage. The Moone ( faith he)is not altogether opa cous, becauſe ' tis ſtill of the ſame na ture with the heavens which are in capable oftotall opacity : and his rea fon is , becauſe perſpicuity is an infe parable accident of thoſe purer bo dies , and this hee thinks inuft neceffa rily be granted; for he ſtops there, and proves no further ; but to this Iſhall deferre an anſwer , till hee hath made his argument. Wee may frequently ſee , that her body does ſo eclipſe the Sunne, as our Earth doth the Movne. And beſides, the mountains thatare obſerved there, Prop. 9 . doe caſt a dark ſhadow behind them , as fhall be ſhewed afterwards. Since then the like interpoſition of them both doth produce the likeeffectthey muft neceſſarily be ofthe like natures, that is, alike opacous , which is the thing to be ſhewed , and this was the In lib . de reafon (asthe Interpreters gueſſe )why animalib. Ariſtotle affirmed theMoone to be of the up his may be a World. 63 the Earths nature , becauſe of their a- | LIBml. greement in opacity , whereas all the Capos . other elements ſave that, are in ſome meaſure perſpicuous. But, the greateſt difference which may ſeeme to make our Earth altoge ther unlike the Moone, is, becauſe the one is a brightbody, and hath light of its owne , and the other a groffe dark body which cannot ſhine at all . ' Tis requiſite (therefore that in the next place I cleare this doubt,and ſhew that the Moone hath no more light of her ownethan our Earth . a Propoſition s. That the Moone hath not any light of ber owne. I Gen. Was the fancie of ſome of the Jewes, and more eſpecially of Rabbi Simeon, that theMoone was no- Toftatus in thingelſe but a contracted Sunne, and Myeron.de that both thoſe planers attheir firſt Sankta fide. creation, were equallbothin light and Hebrao maft.l.2.com quantity: For, becauſe God did then call 64 That the Moone 2 Lib.i. call them both great lights, therefore Cap.5 . they inferred that they muſt be both equall in bigneſfe. But a while after (as the tradition goes) the ambitious Moone put up her complaint to God againſt the Sunne, ſhewing that it was not fir there ſhould be twoſuch great lights in the heavens ; a Monarchie would beſt become the place oforder and harmony. Vpon this, God com manded her to contract her felfe in to a narrower compaſſe ; but ſhee be ing much diſcontented hereat, replies, What ! becauſe I have ſpoken that which is reaſon and equity , muft I therefore be diminiſhed : This fen tence could notchuſe but much trou ble her ; and for this reaſon was ſhee in greatdiſtreſſe and griefe for a long ſpace; but that her ſorrow might be ſome way pacified, God bid herbe of good cheere, becaufe her priviledges andCharter ſhould begreater than the Sunnes ; he ſhould appeare in the day time onely, ſhee both inthe dayand night ; but her melancholy being not ſatisfied with this, ſhee replied againe, That, that alas was no benefit ; for in the may be a World. 65 3 the day time ſhee ſhould be either not LIL.I. ſeene, or notnoted. Wherefore, God Capos . to comfort her up , promiſed, that his people the Iſraelites ſhould celebrate all their feaſts and holy dayes by a computation of her monéths; but this being not able to content her, ſhee has looked very melancholy ever ſince ; however, the hath ftill reſerved much light ofher owne. Others there were , that did think the Moone to be a round globe; the one halfę of whoſe body was ofa bright ſubſtance, the other halfebeing dark ; and the divers converſions of thoſe ſides towards our eyes , cauſed the variety ofher appearances : of this opinion was Berofu ,as hee is cited by a Vitruvius ; and. Sc. Auſtin thought it a Lib.g. was probable enough. But this fancie Archite is almoſt equally abfurd with the for bNarratio mer and both of them found rather pfalmorum like fables,thân Philoſophicall truths. itcm.ep.119. Youmay commonly ſee howthis lat ter doescontradict frequentand eaſie experience ; for’tis obſerved that that { por which is perceived about her when thee is in the encreaſe, F may 5 Etire . middle 66 That the Moone 3 LIB.I. may be diſcern’d in the ſame place Cap.s. when ſhe is in the full : whence itmuſt follow , thatthe ſame part which was beforedarkned , is after inlightened, and that the one part is not alwayes dark,and the other light of itſelfe.But enough of this , I would be loth to make an enemy,that I may afterwards overcome him , or beltow time in pro ving that which is alreadygranted ; I fuppoſe now , that neither of them hath any patrons, and therefore need no confutation . ? Tis agreed upon by all ſides, that this Planet receives moſt ofher light from the Sunne; but the cheife con troverſie is , whether or no ſhee hath any ofher owne ? Thegreater multi tude affirmethis. Cardan amongſtthe De Sublil. reſt, is very confident of it , andhee thinks that if any of us were inthe Moone at the timeof her greateſt e clipſe,Lunam afpiceremus non ſecas ac in numeris cereis fplendidißimis accenfusig af. que in eas oculis defixis cæcuturempus ; “ Wee fhould perceive ſo great a brightneſfe ofher owne, that would “ blindeuswith the meere fight , and " when lib. 3. CC CC CC may be a World. 67 upon her. B1 when ſhe is enlightened by the Sun , LIB.1 . “ then no Eagles eye:(if there were cap.se “ any there ) is able to look This Cardan fayes , and hee doth but ſay it, without bringing any proofe for its confirmation . However, I will fet downe the arguments that are uſually urged for this opinion , and they are taken either from Scripture,orreaſon ; from Scripture is urged that place I Cor.Iģ. where it is ſaid , There is one glory oftheSunne , and another glory of the Moone. Vlyfes Albergettus urges that in Math .24.29. n ookwn i din ti pizzos asins, The Moon ſhall not give her light: there fore (ſayes he) thee hath ſome of her But to theſe we may eaſily anſwer, that the glory and light there ſpoken of, may be ſaid to be hers, though it bederived , as you may ſee in many bther inſtances. The arguments from reaſon are tä ken either . 1 I. From that light which is difcer ned in her , when there is a totall e clipſe of her ownc body , or of the Sunine . 2. From owne. 3 F2 68 That the Moone a LIB.1 . 2. From the light which is diſcer Cap.5. ned in the darker part of her body, when thee is but aalittle diſtant from the Sunne. 1. For when there are any totall eclipfes, there appeares in her body a great redneſſe, and many times light enough to cauſe a remarkable lade, as common experience doth ſuffici. ently manifeſt : but this cannotcome from the Sun , fince at ſuch times ei ther the earthor her own body ſhades her from the Sun-beames ; therfore it muſt proceed from herowne light. 2. Two or three dayes after the new Moone, we may perceive light in her whole body, whereas the rayes of the Sun reflect but upon a ſmall part of thatwhich is viſible ; therefore'tis likely that there is ſome light of her Owne . In anſwering to theſe objections, I ſhall firſt ſhew , that this light cannot be her owne , and then declare that which is the true reaſon ofit . That it is not her owne, appeares. I Becauſe then ſhe wouldalwayes retaine it, but ſhee has beene ſome times may be a World. 69 Afrow.cop. 1.6.p.s. times altogether inviſible ; when as Lib. I. notwithwanding ſome of the fixed Cap.s. Starres of the fourth or fifth magni tude might eaſily havebeen diſcerned clofe by her, As it was in the Replar.epit. yeare 1 6 20. 2 This may appeare likewiſe from ref ... the variety of it at divers times; for ' tis commonly obferved that ſome times ’tis of a brighter , ſometimes of a darker appearance, now redder, and at another time of a more duskith co lour. The obſervation of this variety in divers eclipſes', you may fee ſet downe by Keplar and many others.But op . A now this could not be, if that light Airon.c.7. were her owne, thatbeing conſtantly the ſame, and without any reaſon of ſuch an alteration : So that thusI may argue . If there were any light proper to the Moone , then would that Planet appeare brighteſt when ſhe is eclipſed in her Perige being neereſt to the earth , and ſo conſequently more ob ſcure and duskiſh when ſhee is in her Apoge orfartheſt from it ; thereaſon is, becauſe the neerer any enlightned F 3 body num.z. 70 That the Moone De noua Co Io . LIB.I. body comes to the fight, by ſo much Cap.5 . the inore ſtrongare the ſpecies and the better perceived. This ſequell is gran ted by ſome of our adverſaries , and ſtella . lib.s. they are the very words of noble Ty cho, si Lunagenuinogauderet lamine,utiſ cum in umbra terra effet , illud non amit teret,fed eò evidentiùsexereret ; omne enim lumen in tenebris, plus ſplendet cum alio majore fulgore non præpeditur. If the Moonehad any light ofher own,, then would ſhe not loſe it in the earths ſha dow , but rather ſhine more clearely; fince every light appeares greater in thedark, when it is nothindered by a inore,perfpicuous brightneſſe. But now the event falls out cleane Reinhold contrary , (as obſervation doth mani feft, andour oppofires themſelves doe Theor pago grant) the Moone appearing with a 164. more reddiſh and cleare light when the is eclipſed , being in her Apoge or fartheſt diſtance , and a more blackiſh iron colour when ſhee is in her Perige or neareſt to us, therefore ſhe hath not any light ofher owne. Nor maywee think that the earths ſhadow can cloud the proper light of the Moone from appearing Commen ! in Purb . may be a World . 71 11. 170 the ned Tha ely appearing , or taking away any thingL15.1.from her inherent brightneſſe, for this cap.si were to think a ſhadow to be a body, an opinion altogether misbecomming a Philoſopher , as Tycho grants in the fore-cited place , Nec umbra terra cor. poreum quideft,aut denfa aliqua fubftantia , ut Lunalumen obtenebrarepoßit, atque id viſui noftro præripere , fedeft quædam pri vatio luminis folaris , ob interpofitumopa. Cum corpus terra . Nor is the earthstħa dow anycorporall thing,orthick ſub ſtance , thatit can cloud the Moones brightneſſe , or take it away from our fight; but itis a meere privation of the Sunnes light by reaſon of the interpo fition of theearths opacous body. 3. Ifſhe had any light ofherowne; then that would in it, felfe be either fuch a ruddy brightneſſe as appeares in theeclipfes , or elſeſuch a feaden duskiſh light as wee fee in the darker parts ofher body, when thee is a little paſt the conjunction . ( That it muſtbe one of theſemay follow fromthe op poſite arguments) but it is neither of theſe, therefore ſhee hathnone ofher er 10 bya leane 710 s doe rithi when ogeor lackih Perige ath not ay wet ncloud Owne. e from F4 I. ' Tis pearing 72 That theMoone LIB.I. ¡ Tis not ſuch aruddy light as ap Cap: 5, peares in eclipſes; for then why can we not ſee the like redneſſe, when wee may diſcerne the obſcurer parts of the Moone : You will ſay, perhaps that then the neereneſſe of thảr greater light takes away that appearance,. I reply,this cannot be;for thenwhy does Mars ſhine with his wonted red neſſe, when hee is neere the Moone ? or why cannot her greater brightneſſe make him appeare white as the other Planets : nor can there be any reaſon given why that greater light ſhould re preſent her body under a falſe colour. 2. ' Tis not ſuch a duskiſh leaden light, as we fee in the darker part of her body, when ſhee is about a ſextile Aſpect diſtant from the Sunne ; for then why does ſhee appeare red in the eclipfes , ſince meere fhade cannot caufe ſuch variety : for 'tis the nature of darkneſſeby its oppoſition , rather to make things appeare of a more white and cleare brightneſſe than they are in themſelves.Or if it be the ſhade, thoſe parts of the Moone arethenin yet thoſe may be a World . 73 L.3.6.20 . in the ſhade of her body and therefore LIB.I. in reaſon ſhould havethe like redneſſe . Cap.s. Since then neither of theſe lights are hers, it followes that ſhe hath noneof her owne. Nor is this a ſingular opi nion , but it'hath had many learned Patrons; ſuch was Macrobiu , who be- Somm.Scip. ingfor this quoted of Rhodiginus, hee calls him vir reconditißimè ſcientiæ, a left.antiq. man who knew more than ordinary -5.6.!). Philoſophers, thus commending the opinion in the credit of the Author. To him aſſents the venerable Bede, up on whom the gloffe hath this compa riſon. As the Looking-glaſſe repre- in lib.de ſents not anyimage within it felfe un- natur.re leffe it receive ſome from without; forum the Moone hath not any light , but what is beſtowed by the Sunne. To theſe agreed - Albertus Magnus, bScali- a Dea ger , c Maſlin, Keplar, and moreeſpeci- | 4 Arh, 2.1. .ally aMulapertius, whoſe words are bExercit.more pat to the purpoſe than others, 62, and therefore I ſhall ſet them down as Aftron.l.4.c Epitome. you may finde them in his Preface to pos. Epåt. his Treatiſe concerning the Auftriaca ftro.cop.l.6 de fydera ; Luna, Venus, & Mercurius, ter- part.s.sect.reftris &bumida funt fubftantia , ideoquede a 4. . 2. 74 That the Moone 1.3.c. 6o . b De cælo . 1.2 . Metempor . LIB . I. de fuo non lucere, ficut nec terra . The Cap.s. Moone, Venus, and Mercury (faith he) are ofanearthly and moyſtſubſtance, and therefore have no more light of their owne,then the earth hath. Nay, ſome there are , who think , (though without ground ) that all the other Starres doe receive that light, where bythey appeare viſible to usfrom the a:Originum Sunne: fo Ptolomie, a Iſadore Hifpalenfis, 6 Albertus Magnus, and c Bede ; much more then muſt the Moone ſhine with e Deratio- a borrowed light. Bur enough of this. I have now ſuf Item Plinie. ficiently ſhewed what at the firſt I pro lib.2.ca. 6. miſed , that this light is not proper to the Moone. It remaines in the next place, that I tell you the true reaſon of it. And here , I think ' tis probable that the light which appeares in the Moone at the eclipſes , is nothing elſe but the ſecond ſpecies of the Sunnes rayeswhichpaſſethrough the ſhadow unto her body : and from a mixture of this ſecondlight with the ſhadow , ari ſes that redneſſe which at ſuch times appeares unto us. I may callit Lumen crepufculinum , the Aurora ofthe Moon , Hugo de Sancto Vi Store, Annot.in Gen.6. or may be a World. a 22, in hoc cap. or ſuch a kindeofbluſhing light , that LIB.1 . the Sunne cauſes when he is neere his cap.sas riſing , when he beſtowes ſome ſmall light upon the thicker yapours. Thus we ſee commonly the Sunne being in the Horizon , and the reflexion grow ing weak , how his beames makethe waters appeare very red. The Moabites in Fehorams time, when they roſe early in the morning, 2 King 3. and beheld the waters afarre off , mi ſtooke them for blood. Et caufa bu juseftquia radius folaris in Aurora con. 2. Quaft. trahit quandam rubedinem ,propter vapores combuftos manentes circa ſuperficiem terra, perquos radij tranfeunt; &ideo cumreper. cutiantur in aqua ad oculos noftros , tra huntfecum eundem ruborem , &faciunt ap parere locü aquarum , in quo eft repercuſio, elle rubrum , faith Toftatus. The reaſon becauſe ofhis rayes, which being in the lower vapours , thoſe doe con vay an imperfect mixed light upon the waters . Thus the Moonebeingin the earths ſhadow , and the Sunne beames which are round about it , not being able to come directly unto her body, yet ſome ſecond rayes there are,which paſsing is , 76 That the Moone ry , or LIB.1 . paſsing through the ſhadow ,make her Cap.s. appeare in that ruddy colour: So that ſhee muſt appeare brighteſt when ſhee is eclipſed , being in her Apoge or greateſt diſtance from us, becauſe then the cone of theearths Shadow is leffe , and the refraction is madethrough a narrower medium . Su on the contra fhee muſt be repreſented under a more dark and obfcure forme when ſhe is eclipſed , being in herPerige or neereſt tothe earth , becauſe then ſhee is involved in a greater ſhadow bigger part ofthe cone, and ſo the re fraction paſsing through a greater me dium , the light muſt needs be weaker which doth proceed from it. If you ask now, what the reaſon may be of that light which wee diſcerne in the darker part of the new Moone : lan fwer , ' țis reflected from our earth , which returnes as great a brightneffe to that Planet , as it receives from it . This I fhall have occaſion to prove af terward . Ihave now donewith theſe propo fitions which were ſet downe to cleare the paſſage, and confirme the ſuppoſi. tions may be a World. 77 tions implied in the opinion; I ſhall in LIB . I. the next place proceed to a more di- Cap.6 . rect treating of the chiefe matter in hand. See Propoſicion 6. That there is a World inthe Mooné , back beene the dire &t opinion of manyantient with some moderne Mathematicians, And may probably be deduced from the tenents of others. Ince this opinion maybe ſuſpe. cted of ſingularity , I ſhall there fore firſt confirme it by ſufficient au thority of divers Authors, both anci ent and moderne, that fo I may the better cleare it from the prejudice ei ther ofan upſtart fancie,or anabfolute errour. This is by fomeattributed to Orpheus,one of the moſt ancient Greek Poets. Whoſpeaking of theMoone; fayes thus, iconipui 100mesia;toidasulkespa, Plut: de plac. phil. That it hath many mountaines,and ci ties, and houſes in it. To him aſſented Anaxagoras, Democritus,and Heraclides, Ibid.6.25. h 2 1.2 . 6.13 . po rt all Il IN 78 That the Moone Divin Inft. LIB.I. all who , thonght it to have firme fo Gap.6 . lid ground, like to our earth , contain Ding. Laerr. ing in it many large fields,, champion 1.2.61,9. grounds and divers Inhabitants . Of this opinion likewiſe was Xeno lib.3.c.13: phanes as heiscitedfor it by La& antius; though that Father ( perhaps) did mi ſtakehis meaning whilſt hee relates it thus Dixit Xenophanes , intra concavum Lunæ effe aliam terram , & ibi aliud genus bominumfimilimodovivere ficut nos in hac terra , & c. As if hee had conceived the Moone to be a great hollow body , in themidſtof whoſe concavity , there ſhould be another globe of fea and land,inhabited bymenas our earth is. Whereas it ſeemesto be morelikely by the relation of others , that this Philoſophers opinion is to be under ſtoodin the ſamefence, asit is here to be proved. Truerindeed , the Father condemñes this allportion ašanequal abſurdity to that of Anaxagora , who affirmed the ſnow.to be black : but no wonder, for in thevery next Chapter it is that he does ſo much deride the opinion of thoſewho thought there were Antipodes , So thathisignorance in may be a World. 79 in that particular may perhaps diſable L18.1 .hiin from being a competentJudge in Cap.6 . any other the like point ofPhiloſophy . Vnto theſe agreed Pythagoras , who thought that our earth was but one of the Planets which moved round about the Sun , ( as Ariſtotle relates it ofhim ) De cælo. 1.2. cap.13.and the Pytbagoreans in generall did af firme that the Moone alſo was terre ſtriall; & that ſhe was inhabited as this lower world; Thaç thoſe living crea tures and plants which are in her, ex ceed any ofthe like kind withus in the ſame proportion , as their dayes are longer than ours : viz . by 15 times. This Pythagoras,was eſteemed by all, Plut.ibid. ofa moſt divinewit, as appeares eſpe- Cap.30. cially by his valuation amongſt the Romans, who being commanded by the Oracle to erect a ftatue to the wifeſt Græcian, the Senate determined Paskagore to bemeant,, preferring him Plie Hift.1.34 . Nat. in their judgements before the divine Serraces,whom their Godspronounc'd thewiſéſt. Some think him a Jex by birth ; but moſt agree that hee was much converſant amongſt the lear neder fort and Prieſts of that Nation, by و cap. 6. 80 That the Moone 1 > LIB.1 . by whom hce was informed of many Cap.6. fecrets, and ( perhaps ) this opinion which he vented afterwards in Greece, where he was much oppoſed by Ari ſtotle in ſome worded diſputations, but never confused by any folid reaſon . To this opinion of Pythagoras did Plato alſo affent, when he conſidered that there was the like eclipſe made by the earth ; and this , that it hadno light of its owne, that it was ſo full of Plat .de ſpots . And therefore wee may often Conviviis. reade in him and his followers of an Macrob . etherea terra,and lunarespopuli, An æthe Somon.Scip. libs.c.11: reall earth , & inhabiters in the Moon ; but afterwards this was mixed with many ridiculous fancies: For ſomeof them conſidering the myſteries im plied in the number 3, concluded that there muſt neceſſarily be a Trinity of worlds, whereof the firſt is this of ours ; theſecond in theMoon , whoſe element ofwater isrepreſented bythe fpheare ofMercury, the ayre byKenus, and the fire by the Sunne. And that the whole Vniverfe mightthe better endin earth as itbegan they have con trived it , that Mars ſhall be afpheare of may be a World. 8i . ofthe fire , Jupiter of ayre, Saturne of Lix.i. water ; and aboveall theſe , the Elyſi- Cap.6 . an fields, ſpaciousand pleaſant places appointed for the habitation of chofe unſpotted ſoules , that either never were impriſoned in , or elſe now have freed themfelves from any commerce Exercit.62 with the body. Scaliger ſpeaking of this Platonick fancy , que in tres trient tesmundum quafialem divifis, thinks ' tis confutation enough, to ſay, 'tis Plato's. However, forthe firſt part ofthis affer tion, it was aſſented unto by many o thers , and by reaſon of the grofneffe and inequality of this planet ,'twas frequently called quaß terra cæleftis, as being eſteemed the ſediment andmore Defacte imperfect part of thoſe purer bodies; Lune, you may ſee this proved by Plutarch, in that delightfull work whichhe pro perly made for the confirmation of twftit; ad this particular . With him agreed At diſcip.plat. cæt. Abo , tinons and Plotinus, lafer Writers. Thus Lucian alfo in his difcourſe of ajourney to the Moon, where thoughi hée does ſpeake many things out of mirth & inajeſting manner : yet in the beginning of it hedoes intimnáte that Ġ Ít , dig.l.1.rar a 82 That the Moone . > CC Lib.1. it did contain ſome ſerious truths con Cap.6. cerning the real frame of theVniverſe . . The Cardinall Cusfanus and Jornan Cwya, de do t.ign.l.a. dus Brunus, held a particular world in cap.12 .; every Starre , and therefore one of them defining our earth , he ſayes, it is Atella quædam nobilis ,quæ lunam co calo rem do influentiam habetaliam , &diver fam ab omnibus aliis ftellis ; " A noble Starre having a diſtinct light, heat, & influence fro all the reſt. Voto this Nichol. Hill , a Country man of ours, Philos. Epi was enclined , whế he ſaid.Aprea terra cur.part, natura probabilis eft : “ That ' tis pro “ bable the earth hath a ſtarry nature. But the opinion which I have here a in Theft delivered, was more directly proved b Differta by * Maſlin, b Keplar, and Galileus, each ofthem late Writers and famous 434.' bus. Ć men for their fingular skill in Aftro . c Nuncius Sydereus. nomy. Keplar calls this World by the Somm.Aftr. name of Levania from the Hebrew word 1337which ſignifies the Moon , andourearth by the nameof rolva a roluende, becauſe it does by reaſon of its diurnall, revoluţion appeare unto them conſtantly to turne round , and therefore hee tiles thoſe who live in that tio cum Nunc, may be a World. 83 that Hemiſpherewhich is towards us, L1B, 1. by the title of Subvolvani,becauſe they Cap.6 . enjoy the ſight of this earth , and the others Privolvani, quia funt privati.con . Spe&tu volve , becauſe they are deprived of this priviledge. But Julius Cæfar, whom Ihave above quoted, ſpeaking of their teſtimony whom I cite for this opinion, viz . Keplar and Galileus, affirmes that to his knowledge they pephenom. did but jeſt in thoſe things which they lune.com. write concerning this , and as for any ſuch world, heaſſuredly knowes they never ſo much as dreamt of it. ButI had rather beleeve their owne words, thanhis pretended knowledge. ' Tis true indeed ,in ſome things they doebut trifle, but for the maine ſcope ofthoſe diſcourſes , "tìs as manifeft they ſeriouſly meant it , as any indiffe rent Reader'may eaſily diſcerne ; As for Galileu , ' tis evident that hee did fet downe his owne judgement and opinion in theſethings;otherwiſe ſure Campanella ( a man as well acquainted with his opinion, and perhaps his per ſon as Cæfar was) would never havs writ an Apologie for him. Andbe, G 2 ſides 84 That the Moone LIB ... fides 'tis very likelyifit hadbeene but Cap.6. a jeft,Galilæuswould never have ſuffe red fomuch for it as report faith af terwards he did.

• . And as for Keplar, I will onely re ferre the Reader to his owne wordsas

they are ſet downe in the Prefaceto thefourth book ofhis Epitome, where his purpoſe is to make an Apologie for the ſtrangeneſſe of thoſe truchs that he was there to deliver , amongſt which there are divers things to this purpoſe concerning the nature of the Moone. Hee profeſſes that he did not publiſh them either out of a humor of contradiction , or a deſire of vaine glory ,or in a jeſting way to make him Felfe or others merry, but after a con ſiderate and ſolemne manner for the diſcovery ofthe truth. Nowas for the knowledge which Cæfar pretends to the contrary, you may gueſfewhat it was by his ſtrange confidence in otheraſſertions, and his from his credit in this. For ſpeaking ofPtolome'sHypotheſis, heepronounces this verdict, Impoſsibile eft excentricorum 2.1 boldneſſe in them may be a Warld. 85 G epicyclorum pofirio, nec aliquis eft ex L15.12 Mathematicis adeo fukusquiveram illam . Cap.6 . exiftimet. " The poſition of Excen . " trickes and Epicycles is altogether im 'poſsible, noris there any Mathema "tician ſuch a fooleas to think it true . I ſhould gueſſe hiee could not have knowledge enough to maintaine any other Hypothefis, who was ſo ignorant in Mathematicksasto deny that any good Author held this. For I would fainie know whether there were never. any that thought the Heavens co be fölid bodies, and that there wereſuch kindes ofmotionas is by thoſefained Orbsſupplied ; if fo ,Ceſarla Galla was much miſtaken . I think his affertions are equally true , that Galilæus and Ke. plar did norhold this , and that there were nonewhicheverheld that other . Thusmuchfor the teſtimony of thoſe who were directly of this opinion . 2.But, in my followingdiſcourſe I fhallmoſt inſiſt on the obſervation of Galileus theinventor ofthatfamous Perſpective ,whereby we may diſcern the Heavens hard by us ; whereby thofe things which others have fora G 3 merly 86 That the Moone 3 LIB . 1. merly gueſt at,are manifeſted to the Cap.6. eye ,, and plainely diſcovered beyond exception or doubt ; of which admi rable invention , theſe fatter Ages of the world may- juſtly boaſt , and for this expect to be celebrated by poſte rity . ' Tis related of Eudoxus, that hce wiſhed himſelfe burnt with Phaeton , fo hee might ſtand overthe Sunne to contemplate its nåture ; had hee lived in theſe dayes, he might have enjoyed hiswilh at an eaſier rate , and ſcaling the heavens by this glaſſe , might plainely have diſcerned what hee fo much deſired. Keplar confidering thoſe ftrange diſcoveries which thisPerfpe Etive had made, could not chooſe but cry out in a styrimordia and rapture of admiration, o multiſcium do quovis fcep tropretiofiusperfpicillum . an quite dextrâ tenet, -ille nondominus conftituaturoperuen Dei . And Johannes Fabricius an ele in fole ob gant Writer ,fpeaking ofthe ſame glaſſe, and for this invention prefer ring our age before thoſe former timés ofgreater ignorance, fayesthús ; Adeo Sumus ſuperiores veteribus, ut quam illi carminis magici pronunciatu demiffam De macula repre . fer. maybe a World . 87 cc i repreſentaſje putantur,nos non tantum inno. LIB.I. center demittamins,ſed etiam familiari quo: Cap.6. dam intuitu ejus quaſconditionem intues amur . So inuch are wee above the cc Ancients , that whereas they were Çfaine by their Magicall charmes to c repreſent theMoones approach, we ccannot onely bring her lower with a " greater innocence , but may alſo with a more familiar view behold “ her condition . And becauſe you ſhall have no occafionto queſtion the. truth of thoſe experiments , which I fhall afterwardsurge from it ; I will therefore ſet downe the teſtimony of an enemie , and ſuch a witneſſe hath alwayes beene accounted prevalent : you may fee it in the above-named Cefar la Galia, whoſe words are thefe : Mercurium caduceum geflanter , cæleftia De phen nunciare, & mortuorumanimas abinferis revocare ſapiens finxit antiquitas. Galile um verò novum Jovis interpretem Teleſco pio caduceo inftru &tum Sydera aperire , veterum Philofopborum manesad fuperos revocare folersnoftra etas videt do admira. tur: Wife antiquity fabled Mercury “ carrying a rod in his hand to relaté > nom , cap.1. G4 cnewes 88 That the Moone LIB.1 . Cap.6. cc CC < newes from Heaven , and call back "the foules of the dead , but it hath Sf beene the happineſſe ofour induſtri ous Age toſee and admire Galilaus ( the new Embaſſadour of the Gods < furniſhed with hisPerſpective to un - fold the nature of the Starres , and « awaken the ghoſts of the ancient Philoſophers. So worthily & high ly did theſemeneſteeme of this excel lent invention. Now , if you would know what might be done by this glaſſe, in the ſight of ſuch things as were neerer at hand , the ſame Author will tell you, when heſayes, that by it thoſethings which could ſcarce at all be diſcerned by the eye at the diſtance ofamileand a half, mightplainly anddiſtinctlybe perceived for 16 Italian iniles, & that as they were really in theſelves, with out any tranſpoſition or falſifyingat all. So that what the ancient Poets were faine to put in a Fable, ourmore happy Agę hath found outina truth, andwçemay diſcerneas farre with theſe eyes which Galilæus hath be ftowedupon us, as Lynceus could with thoſe Ibid . c.6 . may be a World. 89 ܪܰ CC thoſe which the Poets attributed unto LIB . I. him . But if you yet doubt whether all Cap.6 . theſe obſervations weretrue, the ſame Authormay confirme you, when hee ſayes they were ſhewed Non uni aut alteri,fedquamplurimis,negagregariis bo- Cap. I. minibus, fed præcipuis atg diſciplinis om nibus , necnon Mathematicis Opticis præceptis optimè inftru &tis ſedula ac dili genti infpe& ione.“ Not to one or two, " butto very many, and thoſe not or ? dinary men, but to thoſe who were well yers'd in Matheinaticks and Op. ( ticks , and that not with a meere " glance , but witha fedulouş and di ligenç inſpection . And leaſt any ſcruple might remaine unanſwered, or youmightthink the men whobeheld all this though they might be skilfull, yetthey came with credulous minds, andſo were more eaſie to be deluded : Hec adds that it was ſhewed Viris qui cap.s. adexperimenta baec coneradicendi animo accefferant. “ Toſuch as were come ce with a great deale ofprejudice , and can intent of contradiction . Thus you may ſee the certainty of thoſe ex periments which were taken by this glaſſe.) CC CC bo That the Moone B.Id glaffe. I have ſpoken the more con cerning it, becauſe I ſhall borrowma ny things in myfarther diſcourſe,from thoſe diſcoveries which were made P.6. by it. " som I havenow cited ſuch Authors both ancient and moderne , who have di re @ ly maintained the ſame opinion. I told you likewiſe in thePropoſition that it might probably be deduced from therenents ofothers : ſuch were ce the Ariſtarchus, Philoleus, and Copernicus, econd ook . with many other later Writers who 2. Prop : afſented to their hypotheſis ; foJoach . Rhelicus,David Origanus Lansbergius, Guil. Gilbert', and (ifI may beleeve apologia CampanellayInnumeri aliy Angli G Galli, Very many others, both Engliſh and French, all whoaffirmed'our Earth to be one of thc Planets , and the Sunne to be the Center of all , about which the heavenly bodies did move. And how hörrid foever thismay ſeeme at the firſt , yetis it likely enough to be true , nor is there any maxime or ob fervation in Opticks (faith Pena) that can difprove it. Now if our earth were one of the Planets pro Gali leo . may be #World. 91 Planets ( as it is according to them ) Lib.I. then why may not another of the Cap.6. Planets be an earth ilogo11 Thus have I ſhewed you the truth of this Propoſition . Before I proceed farther, 'tis requiſite thar I'enforme the Reader , what method I fhall fol low in theprovingof this chiefe affer tion , that there is a World in the Moone. odio 7. The order by which: I ſhall be guided , will be that which Ariflorle uſes in his book Demundo(if thatbook were his.) mor las estou Firſtof in de autor of thöfe chiefe parts which are init, not the elemen tary andæthereall (as héedoth there) fince this dothnotbelong to the pre fent queſtion , but of the Sea and Land, & c. Secondly, afei coalui se , of thoſe things which are:extrinfecall to it , as the feafons, imeteors , and in habitants, 1 mo ? reg Propoſition That the Moone 92 LIBI. Gap.7 . ime la Propoſition That theſe ſpots andbrighter parts which by our fightmay be diſingaiſhed in the Moone, doc ſhes the difference betwixt the Scaand Landin that other world . ForOrthe cleare proofe of this Pro up and refute theopinions of otherscon cerningthe matter and formeofthoſe ſpotsand , then ſhew the greater pro bability of this prefent afforcion , and how agreeable it is to that truth , which is moſt commonly received ; As for the opinions of other concer ning theſe , they have beene very ma ny; I willonly reckon upthoſe which are common and remarkable.is Some there are that think thoſe ſpots doe not ariſe from any deformi ty of the parts , but a deceit of the eye, which cannot at ſuch a diſtance di cerne an equall light in that Planet ; but thefe doe but only ſay it ,and ſhew not any reaſon for the proofe oftheir ' opinion : . a may be a World. 23 swhich betwer hisPin opinion : Others think that there arc Lib.i., I. ſome bodies betwixt the Sunne and Cap.7. Moane,which keeping off thelight in So Bede in ſomeparts, doe by their fhadow pro- confit. duce theſe ſpots which we there dif cerne . De brini Others would have them to be the World figure of the ſeas or mountaines here below ,repreſented there as in a loo king- glaffs. But none ofthoſe fancies ckony can betrue , becauſethe ſpots are ſtill the fame, and notvaried according to the difference of places , and beſides, Cardanthinks it is impoſsible that any Deſubtål. image hould beconveyed fo farre as theretobe repreſented unto usat ſuch a diſtance. But 'tis commonly related ofPythagoras, thathe by writing what he pleaſed in a glaffe, by the reflexion oftheſame ſpecies, would make thoſe letters to appeare in the circle of the Moont, where they ſhould be legible byanyother, whomight at that time beſomemilés diſtant from him . \ 4 . anced grippa affirmcs this to be poſsible, and Philof.lol . the way of performing it not un- cap. s. knowne co himſelfe, with ſome others in his time. It may be, thar Biſhop ers.com ofchrok aterpri Lab. 3 on, 3 at trand eceived er Conce Veryn oſewhic nk that deford of theex a Occulta. Godwine at Plant ,and then fe ofthe opinia 94 That the Moone 1 LIB.I. Godwine did by the like mcanes per Cap.7. form thoſe ſtrange concluſions, which he profeſſes in his Nuncius inanimatus, where he pretends, that he can inform his friends ofwhat he plcaſes, though they be an hundred miles diſtant, forte etiam , velmilliaremillefimum (they are his owne words)and, perhaps a thou ſand , and all this in a little ſpace, quicker than the Sutine can move. Now , what conveyance-there Mould be, for fo ſpeedya paffage 1 cannot conceive, unleſſe it becarried with the light', than which wee know notany thing quicker ; But ofthis on ly by the way , however , whether thoſeimages can berepreſented fo or not, yet certaine it is , thoſe fpóts are not ſuch repreſentations. Somethink thatwhen God hadat firſt created too much earth to make a perfect globe, not knowing well where to beſtow the reſt , hee placed it inthe Moone, which ever ſince hath fo darkned it in ſomeparts , but the inpiety ofthis is ſufficient confutation , ſince it.fo much detracts fromthe divine power and wiſedome. The

may be a World. 95 The Stoicks held that Planet to LIB.I. be mixed of fire and'ayre , and in their Cáp :7. opinion ; the variety of its compofiti- Plut a plus.de dc on cauſed her ſpots: Being not aſha- placic.phil. med to ſtilethe ſame body a God 1.2.6.25. deffe, calling it Diana, Minerva, & c.and yet affirme it be an impure mixtureof Aame, and ſmokeand fuliginousayre. Butthis Planetcannot conſiſt of fire ( faithPlutarch)becaufe there is not any fewell to maintaine it. And thePoets have therefore fained Vulcan to be lame, becauſe heecan no more fubfift without wood or other fewell than a lame man without a ſtaffe . Skitty Anaxagoras thought all the ſtarres to be of an earthly nature, mixed with fomefire ; and as forthe Sunne, heaf firmed it to be nothing elſe butafiery ſtones for which later opinion , the Athenians ſentenc'd him to death ; 1.2.com. Foſephus l . thofe zealous Idolaters councing it a App. All : great blaſphemy to maketheir Goda sufi.deci ftone, whereas notwithſtanding, they 118.645. were ſo fenſleffe in their adoration of Idols , as to make a ſtone their God. This Anaxagoras affirmed the Maone to bemoreterreſtriall than the other 3 Planets; vil. Dei. 96 That the Moone 1.2.c.9 . LIBil . Planets, but of a greater purity than Cap.7. any thing here below ,and the ſpots he thoughtwere nothing elſe , but ſome cloudy parts , intermingled with the light wch belonged to thatPlanet;but I have above deſtroyed the ſuppoſition Nat.Hift. on which this fancy is grounded . Pli nie thinks they ariſefrom ſome drof fic ſtuffe , mixed with that moyſture which the Moone attracts unto her felfe ; buit he was oftheiropinion who thoughtthe ſtarres were nouriſhed by fomeearthly vapours,which youmay commonly ſee refuted in the Commons tators on the books de coelo . Vitellio & Reinoldas' affirmetheſpots to be the thicker parts ofthe Moone, into which the Sunne cannot infufe much light ; and this ( ſay they) is the reaſon why in the Sunnes eclipſes the ſpots and brighter parts are ftill in fom meafure diſtinguished, becauſe the Sun beames are not able ſo well to penetrate through thoſe thicker, as cheymaythrough the thinner parts of that Planet. Ofthis opinion alſo wasCæfar la Galla , whoſe words are " The Moonc doth there ap : peare Opt.lib.g. Corament. u Pwerb. ag. 164. theſe; may be a World. 97 CC 73 parte opaca peare cleareſt , where ſhe is tranfpi- Lib.j. cuous,not onely through theſuper, cap.7. « ficies , but the ſubſtance alſo , and Ex qua « there ſhee ſeemes ſpotted , where parteluna « her body is moſt opacous. The cua non So eſt transpi ground of this his aſſertion was , belumfecundum cauſe hee thought the Moone did re ſuperficiem , ceive and beſtow her light by illumi- led etiam nation onely , and not atall by refle- secundum xion ;but this, together withthe ſup- ameatenus substantia poſed penetration of the Sun -beames, clara,,ex and the perſpicuity ofthe Moones bo-- quaautém dy I have above anſwered and re- ef , catenus futed . obſcirra vi The more common and generall o pinion is , that the ſpots are thethin - cap. it. ner parts of the Moone , which are Albert. leſſe able to reflect the beames that mag.de they receive from the Sunne , and this 2.4. Art. is moft aggreeable to reaſon ; for if the 21. ſtarres are thereforebrighteſt, becauſe colleg.Con . they are thicker and morefolid than their orbes , then it will follow , that thoſeparts of theMoone which have leſſe light, have alſo lefſe thickneffe. It was theprovidence of nature ( fay fome) that fo contrived that planet to have theſe fpots within it ; for ſince H that detur. De Phaenoms. 3 Coevis. , / 981 That the Moone LIB.I. that is neereſt to thoſe lower bodies Cap.7. which are ſo full of deformity , ' tis re quiſite that it ſhould in ſome meaſure agree with them , and as in this inferi our world, the higher bodies are the moſt compleat, ſo alſo in the heavens perfection is aſcended unto by de grees, and the Moone being the low . DeSomnis eft, muſt be the leaſt pure , and there fore Philo theJew interpreting Jacobs dreame concerning the ladder , doch in an allegory fhew , how that in the fabričke of theworld , all things grow perfecteras they grow higher and this is the reaſon( ſaith he) why the Moone doch not conſiſt of any pure fimple matter, but is mixed with aire , which fhewesfo darkely withinher body. But this cannot be a ſufficient rea ſon ;for though it were true that nature did frame every thing perfecter as it was higher, yet is it astrue that nature frames every thing fully perfect for that office to which thee intends it . Now , had the intended the Moone meerely to reflect the Sunne-beames and give light , the ſpots then had not fo much arguedher providence, as her unskilful. may be 4 World. 99 ünskilfulneffe and overſight, aš if in LIB.i. the halte of her worke ſhee could not cap.7. tell howto make thatbody exactly fit Scalig.c.. for that office to which thee intended crcit .62 . it . Tis likely then that ſhe had ſome other end which moved her to pro duce this variety , and this in all pro bability was her intent to make it a fit body for habitation with the ſame conveniencës of ſea and land , as this inferiour world doth partakeof. For ſince the Moone is ſuch a vaft , ſuch a folid and opacous body, like our earth ( as was above proved ) why may it hot be probable , that thoſe chinner and thicker parts appearing in her, doe Thew the difference betwixt the ſea and land in that other world and Ga lilæuo doubts not , butthat ifourearth were viſible at the ſame diſtance, there would be the like appearance ofit. Ifwee conſider the Moone as ano ther habitable earth , then the appea rances of it will be altogether exact, and beautifull , andmay argue unto us that it is fully accompliſhed for all thoſe ends to which providenice did H 2 appoint 100 That the Moone 3 LIB . 1. appoint it. But conſider it barely as a Cap.7. ſtarre or light, and then there will ap peare in it much imperfection and de formitie , as being ofan impure darke ſubſtance, and ſo unfit for the office of that nature. As for the formeof thoſe ſpots , ſome of the vulgar thinke they repre ſent a man, and the Poëtsgueſſetis the boy Endymion , whoſe company ſhee loves ſo well , that Thee carries him with her ; others will have it onely to be the face of a man as the Moone is uſually pictured ; but Abbertus thinkes rather that it repreſents a Lyon with histaile towards theEaſtandhis head Euſebins the Weſt , and * ſome others have Nicremb. Hift.Mat. thoughtit to be very much like a Fox, . 1.8. Coss. and certainly ?tis, as much like a Lyon as that in the Zodjake, or as Vrſa major is like a Beare . I fhould gueſſe thatit repreſents one oftheſe as well as another , and any thing elſe as well as any oftheſe ,ſince 'tis but a ſtrong imagination , which fancies ſuch images ,as ſchoole-boyes uſually doe in the markes of a wall, whereasthere is not any ſuch ſimili túde >

may be a World. 101 1 1 tude in the ſpots themſelves , which LIB.1.rather like our Sea , in reſpect of the Cap.8 . :landappeares under a rugged and con fuſed figure , and doth not repreſenta ny diſtinct image, ſo that both in ref pect ofthematter, and the forme , it may be probable enough that thoſe fpots andbrighter parts may ſhew the diſtinction betwixt che Sea and Land in that other world. Propoſition 8. The Spots repreſent the Sea , and the brighter partsthe Land. W : Hen I firſt compared the na ture of our earth and water with thoſe appearances in the Moone ; I concluded contrary to the propofi tion , that the brighter parts repreſen ted the water, and the ſpots the land ; ofthis opinion likewiſe was Keplar at the firſt. Butmy ſecond thoughts, and Opt.Altro. thereading of others , have nowcon- 6.6.NUM.9.vinced me ( as' after he was) of the Disſert. truth of that propoſition which I haye Gal. now cum nuncio H.-3. Po 102 That the Moone , LIB.1 . now ſeț downt. Before I come to the Cap.8 . confirmation of it , I ſhall mention thoſe fcruples which at firſtmade mee doubtthetruthofthis opinion. 1. It may be objezted , 'tis pros bable , it there bee any ſuch ſea and land as ours , that it beares ſome pro portion and fimilitude with ours : but now this propoſition takes away all likenefle betwixt them. For whereas the ſuperficies of our earth is but the third part ofthewhole ſurface in the globe ,, two parts being overſpread Exercif.38 with the water ( as Scaliger obſerves ) yet here,according to this opinion , the Sea ſhould be leffe than the land, ſince there is not ſo much ofthe beſpotted , as there is of the enlightened parcs , wherefore 'tis probable , that there is no ſuch thing at all , or elſe that the brighter pårtsare theSea, 2. The water , by reaſon of the ſmoothneffe of its ſuperficies, ſeemes better able to reflect the Sun - beames thanthe earth, which in moſt places is ſo full of ruggedneſſe of graſle and trees , and ſuch like impediments of reflexion ; and beſides, commonexpe rience may be a World. 103 he 0 me the firſt if inay with us , SI rience ſhewes, that the water ſhines LIB. I.with a greater& morc gloriousbright. Cap.8 . Neſſe than the earth ; therfore it ſhould ſeeme that the ſpots are the earth , and the brighter parts the water. But to be anſwered. 1. There is no great probability in this conſequence , that becauſe'tis ſo therefore it muſt be ſo with theparts of theMoone, for ſince there is ſuch a difference betwixt them in di vers other reſpects , they may not per haps agree in this. 2. That aſſertion of Scaligeris not De Metcoby all granted for a truth . Fromondus ris l.6.c.s.with others thinke that the ſuperficies ofthe Sea and Land in ſo much of the world as is already diſcovered, is e quall and of the ſame extenſion . 3. The Orbe of thicke and vapo rous aire which incópaſſes the Moonc, makes the brighter parts of that Pla net appearç bigger than in them ſelves they are ; as I ſhall (hew after wards . Tothe ſecond it may be anſwered, that , that though the water be of a {mooth ſuperficies, and ſo may ſeeme H4 moſt Art. s , 104 That the Moone LIB.1 . moſt fit to reverberate the light, yet Cap. 8. becauſe ' tis of a perſpicuous nature ; therefore the beames muſt finke' into it, and cannot ſo ſtrongly and clearely be reflected. Sicut in fpecula ubi plum bum abraſum fuerit , ( faith Cardan ) as in Looking- glaſſes where part ofthe lead is razed off, and nothing left behind to reverberate the image, the fpecies muſt there paſſe through and not back againe ; ſo it is where the beames penetrate and ſinke into the ſubſtance of the body , there cannot be ſuch an immediate and ſtrong re Alexion , as when they are beate back from the ſuperficies,and therefore the Sunne cauſes a greater heate by farre upon the Land than upon the water. Now as for that experiment where it is ſayd , that thewaters have a greater brightneſſe than the Land : I anſwer , 'tis true onely there where they repre ſenttheimage ofthe Sunne orſome bright cloud , and not in other places, eſpecially ifwee looke upon themat any great diſtance, as is very plaine by common obſervation. And 'tis certaine that from any high moun may be a World. 105 a mountaine the land dos appeare a L13.1. great deale brighter than any lakeor cap.8. river. Thismay yet be farther illuſtrated by the fimilitude of a looking glaffe hanging upon a wall in the Sun - ſhine where , if the eye benot placed inthe juſt line of reflexion fromthe glaſſe, tis manifeſt thatthe wall will bee ofa brighter appearance than the glaſſe. True indeed in the line ofreflexion , the light of the glaſſe is equall almoſt unto that which comes immediately fromthe Sunne it ſelfe ; bait now this is onelyin oneparticular place and ſo is not like that brightneſſe which wee diſcerne in the Moone , becauſe this does appeareequallyin ſeveral ſituati ons , likethat of the wall which does ſeeme brightas well from every place as from any one. And therefore the ruffneſſe of the wall , or (as it isin the objection ) the ruggedneſfe of our earthis fofarre from being an hinde rance ofſuch a reflexionas there is fromthe Mooney that it is ratherre quired as a neceſſary condition unto it . Wemay conceivethat in every rough body 106 That the Moone Galileus I. 1 L1x.. body there are, as it were innumerable Cap.8. fuperficies , diſpoſed unto an innume rable diverſitie ofinclinations. Jta ut nullus fit locus , ad quem non pertingant sygem.coll. plurimi radii reflexi a plurimis ſuperficie culis2 per omnem corporis ſcabri radijs lu minofis percufsi ſuperficiem diferfis. So " that there is not any place unto < which there are not ſome beams re « flected from theſe diverſe ſuperfi 6.« cies., in the ſeverall.parts ofſuch a << rugged body. But yet ( as I ſaid before the earth dos receive a great part ofits light by illumination ,as wel as by reflexion. So that notwithſtanding thoſe doubts , yet this propofition may re mainc true, that the ſpots maybe the Sea , andthe brighter parts the Land. De facie Ofthis opinion was Plutarch: unto him Dijertatio. aſſented Keplar and Galileu , whoſe Nunc. Syd. words are theſe , Si quis veterum Py thagorcorum fententiam exuſcitarevelit , lunam fożlicet eße quafi tellurem alteram , ejus pars lucidior terrenam ſuperficiem , obſcurior verò aqueum magis congruè re prafentet. Mihi autem dubium fuit nun quam terreftrisglobi a longè confpe&ti , 4t que Iwon. may be a World. 107 CC CC 5 que a radiis Solaribu perfufa ,terream Lj.1. ſuperficiem clariorem , obſcuriorem vero e- Cap.8 . queim ſeſe in confpeétum daturam . - If any man have a mind to renue the a « opinion of thePythagoreans , that the " Moone is another earth ,thenher - brighter parts may fitly repreſent " the carths ſuperficies andthedarker part thewater ; and formy part , I “ neverdoubted but that our carthly “ globe being ſhined upon by the < Synnt , and beheld at a great di “ tance , the Land would appeare “ brighteſt and theSea moreobſcure ly. The reaſons may be. 1. Thar which I urged about the foregoing chapter, becauſe the water is the thinner part, and therefore muſt give leſſe light. Since the Starres and Planets, by reaſon oftheir brightneſſe, are uſually concluded to beethe thicker parts of their orbe. colour ( faith Ariſtotendtherefore 2. Water is in it felfe of a blacker Inlib.de coloribus. more remorefromlightthanthe earth . Any parts of the ground being moiſt ned with raine, dos looke much more darkely 108 That the Moone LiBaidarkely than when it is dry . Cap.8.. 3." - ?Tisobſervedthat the ſeconda ry light of the Moone ( which after wards is proved to proceede froin our earth ) is fenfibly brighter unto us, for twoorthree dayës before the conjun junction , in themorning when ſhe ap peares Eaſtward , than about the ſame time after the conjunction , when ſhee is ſeene in the Weſt. The reaſon of which muſt be this , becauſe that part ofthe earth which is oppoſite tothe Moone in the Eaſt, hasmore land in it than Sea. Whereas on the contrary , the Moone when ſhe is in the Weſt , is ſhined upon by that part ofour earth where there is more Sea than Land from whenceit will follow withgood probabilitie that the earth ' dos caſt a greater light than the water . 4. Becauſeobfervation tels us,that the ſpotted parts arealwayes ſmooth and equall,havingevery where an e quality of light when once they are enlightned bythe Sunne, whereas the brighterparts are fall of rugged gib bolities and mountaines, having many fhades in them , as I ſhall (hew more at large afterwards. That may be a World. 109 m O Dails lli 06. That in this Planet there muſt bee LIB . I. -cond comes Seas , Campanella indeavours to prove Cap.8. afire out of Scripturë , interpreting the wa- apologia ters above ihe Firmament ſpoken in próGalileo. us , & Genefis, to bee meant of theSea in this world . For ( faith he ) ' tis not likely hea that there are any ſuch waters above the Orbes to moderate that heate which they receive from their ſwift motion ( as ſomeofthe Fathers think .) Nor did Mofes meane the Angels which may be called ſpirituall waters, as Origen and Auſtin would have it,for vide Ieron. both theſe are rejected bythe generall epiß . ad 1 confent : Nor could he meane any nem . waters in the ſecond region , as moſt Confeſſion. Commentators interpret it. For firſt Retraited 13.6.37. there is nothing but vapours , which though they are afterwards turned in - cap.6. to water , yet while they remayne there , they are onely the matter of that element, which may as well bee fire ,orearth ,orayre. 2 Thoſevapours are not above the expanfum , but in it . So, that hee thinkes there is no other way to ſalve all , butby making the Planets ſeverall worlds with Sea and Land with ſuchRivers& Springs as we 41 Pammachi. 1 haye 2 lib.z. Retr . 110 That the Moone Elds 4.7 LIE.T. have here below : Eſpecially ſince Gap.8. Efdras ſpcakes of the fprings above the Firmament. But I cannot agree with him in this , nor doe I thinke that any. ſuch thing can bee proved out of Scripture. Before I proceedeto the next pofi. tion , I ſhall firſt anſwer fome doubts which might be made againſt the ge neralitie ofthis truth , whereby it may ſeeme impoſsiblethat there ſhould be either Sea or Land in the Moone ; for ſince the moves ſo ſwiftly as Aftrono mers obſerve , why then does there nothing fall from her, or why doth the not Thake ſomethingout by thece lerity ofher revolucion : Lanfwer you muſt know that the inclinacion ofeve. ly heavy body to its proper Center , dorh fufficiently tie it unto its place; fo that ſuppoſe any thing were ſepara ted , yet muſt if neceſſarily returne a gaine. And there is no more danger of their falling into ourworld than there is feare of our falling into the Moone. But yet thereare many fabulous re lations of ſuchthingsas have dropped thence .

may be a World. 111 de thence. There is a cale ofthe Nemean Lis . I. Lyon Chae Hercules flew , which firſt cap.8 . ruſhing among the heards out of his videGuli: unknowne den in the Mountaine of Nubrigens. Cytheron in Beotia , the credulous peo- Anglica: ple thought hee was ſent from their lib. i. Goddeſſe the Moone. And ifa whirle winde did chance to ſnatch any thing up , and afterwards raine it downe a gaine,the ignorantmultitude wereapt to believe that it dropt fromHeaven. Thus Avicenna relates the ſtory of a Calfe which fell downe in a ſtorme the beholders thinking it a Moone calfe, and that it fell thence. So Car. dan travellingupon theApennincMou: caines, a ſudden blaft tooke offhis hat, which if it had been carryed farre , he thinks the peaſants whohad perceived it to fall , would have ſworne ic had rained hats. After ſomeſuch manner, manyofour prodigies cometo paffe, and thepeople are willing to believe anything , which they may relate to others as avery ſtrange and wonder full event. I dohbtnot but the Trojan Palladium , the Romane Minerva , and our Ladies Church a Lerche ,with inany BUTSCHES MUSE BIBLIOTHEK 112 That the Moone L1B.I. many ſacred reliques preſerved by the Cap.8. Papiſts mightdrop from the Mooneas well as any oftheſe.. But it may be againe objected , ſup pofe there were a bullet ſhot up in that world , would not the Moone runne away from it , before it could fall downe, ſince the motion of her body ( being every day round our earth .) is farre ſwifter than the other , and ſo the bullet muſt be left behind , and at length fall downe to us : To this I anſ wer , 1. Ifa bullet could bee ſhot fo far till it came to the circumference of thoſe things which belong to ourcen' ter, then it would fall downe to us. 2. Though therewere ſome heavie body a great height in that ayre ,yet would the motion of its center that magneticall globe to which it did be long by an attractive vertue ſtil hold it within its convenient diſtance , ſo that whether their earth moved or ſtood ſtill , yer would the fame violence caſt abody from it equally far. That I may the plainer expreffe mymeaning, I will downe this Diagramme. Suppoſe may be a World. 113 d by the Joone2 Lje.l. F Cap. 8. ed , lur in thi FUNN uld full G rbody B uthi and I anda E

Iam H

Cof C D ce of eli S. 011 be di Suppoſe this earth were A , which was to move in the circle C D. atid let the bullet be ſuppoſed at B. within its proper verge ; II ſay , whetherthis earth did ſtand ſtill or move ſwiftly towards D , yet the bullet would still keepe at the ſame diſtance by reaſon of that Magnetick vertue of the cen ter ( if I mayſo fpeake) whereby all things within its ſpheare are attracted with it . So that the violence to the I bullet 114 That the Moone LIB . I Cap.9. bullet , being nothing elſe but that whereby 'tis removed from its center, therefore an equall violence can carry a body from its proper place , but at an equall diſtance, whether or no this earth where its center is , dos ſtand ſtill or move. The impartiall Reader inay finde ſufficient ſatisfaction for this and ſuch other arguments as may be urged a gainſt the motion ofthat earth , in the writings of Copernicus and his follow ers , unto whom for brevities ſake I will referre them . Propoſition 9 . That there are high Mountaines, deepe Vallies , and ſpacious Plaines in the body of the Moone. T Houghthere are fome,who think Mountaines to be a deformitie to the earth , as if they were either beate up by the Flood , or elſe caſt up like ſo many heaps of rubbiſh left at theCre ation , yet if well conſidered, they will be may be a World. 115 . , V, 18. bee found as much to conduce to the LIB.I. beauty and conveniency of the uni- Cap.g. verſe, as any ofthe other parts. Na ture ( faith Pliny) purpoſely framed Nat. bift.l. them for manyexcellent uſes : partly 36.C.$ . to tame the violence ofgreaterRivers, to ſtrengthen certaine joynts within the veines and bowels oftheearth , to break the force of the Seas inundati on , and for the ſafety of theearths in habitants,whether beaſts or men. That they make much for the protection of beaſts,the Pſalmiſtteſtifies ,The highef Pfal.104, bils are a refuge for the wild goates, and the rocks for conies. The Kingly Pro phet had likewiſe learned the ſafety of theſe by his owne experience , when he alſo was faine to make a mountaine his refuge from the fury ofhis Maſter Saul , who perſecuted himn in the wil. derneffe. True indeed , ſuch places as theſe keepe their neighbours poore,as being molt barren , but yet they preſerve them ſafe , as being moſt ſtrong; wit neffe our unconquered wales and Scot land , whoſe greateſt protection hath beene the naturall ſtrength of their I 2 Coun 116 That the Moone -IB.1. Countrey , ſo fortified with Moun Cap. 9. taines, that theſe have alwayes beene unto then ſure retraites from the vio lence and oppreſsion ofothers. Wher fore a good Author doth rightly call them natures bulwarks, caſt up at God Almighties owne charges, the ſcornes and curbes ofvictorious armies;which made the Barbarians in Curtias ſo con fident oftheir owne fafety, when they were once retired to an inacceſsible mountaine , that when Alexanders Le gate had brought them to a parley ,and perſwading them to yeeld, told them ofhis maſters victories, what Seas and Wilderneſſes he had paſſed ; they re plied, that all that might be, but could Alexander Aly too : Over the Seas hee might have ſhips, and over the land horſes, but hee muſt have wings be fore hee could get up thither. Such ſafety did thofe barbarous nations con ceive in the mountaines whereunto they were retired.Certainly then ſuch uſefull parts were nor the effect of mans fin , or produced by the Worlds curſe, the Flood, but rather at the firſt created by the goodneffe and pro vidence may be a World.. 117 LIB.I. ر vidence of the Almightie. This truth is uſually concluded cap. 9. from theſe and the like arguments. 1. Becauſe the Scripture it felfe , in the deſcription of that generalldeluge, tells us , it overflowed the higheſt mountain s . 2. Becauſe Moſes who writ long after the Flood , dos yet give the ſame deſcription of placesand rivers ,as they had before;which could not wellhave been if this had made ſo ſtrange an al teration . 3. ' Tis evident that the trees did ſtand as before, For otherwiſe Noah could not fo well have concluded,that the waters were abated, from this rea fon , becauſe the Dove brought an O liveleafe in her mouth , when ſhe was ſent forth the ſecond time: whereas had the trees been roofed up , ſhemight have taken it the firſt time, from one of them as it was floating on the top of the waters . Now if the motion of the water was not fo violent as to fub vert the trees, much leflewas it able to çaſt up ſuch yalt heapes as the moun: taines. I 3 4. When 118 That the Moone > LIB.I. 4. When the Scripture doth ſet Cap.g. forth unto us the power and immenfi ſitie ofGod by the varietie or uſeful neſle of the creatures which hee hath made, amongſt the reſt it doth often mention the mountaines. Pfal. 104. 8 . item . 148.9. Fjar.40 . 12. And there fore’tis probable they were created at the firſt . Unto this I might adde that in other places Divine Wiſdome in Prou.8.25. thewing of its owne antiquitie , faith that he was From thebeginning , before Pfil.90.2 the earth or the mountains were brought forth. 5. If we may truſt the relations of 3b.41.6.3. Antiquitie, there were many monu ments left undefaced after the Flood. So that if I intend to prove that the Moone is ſuch a habitable world as this is ; 'tis requiſite that I ſhew it to have the ſame conveniences ofhabita tion as this hath ;and here if ſome Rab bi or Chymick were to handle the point, they wouldfirſt prove it out of Scripture , from that place in Moses his bleſsing , where hee ſpeakes of the ancient mountainesand lasting hills , oſeph.Ant. having for תווי קומ וגבעות עולמ 33.Deut. may be a World. 119 Gen, 49 26. havingimmediately before mentioned LIB.I. thoſe bleſsings which ſhould happen Cap.9. unto Joſeph by the influence ofthe Moone, he does preſently exegetically iterate them in bleſsing him with the chiefe things of the ancient moun. taines and laſting hills ; you may alſo ſee the ſame expreſsion uſed in Jacobs bleſsing ofJoſeph. But however we may deale pro or con in Philofophy , yet we muſt not bee too bold with divine truths , or bring Scripture to patronize anyfancy of our owne, though , perhaps , it beà truth . I am not of their mind who think it a good courſe to confirme Phi loſophicall ſecrets from the letter of the Scripture, or by abuſing fome ob ſcure text in it . Mee thinks it favors too much of that Melancholly humor oftheChymicks , who , aiming in all their ſtiidies at the making of gold , doe perſwade themſelves , that the moſt learned and fubtile ofthe ancient Authors , in all their obſcure places doe meane fome ſuch fence as may maketo their purpoſe. Andhence it is that they derive ſuch ſtrangemyſteries 14 from 120 That the Moone B.I. P.9. from the fables ofthe Poëts , and can tell youwhat great ſecret it was that antiquitie did hide under the fiction of Jupiter being turned into a ſhower of gold : of Mercuriesbeing made the in terpreter of the gods : of the Moones deſcending to the earth for the love ofEndymion : with ſuch ridiculous in terpretations of theſe and the like fables, which any reaſonable conſide ring man cannot conceive to proceed from any but ſuch as are diſtracted. No leffe fantaſticall in this kind are the Jewiſhi Rabbies , amongſt whom is notany opioion , whether in nature or policy , whether true or falfe , but fome of them , by a Cabaliſticall in. terpretationcan father it upon a darke place of Scripture, or (if need bee ) upon a texe that is cleane contrary. There being not any abfurditie fo groſſe and incredible , for which there abufers of the text, will not find out an argument. Whereas, ' tis the more naturall way , and ſhould beobſerved in all controverſies,to apply uuto eve nything, the properproofesofit ; and when wee deale with Philofophical truths may be a World. 121 > > 3

• Le & . qu.

cruths , to keepeour ſelves within the L15.1. bounds of humane reaſon and autho- Cap.g. rity , But this by the way. For the better proofe of this propoſition , I night here cite the teſtimony of Diodorus who thought the Moone to bee full of rugged places , velut terreftribus tumulis ſuperciliofam ; but hee erred much in fome circumſtances of this opinion , eſpecially where he ſayes , there is an Iland anongſt the Hyperboreans,where in thoſe hills may to theeyebee plain ly diſcovered ; and for this reaſon * Celius calls hin a fabulous Writer.Butlila 6a ! s. you may ſee more expreſſe authority for the proofe of this in the opinions of Anaxagoras and Democritus, who plut de held that this Planet was full ofchama placebo auga pion grounds , mountains and vallies. And t ſeemed likewiſe probable unto Auguftinus. Nifus, whoſe words De cælo.l. are theſe : Forſitan non eft rematum dicere 2. part.49. lune parles eße diverſas , velutifunt per tes terre., quarum alre funi vallofa , sie montofa , ex quarum differentia effici pom teftfacies illa lune; neceft rationi di for num ,nam luna eft corpus imperfette Spha. ricum 25. 122 That the Moone IB . 1 . . CC CC a CC ricum , cum fit corpus ab ultimo coelo elon . Cap.9 . gatum , ut fupra dixit Ariſtoteles. Per haps , it would not beamiſfe to ſay "cç that the parts of the Moone were “ divers , as the parts of this earth « whereof ſomeare vallies , and fome « mountaines , from the difference of “ which , ſome ſpots in the Moonc may proceed; nor is this againſt rea cc . fon, for that Planet cannot be per “ fecty ſphericall, fince ' tis ſo remote “ a body from the firſt orbe , as Ari " Stotle had ſaid before. You may fee de Mundi this truth afſented unto by Blancanus Cab .pars 3. the Jeſuit, and by him confirmed with divers reafons . Keplar hath obſerved in the Moones eclipſes, that the divifi. on of her inlightned part from the ſhaded , was madeby a crooked une quall line , ofwhich there cannot bee any probable cauſe conceived , unleſſe it did ariſe from the ruggednesof that Planet; for it cannot at allbe produc'd from the ſhade of any mountaines here upon earth , becauſe theſe would bee fo leſſened before they could reach fo high in a conicall thadow , that they wouldnot be at all ſenſibleunto us ( as 14. might Astron . Opt.c.6 . 28 m . 9. may be aa World. 123 18 might eaſily bee demonſtrated ) nor LIB.I. can itbe conceived what reaſon of this cap.9. difference there ſhould be in the Sun. Wherefore there being no other body that hath any thing to doein eclipſes , wemuft neceſſarily conclude, that it is cauſed by a variety of parts in the Moone it felfe , and what can theſe be but its gibboſitities . Now if you Nould aske a reaſon why there ſhould bee ſuch a multitude of theſe in that Planet , the ſame Keplar ſhall jeſt you out an anſwer. Suppoſing ( faith hee) that thoſe inhabitants are bigger than any ofusin the ſame proportion , as their dayes are longer than ours , viz . by fifteen times it may be, for want ofſtones to erect ſuch vaſt houſes as were requiſite for their bodies, they are faine to digge great and round hol. lowes in the earth , where they may, bothprocure water for their thirſt,and turning aboutwith the ſhade , may a- Selenogra. Repappend. void thoſe great heats which other wiſe they would be liable unto ; or if you will give Cæfar la Galla leave to gueſſe in the ſamemanner , he would rather thinke that thoſe thirſty nations f lt e fo 33 ht caſt 124 That the Moone on , LIB.l. caft up ſomany and fo great heaps of fo Cap.9. earth in digging of their wine cellars ; but this onely by the way. I ſhall next produce the eye-witneſſe Puncius of Galilæus , on which I moſt of all de Sydereus. pend for the proofe of this Propoſiti when he beheld the new Moone through his perſpective, it appeared to him under a rugged and ſpotted figure, ſeeming to have the darker and en lightned parts divided by atortuous line , having ſome parcels of light at a good diſtance fromthe other; and this difference is ſo remarkable , that you may eafily perceive it through one of thoſe ordinary perſpectives,which are commonly fold amongſt us ; but for your better apprehending of what I deliver, I will ſet downe the Figure as I find it in Galilaus. Suppoſe may be a World 125 LIB.I. Cap.g. B C A D Suppoſe ABCD to repreſent the appearance ofthe Moones bodybeing in a fextile,youmay fee fomc brighter parts ſeparated at a pretty diſtance from theother , which can be nothing elſe but a reflexion of the Sun beames upon ſome parts that are higher than the reſt, and thofe obfcure gibboficies which 126 That the Moone LIB.I. which ſtand out towards the enlighte Cap.9. ned parts , muft be ſuch hollow and deepe places whereto the rayes cannot reach . But whenthe Moone is got farther off from the Sunne , and come to that fulneſſe as this line BD doth repreſent her under , then doe theſe parts alſo receive an equall light, excepting onely that difference which doth appearebetwixt their ſea &land. And if you doe conſider how any rug ged body would appeare being en lightned , you would eaſily conceive that it muſt neceſſarily feeme under ſome ſuch gibbous unequall forme, as the Moone is here repreſented . Now for the infallibility of theſe appea rances , I ſhall referre the reader to that whichhath been ſaid in the ſixth Pro poſition . But Ceſar la Galla affirmes , that all theſe appearances may conſiſt witha plaine ſuperficies, ifwee ſuppoſe the parts ofthe body to be ſome of them Diaphanous, and ſome Opacous' ; and if you object that the light which is con . vayd to any diaphanous part in a plaine ſuperficies , muſt bee by a continued line , may be a World. 127 a I line,whereas here there appearemany LIB.I. brighter parts among the obſcure ar Cap.g. ſome diſtance from the reſt . To this he anſwers, it may ariſe from ſome fe cret conveyances and channels within her body , that doeconſiſt of a more diaphanous matter, which being co vered over with an opacous ſuperfi cies , the light paſsing through them may break out a great way off; where as the other parts betwixt,, may ſtill remaine darke. Juſt as the River Arl. thufa in Sicily which runnes under ground fora great way , and after wards breaks out againe. Butbecauſe this is one of the chiefeſt fancies , whereby hee thinks hee hath fully anſwered the argument ofthisopini I will therefore ſet downe his an (wer in hisownewords, leaſt theRea der might ſuſpect morein them than I have expreſſed Non eft impoſſibile cce. Cap. It. cos du & us diaphani & perfpicui corporis, ſed opacâ fuperficie protendi , ufque in dia phanam aliquam ex profundo in fuperfici em emergentem partem , per quos du &tus lume nlongo poſtmodum interftitio erum & c. But I reply , if the ſuperficies betwixt 3 on ; 21 pat ,

128 That the Moone Lib.l. betwixt theſe two enlightened parts Cap.9. remaine darke becauſe of its opacity then would it alwayes be darke , and the Sunne could not make it partake oflight morethan it could of perfpi cuity : But thiscontradictsall experi chce , as you may ſee in Galilæus, who affirines that when the Sunne comes neerer tu his oppoſition , then , that which is betwixt them both , is en lightned as well as either. Nay, this oppoſes his owne eye-witneffe , for he confeſſes himſelfe that he ſaw this by the glaſſe. Hee had ſaid before , that he came to ſee thoſe ſtrange fights diſ covered by Galilæus his glaſle , with an intent of contradi & ion , and you may reade that confirmed in the weak neſſe of this anſwer , which rather be wrayes an obſtinate, thana perſwaded will ; for otherwiſe ſure he would ne ver have undertooke to have deſtroyed ſuch certaine proofes with ſo ground That inſtance of Galilæus , would have beene a better evaſion had this Authorbeen acquainted with it ; who might then havecompared theMoone lelle a fancy . Sytundi cel... to may be a4 World. 129 TS eyeas if . 3 $ to that which wee call mother of LIB.I pearle ; which though it bee moſt cap.9.. exactly poliſhed in the ſuperficies of it ; yet will feeme unto the there were divers ſwellingsandriſings in its ſeverall parts. But yet, this nei ther would not well have ſhifted the experiment of the perſpective. For thefe rugged parts doe not only ap peare upon one ſide oftheMoone, but as the Sunnedosturne about in divers places, ſo doethey alſo caſt their ſha dow . When the Moone is in her in creafe , then doe they caſt their ſha dowes to the Eaſt. When ſhe is in the decreafe , and the Sunne on the other ſide of her ,then likewiſe may we diſ cover theſe brighter parts caſting their ſhadowes Weſtward. Whereas in the full Moonethere are none of all theſe to be ſeene. But it may be objected , that'tis al moſt impoſsible , and altogether un likely, that in theMoonethere ſhould beeány mountaines ſo high, as thoſe ābſervations make them. For doe but fuppoſe according to the common principles, that the Moones diameter K unto a ul is ho W 130 That the Moone LIB.I. unto the Earths , is . very neere to the Cap.9. proportion of 2 to 7. Suppoſe withal} thatthe Earths diameter containes a bout 7000.- Italian miles , and the Moones 2000 ( as is commonly grant ed .) Now Galileus hath obſerved,that fume parts have beene enlighened whenthey werethe twentieth part of the diameter diſtant from the com mon termé of illuinination . From whence , it muſt neceſſarily follow that there may bee fome Moun taines inthe Moone, fo high , thatthey are able to caſt a ſhadowa 100 miles off. An opinion that ſoundslike a pro digie or a fiction ;wherefore ʼtis likely that either thoſe appearances are cau fed by ſomewhat elſe beſides moun taines , or elſe thoſe are fallible obfer vations , from whence may follow ſuch improbable, inconceiveable con fequences. But to this I anſwer : 1. You muſt conſider the breight ofthe Mountaines is butvery little , if you compare them to the length of their fladowes. Sir Waber. Raxleigh 1.826 . 11. obferves that the Mount Athos now called Hist.l.i.c. fe&t may be aa World. 131 Co B. called Lacas, cafts its Shadow zoo fur- L16.1.longs, which is above 37 miles , and cap.9. yet thatMount is none of the higheft. Nay Solinus (whoin Iſhould rather be lieve in this kinde ) affirmes that this polymbifter.Mountaine gives his ſhadow quite over the Sea , from Macedon to the Ile of Lemnos , which is 7oo furlongs or 84 miles , andyet according to the com mon reckoning it doth ſcarce reach 4 miles upwards , in its perpendicular height. 2. I affirme that thereare very high Mountaines in the Moone. Keplar and Galilews thinke that they are highier33 than any which are upon our earth. ButI am not of theiropinion in this , becauſe I ſuppoſe they goe upon a falfe ground ,whilſttheyconceive that the higheſt mountaine upon the earth is not abovéa mile perpendicular ." LWhereas"tis thecommon opinion and found true enough by obſervati on , that Olympus , Atles , Taurius and Emus, with manyothers are mucha bove this height . Teneriffa in the Ca nary Ilands ,is commonly relatedto beeabove 8 miles perpendicular , and K2 about That the Moone 1 . Fone , 2.1. bout this height ( ſay ſome) is the -19 mount Perjalaca in America, * Sir Wat 5.1.1,6., ter Raroleigh ſeemnes to thinke , that the 27.11. higheſt of theſe is neere 30 miles up cor.l. right: nay, Ariſtotle ſpeaking of Cauca H. Sus in Aſia , affirmes it to bee viſible for 560 miles , as ſome interpreters finde by computation, from which it will follow , that it was78 miles perpendi eparatie cularly high , as you may fee con 1. cum firmed by Jacobus Mazonius, and out of him in Blancanus the Jeſuite. But 5.3.6.go this deviates from the truth more in math. exceffe, than the other doth in defect. is loc. However, though theſe in the Moone are not ſo high as-ſomeamongſt us ; yet certaineit is they are of a great height, and ſome of them at the leaſt foure miles perpendicular. This I ſhall prove from the obſervation of Gali laus , whoſe glafle can ſhew to the ſenſesa proofebeyond exception and certainly that inan muſt needs be ofa moſttimerous faith who dares not be, lieve his own eye . By thatperſpective you may plain ly diſcerne fome enlightned parts ( whichare the mountaineş ,tobee diſtant may be a World. 133 diſtant from the other aboutthetwen- LIB. I. tieth part of thediameter. From Cap.g. whence it will follow that thofe mountaines moſt neceſſarily be at the leaſt foure Italian miles in height. B G 13 For let B D E F be the body of. the Moone , ABC will be a ray or beame of the Sunne,which enlightens a mountaine at A, and Bis the point of contingency , the diſtance betwixt A and B , muſtbeeſuppoſed to bee the twentieth part of the diamięter,which is an ioomiles, for ſo far are fome en · K 3 lighte 4 That the Moone. B.I. D. 9. 1 Tightened parts levered from thecom mon terme of illumination . Now the aggregate of the quadrate from AB a hundred , and B G a 1000 will be 1010000 ; unto which tlie quadræe: riſing from A G muſt be equall; ac cording to the 47 propoſition in the firſt booke ofelements. Therfore the whole line AG is fomewhat more than 104 , and the diſtance betwixt HA muſt be e 4 miles, which was thething to beproved . But it may be againe objected , if there beſuch rugged parts and ſo high mountaines , why then cannot we diſ cerne thematthis diſtance why doth the Moone appeare unro us ſo exactly roundand not rather as a wheele with teeth : I anſwer , by reaſon of roo great a diſtance ; for if the whole body ap peare to our eye ſo little , then thoſe parts which beare ſo ſmall a propor tion to the whole, will not at all bee ſenſible . But it may be replied , ifthere were any ſuch remarkeable hils., why does not the limbe of the Moone appeare like may be a World. 135 Lib.I. like a wheele with teeth , to thoſe who looke upon it through the great pera Cap. 9.ſpective , on whoſe witneſſe youfol Cap. 9.much depend or what reaſon is there that Thee appeares as exactly round through it , as thee doth to the bare cyer certainely then , either there is no ſuch thing as you imagine , or elle the glaſſe failes much in this diſco very. To this I ſhall anſwer out of Gali leus. I. You muſt know that there is notmcerely one ranke of mountaines, about the edge of theMoone, but di vers orders,onemountaine behind an other , and ſo there is ſomewhat to hinder thoſevoid ſpaces whichother wiſe, perhaps, might appeare. Now, where there be many hils,the ground ſeemes even to a man that can ſee the topsofall . Thus when the ſea rages , and inany vaſt waves are lifted up,yet allmay appeare plaine enough to one that ſtands at the ſhore. So where there are ſo many hils, the ine quality will bee leſſe remarkable, ifit be difcerned at adiſtance . K4 2. Though 136 That the Maone a LIB.I 2. Though there be mountains in Cap.9. that part which apeares unto us to be the limbe of the Moone , as well as in any other place , yet the brightvapors hide their appearance : for there is an orbe of thickevaporous aire that doth immediatly compaſſe the body of the Moone ; which though it havenot ſo great opacity as to terminate theſight, yet being once enlightened by the Sunne , it doth repreſent the body of the Moone under a greater forme,and hinders our ſight, from adiſtinct view ofher true circumference. But of this in the next Chapter. 3. Keplar hath obſerved that in Somn. Altr . thefolary Eclipſes,when the rays may paffe thorough this vaporous ayre ; there are ſomegibboſities to be diſ cerned in thelimbeofthe Moone.

I have now fufficiently proved, that there are hills in the Moone,and hence it may ſeeme likely that there is alſo a

world,for ſince providence hath ſome ſpeciall end in all its works, certainly then theſe mountaines were not pro duced in vaine ; and what more proba ble meaning can wee conceive there ſhould not. 207. may be a World. 137 ſhould be than to make that place con- LIB . I. venient for habitation : Cap.io: Propoſition 10. That there is an Armo-fphæra, or an orbe of große , vaporous aire, imme diately. encompaſsing the body of theMoone. A S that part of our aire-which is neereſt to the earth is ofa thick er ſubſtance than the other , by rea ſon’tis alwayes mixed with ſome va pours , which arecontinually exhaled into it. So is it equally requiſite , that if there bea world in the Moone , that the aire about that , ſhould be alike qualified with ours. Now , that there is ſuch an orbe of groffe aire , wasfirſt ofall( for ought I can reade) obſerved by ceflin , afterwards affented urto by Keplar and Galilæus , andſince by pideEufeb . Baptiſta Cifacus , Sheiner with others,all Nicrem. of them confirming it by the ſame ar- de 2 . guments which I ſhall onelycite , and wift. 1.2.6. then leave this Propoſition ! 1. .'Tis 138 That the Moone IB.I. 1 1.. ' Tis not improbable that there Cap.10 . ſhould be a ſphere ofgroſſer aireabout the Moonc ; becauſe’tis obſerved that there are ſuch kind of evaporations which proceed from the Sun it felfe . For there are diſcovered diversmove able ſpots , like clouds , that doe en compafle his body : which thoſe Au thors, who have been moſt frequently verſed in theſe kind of experiments and ſtudies , doe conclude to be no thing elſe but evaporations from it. The probabiliţie and truth of which obſervations may alſo bee inferred from ſome other appearances. As , 1. It hath been obſerved that the So. A. D. Sunne hath ſometimes fortheſpace of foure days together , appeared as dull Aprill 24. to che28 and ruddy almoſt as theMoone inher . Ecclipſes ; In ſo much that the Starrs have been ſeene at midday. Nay , he hath been conſtantly darkned for al moſt a whole yeare,and never ſhined,, but with a kind of heavy and duskiſh light, ſo that there was ſcarſe heate enough to ripen the fruits . As it was about thetime when Cæfar was killed. Which was recorded by ſome of the Poëts. 1947 may be a World .. 139 12. UT DS" IW 11 ull my ra Poërs . Thus Virgil, ſpeaking of the Lir.l. Sunne. Capiro. fille etism extin & o miferatus Cæfare virgil. Roman , Gcorg.lib.a. Cum caput obfcurâ nitidum ferrugine texit , Impiaſ aternam timueruut secula nodem , He pitrying Rome when as great Cæfar dyde , His head within a mourning vaile did hide. And thus the wicked guilty world did fright, With doubtfull feares of an eternall night. Ovid likewiſe ſpeaking of his death -- Solis quoque triftis imago Lurida follicitis præbebat luminaterris.

Now theſe appearances could not ariſe from any lower vapor. For then 1. They would not have been founi verſall as they were , being ſeene through all Europe ; or elſe 2. that vapormuſthave covered the ſtarres as well as the Sunne,which yet notwith ſtanding Metam . TEN dal l be browo co lib, is: 1,4 r2 IDA ski her try llb ofd Pos 6:57 140 That the Moone 101th3 thCHL13.1. ſtanding were then plainly diſcerned Cap.10. in the day time. You may ſee this argumentilluſtrated in another the like caſe. Chap. 12. Hence then it will follow , that this fuliginous matter, which did thus obſcure the Sunne, muſt needs bee very neere his bo dy ; and if ſo , then , what can we more probably gueſſe it to be , than evaporations from it : 2. ' Tis obſerved , that in the Suns totall Ecclipſes , when there is no part of hisbodydiſcernable, yet there dos not always follow ſo great a darkneſſe , as might bee expected from his totall abſence. Now' tis pro bable that the reaſon is , becauſe theſe thicker vapors, being enlightned by his beames, doe convey ſome light unto us , notwithſtanding the inter poſition ofthe Moonebetwixt his bo dy and our earth . 3. This likewiſe is by fome gueſt to be the reaſon ofthe crepuſculum or that light which wee have before the Suns riſing. Now, if therebe ſuch evaporations from the Sunne , much more then from CEct may be a World. 141 / from the moone , which does conſiſt | LIB.Í. of a more groffe and impure ſubſtance. Cap.10 . The other arguments are taken from feverall obfervations in the Moon her felfe , and doe more directly tend to the proofe ofthis propoſition. 2. ' Tis obſerved , that ſo much of the Moonc as is enlightned , is al wayės part of a bigger circle , than that which is darker. The frequent experience ofothers hath provedthis, and an,cafie obfervation may quick ly confirme it. But now this cannot proceede from any other cauſe lo probable , as from this orbe of aire ; eſpeciallywhen weconſider how that Planet ſhining witha borrowed light, doth not fend forth any fuch rayes as may make her appearance bigger than her body 3. When the Moone being halfe en lightned,begins to cover any Starre;if **** the Starre bee ſtowards the obfcurer pait , then may it by the perfpe& ive be diſcerned , to bee neeier unto the center of the moone , than the out ward circumference ofthe enlightned part. But the moone, being in the a

full 142 That the Moone ce Lie.i. full; then dos it feemeto receive theſe Gap.io. ſtarres , within its limbe. 4. Though the Moone doe fome time appeare the first day of herchange when ſo much as appeares enlightned, cannot be above the 808o part of her diameter , yet they will the horries feeme at least to be ofa fingers breadth in extenſion. Which could not bee , unleſfe the ayre about it were illumi nated. 5.'Tis obſerved in the Sotary ec clipſes, that thereis ſometimes a great trepidation about the body of the Moone , from which wee inay like wife argue an Armo.fphæra , ſincewe cannotwellconceivewhar fo proba blé a cauſe there ſhould be ofſuch an appearance asthis, Quod radiiSolares à scheiner., vaporibus Lunam ambientibus fuerint in . ROS: Vifil. tercif , that the Sunne-beames were broken and refracted by the vapours that encompaſſed the Moone. 6. I may adde the like argument taken from another obfervation which will beeaſily tried and granted .When the Sunne is eclipſed , wedifcerne the Moone as fhee is inher ownenaturall bigneſſe ; > 4. pars.2, G. 27 . may be a World. 143 5 bigneſfe ; but then the appeares ſome- L1 % .1 , what lefle than when ſhe is in the full , Cap.10 . though ſie be in the ſame place of her ſuppoſed excentrick and epicycle; and therfore Tycho hath calculated a Table for the Diameter of the divers new Moones. But now there is no reaſon ſo probable, to falve this appearance , aś to place an orbe of thicker aire ncere the body of that Planet, which mây bee enlighted by the reflected beames, and through which the direct rayes may eaſily penetrate. But fome may object , that this will not confift with thatwhichwas before delivered, where I ſaid , that the thina neſt parts had leaſt light. If this were true , how comes it to paſſe then , that this aire fhould bee as right as any of the others parts ; when as tis thethinner of all : I anſwer , if the light be, received byreflection only , then the thickeſt body hath moft, becauſe it is beftiable co bcate backe the rayes bor if the light be received by illumination ( es ſpecially if there bean opacous body behinde , which may double the beames 3 g That the Moone 144 LIB.Id beames by reflexion ) as it is here , Cap.11. then I deny not but a thinne body . may retainemuch light , and perhaps, ſomeofthoſe appearances, which wee take for fiery comets , are nothing elſe but a bright cloud enlightned ; So that probable it is ,; there may be ſuch - aire without the Moone; & hence it comes to paffe , that thegreater ſpots are on ly viſible towards her middle parts , and none neere thecircumference , not but that there are ſome as well in thoſe parts as elſewhere , butthey are not there perceiveable , by reaſon of thoſe brighter vapours which hide them . Propoſition 11 . That as their world is our Moone, fo our i world is their Moone. Have already handled the firſt thing that I promiſed , according tothe Method which Ariſtotle uſes inhis Book deMuodo , and ſhew'd you the neceſſary parts that belong to this world I may be a crld. 145 here but wa ܪ ܕ OLE TO par elli 呼cht lors bi world in the Moone.In the next place Lib . I. 'tis requiſite that I proceed to thoſe Cap: 11. things which are extrinſecall unto it , asthe Seaſons , the Metcors, and the Inhabitants. 1. Of the Seaſons ; And if there be ſuch a world in the Moone, 'tis requiſite then that their feaſons ſhould bee ſome way correſ pondent unto ours , that they ſhould have Winter and Summet , night and day , as we have. Now that in this Planet there is ſome ſimilitudę of Winter and Sum mer, is affirmed by Ariſtotle himſelfe , Dégen ani ſince there is one hemiſphere that mal.l.4:13. hath alwayes heate and light, and the other that hath darkneſſe and cold. True indeed , their dayes and yeares are always of oneand the ſame length ( unleſſe wemake one of their yeares Golden to be 19 ofours,inwhich ſpace all theNumber, Starres doe ariſe after the ſame order.) But tis ſo with us alſo under the Poles, and therefore that great difference is not ſufficient to make it altogether un like ours ;nor can we expect that eve ry thing there ſhould be in the ſame L man f red leih dia won 146 That the Moone it may LIB.I. manner as it is here below , as if nature Cap.1r. had no way but one to bring about her purpoſes. We have no reafon then to thinke it neceſſary that both theſe worlds ſhould be altogether alike , but ſuffice if they be correſpondent in ſomething only. However, it may bee queſtioned whether it doth not ſeeme to bee againſt the wiſedome of Providence , to make the night of fo great a length, when they have ſuch a long time unfit for worke : I anſwer , no ; ſince tis fo, andmore with us alſó under the poles ; and beſides,the gene rall length of their night is. Tomewhat abated in the bigneffeof their Moone which is our earth . For this returnes as great a lightunto that Planet , as it receives from it . But for the better proofe of this ,I ſhall firſt free the way from fuch opinions as mightotherwiſe hinder the ſpeed of a clearer pro greffe. Plutarch one of the chiefe patrons of this worldin the Moone, dochdire . @ly contradi&t this propofition ;affirm ing, that thoſe who live there,may diſ cerne our world , as the dreggs and ſedimenti 3 Plut. de fac . luna . may! be a World. 147 ITE! 01 000 23 od lo bi el. llo ſediment of all other creatures , ap- LIB . I, pearing to them through clouds and Cáp.11 . foggy miſts, and that altogether de void of light ,being baſe and unmove able , ſo thatthey might well ima ginethe darke place of damnation to bee here ſituate, and that they onely were the inhabiters of the world , as being in themidſtbetwixt Heaven and Hell. To this I may anſwer, 'tisprobable that Plutarch (pakethis inconfiderately, and without a reaſon ;whichmakes him likewiſe fall into another abſurditie , when hee ſays our earth would ap peare immoveable ; whereas queſtion Jeſſe, though it did not, yet would it ſeeme to move and theirs to ſtand ſtill, as the Land doth to aman in a Shippe ; according to that of the Poët : Provehimur porty , terræg, urbeſq; reče dunt. And I doubt nor but that ingenuous Author would eaſily have recanted , if hee had beene but acquainted with chofe experiences which men of latter times have found out , for the confir mation of this truth. 2. Unto he 78 st 18 TO > 1 LD on 48 That the Moone B.I. 2 CC 2. Unto him aſſents Macrobins) P.11. whoſe words are theſe ; Terra accepto Am Scip . Solis lumine clareſcit tantummodo , non 10. 19. relucet. “ The earth is by the Sunne « beames madebright , but not able to enlighten any thingſo farre. And his reaſonis , becauſe this being of a thick and groffe matter,thelight is ter minated in its ſuperficies , and cannot penetrate into the ſubſtance ; whereas the Moone doth therefore ſeemc ſo bright to us, becauſe it receives the beames within it felfe. But the weak neſle of this aſſertion , may bee caſily manifeſt by a common experience; for poliſhed ſteele(whoſe opacity will not give any admittance to the rayes ) re Acets a ſtronger heate than glafle , and ſo conſequently a greater light. 3. ' Tis the generall conſent of Phi loſophers , that the reflection of the Sunne-beames from the earth doth not reach much above halfe a mile high , where they terminate the firſt region , ſo that to affirme they mightafcend to the Moone , were to ſay , there were but one region of aire, which contra di& ts the proved and received opinion. Unto maybe a World . 149 Capori. Ant. le t.l. . > Unto this it may be anſwered :: That it is indeed the common con LIB.I. fent , that the reflexion of the Sunne beames, reach onely to the ſecond re gion ; butyet ſomethereare, and thoſe too , Philoſophers of goodnote, who thought otherwiſe. Thus Plotinus is cited by Celius, Si concipias te in ſubli. 1.6.4. mi quopiam mundiloco , unde oculis fubji ciatur terre moles aquis circumfuſa , & ſolis ſyderumq;radiis illuſtrata , non aliam profe & o viſam iri probabile eft, quam qualis modo viſatur lunaris globi ſpécies. “ If you conceive your ſelfe to bee in fome ſuch high place , where you might diſcerne the whole Globe of SS. the earth and water , when it was enlightned by theSunnes rayes, ' tis S probable it would then appeare to you in the ſame ſhape as the Moone 59 doth now unto us. So Paulm Fofca- In epift,ad Sebat.Fan tinu . Terra nihil aliud eft quàm altera Scbaft.Faz Buna , vel Stella, califq; nobis appareret , fi ex convenienii elong asione.eminus confpici retur,in ipfaq;obfervari poſsent cædemafpe Huum varietates ,qua in Lunâ apparent, The earth is nothing elſe but another Moone or Starre , and would appeare L 3 fo CC CO 3 tonum ) That the Moone ८८ Leteor.l.1 . 2. Art.2 150 ſo unto usifit were beheld at a conve Lib.1 . Cap.II. nient diſtance with the fame changes and varieties as there are in the Moon. Præfat. ad Thusalfo Carolus Malapertius, whofe Auftriaca words are theſe , Terra bæc noftra, ſi in fjd ' luns conftiruti effemus , ſplendida prorfus quafi non ignobilis planeta, nobis appareret. ēc Ífwee were placed in the Moone, co and from thence beheld this our c earth , it would appeare unto us ve cc ry bright , like one of the nobler 60 planets. Unto theſe doth Fromondus affent, when he ſayes, Credo equidem quod foculusquiſpiam in orbelunari foret, lobum terra do aquæ inftar ingentis fade ris àfole illuftremconfpicerer. I believe cs that this globe of earth and water cc would appeare like fomegreat Star co to any one , who ſhould looke upon cs it from the Moone. Now this could not bee, nor could it ſhine ſo remark ably ,unleſfe the beames oflight were reflected from it. And therefore the fameFromondus exprefly holds , that the firſt region of ayre is there ter minated,where the beate cauſed by reflexion begins to languiſh , whereas the beames themſelves. doe : paffe a great globum may be a World. 151 ES 1. 2. il 18 ale HA ith grcat way further. The chicfe argu- L16.1 ment which doth moſt plainely mani. Сар Cap.II. felt this truth,is taken from a common obfervation which may bec eaſily tryed. Ifyou behöld the Moone a little be fore or after the conjunction , when ſhe is in a fextile with the Sunne, you may difcerne not onely,the part which is enlightned , but the reſt alſo to have in it a kind ofa duskiſh light ; but if you Chuſe out ſuch'a ſituation , whereſome houſe or chimney ( being fome 70 or 80 paces diſtant from you ) may hide from your eye the enlightned hornes, you may then diſcerne a greater and möre remarkable ſhining in thoſe parts unto which the Sunne beames cannot reach ; nay there is ſo great a light that by thehelpe of a good perſpectiveyou may difeerne its ſpots. In ſo much that Blancanus the Jeſuite ſpeaking of it, fayes, Hæcexperientiaita me aliquando De mundi fefellit , ut inhuncfulgorem cafu ac repente fab .p.3 . incidens,exiftimarim novo quodam miracua | C.3 . lotempore adolefcentis lunæ fa &tum effe ple nilunium . « This experiment did once es fo deceive mee, that happening up er to Su pl ul 211 WOW the db ero lle CC Orel L 4 on 152 That the Moone CC on CC CC CC -IB.I. the fight ofthis brightnelle upon ap.ii. a ſudden , Ithought that by fome « new miracle the Moone had beene got into her full a little after her < change. But now this light is not proper to the Moone; it doth not proceed from the rayes ofthe Sunne which doch pe netrate her body , nor is it cauſed by any other ofthe Planets, and Sțarres. Therefore it muſt neceſſarily follow a that it comes from the earth . Thetwo firſt of theſe I have already proved and as for the laſt, it is confidently af Aut. Lett.firmed by Calzus, Quod fi in difquificio. 5.20. 6. 5. nem evacet quis. , an lunari fyderi lucem fænerent planeta, item alii , aſeveranter s. Aruendum non funerare. " If any ſhould " aske whether the other Planets lend any light to the Moone ? I anſwer, " they doe noț. Trueindeed ,the noble Progym . 1. Tycho diſcuſsing the reaſon of this light attributes it to the Planet Venus ; and I grant that thismay convey fome light to the Moone, but that it is not the cauſe of this whereof wee now diſ courſe , is of itſelfe ſufficiently plaine, becauſe Venus is ſometimes over the Moone CC may be a World. 153 1 S. Moone , when as ſhee cannot convey L13.1. any light to that partwhich is turned cap.ij. from her. It dothnotproceed from the fixed ſtarres ; for then it would retaine the ſamelight in ecclipſes , whereas the light at ſuch times is more ruddy.and dull. Then alſo the light ofthe Moone would not be greater or.leſfer, accord ing to its diſtancefrom the edge of the earths ſhadow , fince it did at all times equally participate this light of the ſtarres. In briefe , this is neitherproperto the Moone, nor does it proceed from any penetration ofthe Sunsrays; or the ſhining ofVenus, or the other Planets , or the fixed ſtarrs. Now becauſe there is noother body in the whole Uni verſe, fave theearth , it remaines that this light muſt neceſſarily becauſed by that;which withajuſtgratitude repaies to the Moone ſuch illumination as it receives from her. And as loving friends cqually par ticipate of theſame joy and griefe, ſo doetheſemutually partakc of theſame hat light from the Sunne , and the ſame darkeneſte IC. That the Moone Lib.z. darkeneſfe from the eclipſes being al Cap.1.1o ſeverally helped by one another in their greateſt wants : For when the Moone is in conjunction with the Sun , & her upper part receivesall the light then her lower Hemiſpheare ( which would otherwife be altogether darke ) is enlightened by the reâexion of the Sunne-beames from the earth . When theſe two Planets are in oppoſition , then that part oftheearth which could not receive any light from the Sunne beames , is moſt enlightened by the Moone , being then in her full , and as ſhee doch moſt illuminate the earth when the Sunne -beames cannot, ſo the gratefull earth returnes to her as great ( nay greater ) light when ſhee moſt wants it ; ſo that alwayes that viſible part oftheMoone which receives ño thing from the Sunne , is enlightened by the earth, as is proved by Galilæus; with many more arguments , in that Treatiſe which hecalls Syftemamundi. True indeed, whenthe Moone comes to a quartile , then you can neitherdif cerne this light, nor yet the darker part ofherbody, and that fora doublerea fon . 1. Becauſe a may be a World . 7 1. Becauſe the nicerer it comes to the LIBI . full the leſſe lightdos it receive from Capois. the earth ; whoſe illumination dos al ways decreaſe in the ſame proportion as theMoonc dos increaſc . 2. Becauſe of the exuperancy of the light in the other parts. quippe illuftratum medium fpeciem recipit vx - scal exerc. lentiorem , the clearer brightneſſe in- 62. volves the weaker it being with the ſpecies of ſight, asit is with thoſe of ſound, andas the greater noiſe drowns the leffe , ſo the brighter object hides that which is more obſcure . But as they do always in their mutuall viciſsi tudes participate of one anothers light; ſo alſo doethey partake ofthe ſame defects and darknings ; for when our Mooneis eclipſed , then is their Sunne darkned ; and whenour Sun is eclipſed, thé is their Moon deprived of itslight, as you may ſee affirmed by Miſlin, quod ſiterram nobis ex alto liceret intueri, Epit.Aſtro.. quemadmodum deficientem lunam ex lon- 74. part.2. ginquo fpe&tare poßumus, videremus tempo re eclipſis ſolisterra aliquam partem lumi. nefolis deficere,eodem planè modo facut ex oppofito luna deficit. “ If we might be hold 156 That the Moones de Lis . I. " hold this globeofcarth atthe ſame Cap.it. « diſtance, as we doe the Moonin her " defe &t , wce weë might diſcerne fome part of it darkened in the Sunnes « eclipſes , juſt ſo as the Moone is in “ hers. For as our Moone is eclipſed by the interpoſition ofourcarth , lo is their Moonc eclipſed by the interpofi tion oftheirs. The manner ofthis mu tuall illumination betwixt theſe two youmay plainly diſcerne in thisFigure following us DiWhere sów si Sii i ce MIUM минимам B 158 That the Moone a LIB.I. Where A reprefents the Sunne , B Cap .11. the Earth , and C the Moone ,5 Now ſuppoſethe Moone Ctobe in a ſextile of increife , when there is onely one ſmall part of her body enlightened , then the earth B will have ſuch a part of its viſible Hemiſpheare darkned , as is proportionable to that part ofthe Moone which is enlightened ; and as for ſo much of theMoone, as the Sun beames cannot reach unto , it receives light from a proportionall part of the carth which ſhines upon it , as you may plainly perceive by the Figure . You ſee then that agreement and fi militude which there is betwixt our earth and the Moone. Nowthe great cft difference which makes them un like, is this, that the Mooneenlightens our earth round about as our earth gives light oneły to that Hemi fphcarc oftheMoonewhich is viſible unto us , as may be certainly gathered from the conſtant appearance of the ſame ſpots,which could not thuscomo to paffe , if the Moone had ſuch a diur nall motion about its owne axis as per haps our earth hath . And though ſome fuppoſe may be a World. 3 Y ſuppofeher to move in an epicycle,yer LIB . I , this doth not ſo turne her body round , Cap.13 . that wee may diſcerne both Hemi ſpheares , for according to that hypo thefis ( ſay they) the motion of her ec cencrick doth turne her face towards us , as much as the other doth from US. S S UIT to But now , if any queſtion what they doe forá Moone who live inthe upper part ofherbody I anſwer, thefolving of this , is the moſt uncertaine and dif ficult thing that I know of, concerning this whole matter. Butyet unto mee this ſeemes a probable conjecture , That theupper Hemiſpheare of the Moone dothreceive a fufficient light from thoſe Planets about it ; and a mongſttheſe, Venus ( it may bec) be ftowesamore eſpeciall brightneſſe, ſince Galilæus hath plainly difcerned that ſhe ſuffers the ſame increaſes and decreaſes ; as the Moone hath , and 'tis probable thatthis may bee perceived there, without thelielp of a glaſſe, be: cauſe theyare farreneerer ir than wee When Venus ( ſaith Keplar) lies downe: in the Perige or lower part ofher fup DOS 1. ole

! ?

ed he . MC era me poſed 160 That the Moone LIB.1 . poſed' Epicycle , then is fe in conjun Cap.11. ction with her husband the Sunne from whom after hee hath departed for the ſpace often moneths,ſhee gets plenum uterum , and is in the full. But you'll reply , though Venas may beſtow ſome light when ſhe is over the Moone , and in conjunction , yet being in oppoſition , ſhe is not viſible to them , and what ſhall they then doe forlight ? I anſwer, then they havenone; nor doththis make ſo great a difference be twixt thoſe two Hemiſpheares , as there is with us, betwixt the places un der the poles , and the line . And be fides , ' tis conſiderable , thatthere are two kindé ofPlanets. I. Primarie, ſuch whoſe proper cir cles doc encompaſſe the body of the Sunne , whereofthere are fix . Saturne, Jupiter, Mars, Ceres orthe Earth , Vá nis , Mercury. As in theFrontiſpice. 2. Secondary , ſuch whoſe proper Sunne , but ſomeof the other primarie Planets. Thus are there two about Saturne , fourc about Jupiter , and thus likewiſe dos circles are not aboutthe may be a World. 161 一 ww似 ted Jets Ver 3 ible a علی

DOM

ebe. dos the Moone encompaſſe our earth . LIBI.. Now tis probable thattheſeleſſer , ſe- fe Cap. 11. condary Plancts, are notſo accommo dated with all conveniences of habi tàtion asthe others that are more prin cipall . But it may feeme a very difficult thing to conceive, how ſo groſſe and darke a body as our earth,ſhould yeeld -fuchi a cleere light as proceeds from the Moone ; andtherefore the Cardi nall de Cuſa ( who thinks every Starre Dedott.ig. 1. 2 ; 6.12 to be a feverall world ) is ofopinion that the light of the Sunne is not able to make them appeare fo bright; but the reaſon of their ſhining is , becauſe wee behold them at a great diſtance through their regions of fire which doefet a ſhining luſtre uponthoſe bo dies that of themſelvesare darke. Vnde fi quis eflet extra regionem ignis, terra iſta in circumferentia fua regionisper medium ignis lucidaftella appareret. ." So that if a man were beyond the region of Cofire , this earth would appeare through that; as abright Starre. But if this were the onely reaſon , then would the Moone be freed from ſuch M increaſes 23 SULA a be CAN

oobia 乌兰 EUR CC. TOR be . hieti VE 162 That the Moone, LIB.I. increaſes and decreaſes as ſhee is now Cap.si. Iyable unto . Keplar thinks that our earth receives that light whereby itſhines, from the Sunne, but this ( faith he) is not fuch an intended cleare brightnes as the Moon is capable of, and therefore he gueſſes, that the earth there is ofa more chokie ſoyle , like the Ile of Creie , and ſo is better able to reflect a ſtronger lights whereas our earth muſt ſupply this in tention with thequantity of its body. But this I conceive to bee a needleſſe conjecture, ſince our earth, ifall things were well conſidered, will bee found able enough to reflect as great a light. For1. Conſider its opacity ;if you marke theſe ſublunary things , you ſhall per. ceive that amongſt them , thoſe that are moſt perſpicuous , are not ſo well able to reverberate the Sunne-beames , as the thicker bodies. The rayes paffe ſingly through a diaphanous matter , but in an opacous ſubſtance they are doubled in their returne , and multi plyed by reflexion. Now if the moone and the other Planets can fhine ſo Cleerely may be a World. 163 cleerely by beating backe the Sunne- LIB . I.beames , why may not the carth alſo cap.11.fhine as well, which agrees with them in the cauſe of this brightneſſe their o pacity ? 2. Conſider what a cleare light we may diſcerne reflected from the earth in the middeſt of Summer,andwithall conceive how much greater that muſt bee which is under the line , where the rayes are more dire & ly and ſtrongly reverberated. že 1 ? Tis conſiderable that though the Moon dos in the night time ſeeme to be of ſo cleére a brightneſle , yet when wee looke upon it in the day , it appeares like ſomelittle whitiſh cloud: Not but that at both tiines, the is of an èquall light in her ſelfe. The reaſon of this difference is , becauſe in the night wee looke upon it througha darke and obſcure medium , there being no other enlightned body , whoſe brightneſſe mayabate from this: Whereas in the day, time, the whole heavens round about it , are ofan equall cleareneſie; and ſo make it to appeare with a weak er light. Now becauſe wee cannot ſee M2 how 164 That the Moone a - LIB.I. how the enlightned partsof our earth Cap.11. doe looke in the night , therefore in comparing it with the Moone , wee muſt notconſider her , as ſhe is beheld through theadvantageofa darke' me dium ,but as ſhe ſeemes in the day - time: Now, in any cleere Sun -ſhine-day,our earth does appeare as bright as the Moone , which at the ſame time does ſeeme like ſome duskiſh cloud ( as any little obſervation may eafily manifeſt .) Therefore we need not doubt but that the earth-is as well able to give light , as the Moone. To this , it may bead ded that thoſe very -clouds , which in the day- time ſeemeto be of an equall light to themoone, doe in the evening become- as darke as our earth ; and as for thoſe of them , which are looked upon atany great diſtance , they are often miſtaken for the mountaines. 4. Tis conſiderables, that though the moone feeme to bee of ſo great a brightneſſe in the night , by reaſon of its neereneſſe unto thoſe ſeverall ſha dowes whichit caſts, yet is it of it felfe weaker than that part of twilight, which uſually wee have for halfe an houre may be a World . 165 houre after Sunne- fer , becaufe wee LIB.I. cannot till afterthat time diſcerne any Cap.ir. ſhadow to bemade by it. 5. Conſider the great diſtance at which we behold the Planets , for this muſt needs adde much to their ſhining ; and therefore Cuſanus (in the aboveci. ted place ) thinks that if a man werein the Sunnc , that Planet wouldnot ap peare ſo bright to him ; as now it doth to us , becauſe then his eye could dif cernebut little , whereas here, we may comprehend the beames as they are contracted in a narrow. body. Keplar beholding the earth froma high moun taine when it was enlightned by the Sụnne, confeſſes that it appeared unto him of an incredible brightnes, where as then he could onelyſee ſome ſmall parts of it ; but how much brighter would it have appeared if hee might in a direct line behold the whole globe of earth and theſe rayes gathered toge ther ? So that if weconſider that great light which the earth receives from the Sunne in the Summer , and then ſuppoſe wee werein theMoone, where wee might ſee the whole earth hang M 3 ing 166 That the Moone LIB, 1, ing in thoſe vaſt ſpaces , wherethere is Cap.11. nothing to terminate the fight , but thoſe beames which are there contra eted into a little compafle ; 1 fay , ifwe doe well conſider this , weemay eaſily conceive that our earth appeares as bright to thoſe other inhabitants in the Moone, as theirs doth to us , But here it may bee objected , that with us formanydays in the yeare,the heavensare fo overclowded , that wee cannot ſee the Sunne at all , and for the moſt part, in our brighteſt dayes, there are many ſcattered clouds which made the earth in fundry places , ſo that in this reſpect,it muſt needs be unlike the Moon and will not be able to yeeld ſo cleare , unintermitted a light, as it re ceives from that planet. To this I anſwer. 1. As forthoſe leſſer brighter clouds which for the moſt part are ſcattered up and down in the cleareſt days, theſe can be no reaſon why our earth ſhould be of a darker appearáce,becauſe theſe clouds being neere unto the earth , and ſo not diſtinguiſhableat ſofo great adi ſtance from it, and likewiſebeing illu mina may be a World. 167 upon them > minated on their back parts by the LIB. I. Sunne that ſhines muſt Cap.I2. ſeeme as bright to thoſe in the Moone, as if thebeames were immediately re flccted from our earth . 2. When theſe clouds that are in terpoſed, are ofany large extenſion or great opacity , as it is in extraordinary laſting and great rains, then there muſt be fome diſcernable alteration in the light ofour earth ; But yetthis dos not make it to differ from the Moone: ſince it is ſo alſo with that Planét,as is ſhew ed in the later part ofthe next chapter. > Propoſition 12. That tis probable theremay be ſuch Mete ors belonging to thatworld in the Mooneas there are with m . P Lutarch diſcuſsing this point, åf firmes that it is not neceſſary there ſhould be the ſame meanes of growth and fructifying in both theſe worlds, ſince nature might in her policy finde out more wayes than one how to bring M4 about 168 That the Moone IB.I. about the ſame effe t. But however, he 4p.12. thinks it is probable that the Muone her felfe fendeth forth warme winds , and by the ſwiftnefiſe of her motion there ſhould breathe out a ſweet and comfortable ayre , pleaſantdewes,and gentle moiſture,which might ſerve for refreſhing and nouriſhment of the in habitants and plants in that other world. But ſince they have all things alike with us, as ſea and land , and vaporous ayre encompaſsing both , I ſhould ra ther therefore thinke that nature there ſhould uſe the ſame way of producing meteors asfheedoth with us ( and not by a motion as Plutarch fuppoſes:) be cauſe ſhee doth not love to vary from her uſuall operations without fome extraordinary impediment , but ſtill keçpes her beaţen path unleſfe ſhee bee driven thence. One argument whereby I ſhall ma nifeſt this truth , may bee taken from thoſe new Stars which have appeared in divers ages of the world , and by their paralax have been difcerned to have been above the Moone , ſuch as 2 was may be a World. 169 was that in Caſſiopeia,that in Sagittarius, L13.1 . with many others betwixt the Planets. Cap.12 . Hipparchus in his time tooke eſpeciall Plin . nat. notice of ſuch as theſe , and therefore bift. I. 2. c . fancied out ſuch coſtellations in which 26. to place the Starrs ,ſhewing how many there were in every aſteriſme, that ſo afterwards,poſterity might know whe ther there were any new Starre pro duced , or any old one miſsing. Now the nature oftheſe Comets may pro bably inanifeft , that in this other world there are other meteors alſo ; for theſe in all likelyhood are nothing elſe but ſuch evaporations cauſed by the Sunne from the bodies ofthe Pla nets, I ſhall prove this by ſhewing the improbabilities and inconveniences of any other opinion. For the betterpurſuite ofthis ’tis in the firſt place requiſite , that I deale with our chiefe adverſary ,Cæfar la Gal la,who doth moſt directly oppoſe that truth which is here to be proved. Hee endeavouring to confirme the incor ruptibility of the Heavens , and being there to ſatisfie theargument which is taken froin theſe Comets, He anſwersit 170 That the Moone > CC > CC LIB.I. it thus : Aut argumentum defumptum Cap.i2. ex parslaxi , non eft efficax , aut fiſo eft ef ficax , corum inftrumentorum ufum deci pere , vel ratione aftri , vel medii, vel di. ftantiæ , aut ergo erat in fuprema parte Aeris , aut fi in cælo , tum forfan factum trat ex refle &tione radiorum Saturnia Jovis 3 , qui tunc in conjun & ione fuerant. Either the argument from the para “ lax is not efficacious, or if it bee , yer theuſe of theinſtruments might « deceive , either in regard ofthe ſtar, " or the medium , or the diſtance , and « ſo this comet might be in the upper « regions ofthe ayre ; or ifit were in " the heavens , there itmightbepro " duced by thereflexion of the rayes « . from Saturne and Jupiter, who were - then in conjunction . You ſee what ſhifts hee is driven to , how he runnes up and downe to many itarting holes , that he may find ſome ſhelter , and in ſtead of the ſtrength of reaſon , he an ſwers with a multitude of words , thinking ( as the Proverbe is ) that hee may uſe haile , when hee hath no thun der . Nihil turpius ( faith * Seneca) du * Epift. gs. bio @ incerto , pedem modo referente , modo producente.

may be a World. 171 с ૮૮ producente. “ What can there be more LIB.I. unſeemely in one that ſhould bee a Capora. “ .faire diſputant,than to be now here, c .now there , and ſo uncertaine , that one cannot tell where to find him ? Hee thinks that there are not Comets in the heavens , becauſe there may bee many other reaſons of ſuch appearan ces;but what he knowes not ; perhaps ( hee ſayes) that argument from the pa- vide Gali ralax is not ſufficient , or if it be, then leum ,syfte there may bee fomedeceit in the ob log 3 . fervation. To this I may fafely ſay , that he may juſtly bee accounted a weake Mathematician who miſtruſts the ſtrength ofthis argument ; nor can hee know much in Aſtronomy., who underſtands not the paralax , which is a foundation of that.Science , and I am ſure that hee is a timerous man , who dares not believe the frequent experi ence of his ſenſes , or truſt to a de monſtration . True indeed , I grant ' tis poſsible, that the eye, the medium , and the di ſtance may all deceive the beholder ; but I would have him fhéw which of all theſe was likely to cauſe an error in this 172 That the Moone Lib.i. this obſervation Meerely to ſay they Cap.I2. mightbedeceived , is no ſufficient ani wer ; for by this I might confute the poſitions of all'Aſtronomers , and af firme the ſtarres are hard by us , be cauſe 'tis poſsible they may bee de ceived in their obſerving diſtance. But I forbeare any furtherreply ; my o pinion is of that Treatiſe , that either it was ſet forth purpoſely to tempt a confutation , that he mightſee the o pinion of Galilæus confirmed by others, or elſe it was invented with as much haſte and negligence as it was printed , there being in it almoſt as many faults Others thinke that theſe are not any new Comets , but ſome ancient ſtarres that were there before , which now Thine with that unuſuall brightneſle,by reaſon of the interpoſition of ſuch va pors , which doe multiply their light ; and ſo the alteration will be here only , and not in the heavens. Thus Ariftotle thought the appearance of the milkie way was produced. For hee held that there were many little ſtarres , which by their influence did conſtantly at tract) as lines. may be a World. 173 tract ſuch a vapourtowards that place LIB.I. ofheaven ,ſo that it alwayes appeared | Cap.12. white. Now by the ſame reaſon may a brighter vapor beethe cauſe of theſe appearances. Buthow probable ſøever this opi niog'may ſeeme, yet if wellconſider ed , you ſhallfinde it tobęe altogether abſurd and impoſsible :for , 1. Theſe ſtarres were never ſeene chere before , and tis not likely that a vapourbeing hard by us, canto multi ply that light which could not before be at all difcerned. 2. This ſuppoſed vapour cannot be either contracted into a narrow com paffe,or dilated into a broad: 1. it could not bee within a little ſpace, fór then that ſtarte wouldnot appeare with the famemultiplied light to thoſe in other climates. 2. it cannot be a dilated va pour,for then other ſtarres which were diſcerned through the fåmevein wouldfeemeasbigge as that ; this ar gument is the ſamein effect with that ofthe paralax , as you may ſee in this Figure. ci Suppoſe 174 That the Moone I B.I. cap.12. A C А B D Com و Suppoſe A B to be a Hemiſpheare ofone carth ,,CD to be theupper pare of thehigheſt region , in which there might be either a contracted vapour,as G , or elſea dilated one , as HI. Sup poſe E F likewiſe to repreſent halfe the heavens,wherein was this appear ing Cometat K. Now I ſay , that a contracted vapour , as G, could not caufe this appearance, becauſe an in habitantat M could not diſcerne the ſame ſtarre with this brightneſle , but perhaps anotherat L , betwixt which the may be a4 World . 175 the vapour is directly interpofed. Nor LIB.I. could it be cauſed by a dilated vapour, Cap.12 . as HI , becauſe then all the ſtarres that were diſcerned through it, would hee perceived with the fame brightneſſe. ' Tis neceſſary therfore that the cauſe of this appearance ſhould be in the hea vens . And this is granted by the moſt & beft Aſtronomers.But, fay fome,this doth not argue any naturall alteration in thoſe purer bodies , ſince tis proba ble that the concourſe of manylittle vagabond ſtarres, by the union of their beames may cauſe lo great a light. Of this opinion were Anaxagoras and Ze mamongſt the ancient; and Baptifta Ci fatus, Blanconus, with others amongſt our moderne Aſtronomers. For , fay they , when there happens to be a con courſe of ſome few ſtarres , then doe many other fie unto them from all the parts ofheaven like ſo many Bees unto their King. But 1. ’tis not likely thao amongſt thoſe which wee count the fixed Itarres , there ſhould be any ſuch uncertainemotions thatthey can wan der from all parts ofthe heavens, as if Nature had neglected them , os forgot ܪ to That the Moone 2 . > ry to appoint them a determinate courſe. If therebe ſuch a conflux of theſe , as of Bees to their King,then what rea ſon is there , that they doe not ſtill tar with it, that ſo the Comet maynot bee diſſolved ? But enough of this. You may commonly ſee it confuted by many other arguments. Others there are , who affirme theſe to bec fomenew created ſtarres ,produced by an extraordinary ſupernaturall power. I anſwer, true indeed, tis poſsible they mightbe ſo,but however,tis not likely they were ſo, ſince ſuch appearances may be ſalved ſome other way , wher fore to fly unto a miracle for ſuch things , were aa great injury to nature,, and to derogate from her skill; an in dignity much mif-becoming a man who profeſſes hijnſelfe to be à Philo fopher. Miraculum (faith one) eftig norantia Aſylum , a miracle forthe receptacle of alazy ignorance , which any induſtrious Spirit would be aſhamed of , ifbeingbut an idleway to ſhift off the labour of any further fearch . But here's themiſery ofit, we firſt tye our felves unto Ariſtotles prin 3 often ſerves may be a World. 177 principles, and then conclude thatno- LIB . I , thing could contradict them , but a mi- Cap: zz. racle ; whereas twould be much bet. tér for the Cominon -wealth of learn ing , if weewould ground our princi ples rather upon the frequent experi ences ofourowne , than the bare au thority of others. Some there are who thinke , that theſe Comets are nothingelſe, but ex halations from our earth ; carryed up into thehigher parts of theHeaven. So Peno , Rorbamanau Galileus. But Tycho Bro this is not poſsible , ſince by computa- gym.l.i. tion 'tis found , that one of them is a bove 300 times bigger thanthe whole Globe of Land and Water. Others therefore have thought that they did proceed from the body ofthe Sunne , and that thatPlanet only is Cometarum officiis , undetanquamemißarii &expla ratores emitterentur, brevi adfolem redi Duri':. The hop or forge of Comets from whencethey were ferie , like fo manyſpies, that they might in ſome fhort ſpace returne againg. But thiş cannotbe, finceiffo much matter had proceeded from him alone , it would N. have 178 That the Moone LIB.1 . have made a ſenfible diminution in his Cap.12. body. The Noble Tycho' therefore thinks that they confißt of ſome ſuch fuider parts of the Heaven , as the milkyway isframed of, which being condenft together, yet not attaining to the confiftency of a Starre , is in ſome ſpace of time rarifyed againę into its wonted nature. But thisisnot likely ; becauſe the appearance of the milky way dos not ariſe from fôme fuider parts of the heaven ( as the ſuppoſes) butfrom the light ofmany leffer ſtarrs which are thereabouts. And therefore Item vefta it is uſually thus deſcribed . Via la &tea trach.5.6.2. nihil aliud eft quàm innumerabiles ftella rum fixarum gregesqui confuſo da pallenti lumine tra &tum illum inalbant. Themilky way is nothing elſe but the pale and confuſed lightofmany lefſer ſtarres ; whereby fomepartsof theheaven are madeto appearewhite ." And befide ,what likely cauſe can we conceive ofthis condenfation , un : leffe therebecſuch qualities there , as thereare in our ayre ja and then why maynot the Planets havethe like qua lities asour earth and if ſo , theotis Fromond. Meteor. 1.2.c.5 . ari, 2. more may be aa World: 199 , more probable that they aremade by Lib.1. the ordinaryway ofnaturezas they are cap. 12 . with us , and confift of ſuch exhalati ons from the bodies of the Planets , as being very much rarified , may bee drawne up, through theorbeof groffe .. vaporous ayre'thatincompaſſes them . Noris this a fingular opinion , but it feemed moſt likely to Cami& us Glorios de Conser. ſus: Th . Campanella , Fromondus, with 4,5,6.4 fomeothers. But if you aske, whicher Galil. firall all theſe exhalations returne : 1 Meteor.l: anſwer every one into his own Planeti 3.C.S.Att. Ifit be againeobjected that chenthera will be ſo many centers ofgravity ,and cach feyerall Planet will be a ditinct world ; Ireply , wee have not likepros . Apol.pro 6 babilitie concerning therepliker but yet, perhapsall ofthemare fogexcept the Sunne ,though Cuſamus and ſomeor Inst.l.2.c Laitant. thers think there is one alſo ; and belig. ter times have diſcovered fomeleffer cloudsmovinground about him. But asfor Saturnd , he hathtwoMoones on eachſide.Iupiter hath foure that incircle him with their motion . Whichareliki wife ecclipſed by the interpoſition of hisbodyasthe Moone is byow earch, N2 Venus 180 That the Moone Tocil.ar. S4P.S. 1 B.I. Venusis obſerved to increaſe and des PP: 11.creaſeasthe Moone. And thisperhaps hath been noted by former ages , as may be gueſt by that relation of Saint e civita Auſtin out of Varro, Mars and all the reſt, derive their light from the Sunne Concerning . Mercury, there hath been little or no obfervation , becauſefor the moſt part , hec lies hid underthe Sunnebearnes , and feldome appeares by himfelfe . But when hodos, yet the compaſſe ofhis body is ſo little , and his light of fo clcare a brightneſſe , by reaſon ofhis neereneſſeto the Sunne that the perſpective cannot make the fame diſcoveries upon him , as from thereft. So thatif you conſider their quanti ty', their opacity , or thoſe others dif . coveries , you hall findeit probable enough , that each of them may bee a feverall world. Eſpecially, fince every a feverab orbe and not altogether in one, as the fixed ſtarres ſeeme to bes . But tliis would be too much fortoventat the firſt : the chiefe thing at which I naw ayme in this diſcourſe,isto prove that there one of them is allotred the may be a World . 181 Lib.I. Demellor. there may bee one in the Moone. It hath been before confirmed that Cap.12. there was a ſpheare of thick vaporous ayre encompaſsing the Moone, as the firſt and ſecond regions doe this carth. I have now ſhewed , that thence ſuch exhalations may proceed as doc pro duce the Comets : now from hence it may probably follow , that there may be winde alſo and raine , with ſucho ther Meteors as are common amongſt us. This conſequence is ſo dependant, thatFromondus dares notdeny it though heewould(as he confeffes himſelfes ) | 13.a 2. for if theSunne be abletoexhale from Art. 6 . them ſuch fumes as may cauſe Co mets , why not then ſuch as may cauſe winds , and why not ſuch alſo as may cauſe raine,ſince I have aboveſhewed , that there is Şca and Land, as with us ! Now , raine ſeems to bemore efpe cially requiſite for them, ſince it may allay theheate and ſcorchings of the Sunne , when hee is overtheirheads. And nature hath thus provided for thoſein Peru , with the other inhabi tants under the line . But if there beeſuchgreat, and fre quent 4* N 3 182 That the Moone 1 LIBI. quent alteracions in the Heavens , why Pap.12. cannot we difcerne them : I anſwer: 1. There may be ſuch , and wee not able to perceivethem15, becaufe of the weakneſſe of oureye , and the di ſtance of thoſe places from us ; they are the words of Frents.( as they are quoted by Fromondus in the above ci ted place :) Poffunt maxim & permutatio. nes in cælofieri, etiamfi a nobis non confpi. ciantur ; hoc viſus noftri debilitas dim . menfa cæli diftantia faciunt. And unto him aſlents Fromondus himſelfe , when a little after he ſayes,Si in fphæris plane tatum degeremus, plurima forfan cæleftium nebularum vellera toto aihere paſsim diſ perfa videremus, quorum fpecies jam eva. neſcit nimia fpatii intercapedine. did live in the fpheares of thePla nets , wemightthere perhaps dil cerne many great clouds diſperſed through the whole Heavens,which are not now viſible by reaſon ofthis great diſtance. 2. Maflin and Keplar affirme, that they haveſeene fome of theſe altera tions. The words of Maſlin are the - Ifwę CC ( as maybe a World , .183 cum nunc , ( as I find them cited.) .In eclipfi Lunari Befpere Dominica Palmarum Anni 160s Lie.I. in corpore Luna verſus Boream , nigricans Cap.11. quædam macula confpe&ta fuis , obfcurior Differt.2. CRiero toto corpore , quod candentis ferri fo- Galil. guram repræſentabat ; dixiſſes nubila in item .Somn. mukam regionens extenſa pluviis tem Aftron . nota ultima peftuofis imbribus gravida., cujuſmodi ab excellorummontium jugis in bumiliora.com vallium loca videre non raròcontingit. " In " thar lunary cclipſe which happened & in the even of Palme-ſunday , in the yeere 1605 , there was a certaine 6 blackiſh ſpot diſcerned in the Nor w.therly part of the Moonc , being « darker than any other place of her « body , and repreſenting the colour c of red hot iron ; You might conje 5 cture that it wasfome dilated cloud, << being pregnant with ſhowers ; for cc . thus doc ſuch lower clouds appeare « from the tops ofhighmountaines, And a little before this paffage, the fame Author ſpeaking of that vapo rous ayre about the Moonc , tells us. Quod circumflum ille Splendor diverfis tem . poribus apparer limpidior plusminuſue.That it dos ar diverstimes appeare ofa diffe N4 rent That the Moone 4 B.1 . II.I Į : arein it. 7.nat . .C.11 . rent Clearneffe , ſometimes more , and ſometimes lefſe ; whichhe gueſſes to ariſe from the clouds and vapors that Untothis I may adde another teſti monyof Bapt. Cilatus , as ḥc is quoted by Nierembergius, grounded upon an obfervation taken 23 yeeres after this ofMuſlin and writ to this Eufeb. Ni cremberg. in aletterby thatdiligent & judicious Aftronomer . The wordsof it runnerhus ; Etquidem in eclipfi nupera folari quæ fuit ipfo die natal Cbrifti obfer . cavi clarè in luna foli fuppofira , quidpiam quod valde probat id ipfum quod Cometa liquot o maquli ſolares urgent ,nempe coe flum non effe à tenuitate a variationibus aëris exemptum , nam circa lunam adverti ese spheram feu orbem quendam vaporo fum , non fecus atquecircum terram , adeoq ; ficut ex terra in aliquam ufque fphæram va ex luna . " In that ſolary eclipſe which s happened on Chriſtmas day ,when so theMoonewasjuſt under the Sun ', 6 I plainly difcerned that in'her;which cs may cleardly confirme what the DC Comets and Suns ſpots doe ſeeme Co to may be a World. 185 CC CC to prove , viz . that the heavens are L18.1. « not fo folid , nor freed from thoſe cap.13. Capot « changes whichour airc is liable un c .to ; for, about the Moon I perceived < ſuch an orbe, or vaporous airc , as « that is which dothencompaſſeour " carth , and as vapours and exhala cctions are raiſed from our earth into « this aire , fo are theyalſo from the CC Moone. Youſee what probable grounds,and plaine teftimonies I have brought for the confirmation of this Propoſiti on : many other things in this behalfe might bee ſpoken , which for brevity fake Inow omit , and paſſe unto the next. Propoſition 13. That iis probable there may be inhabi tants in this other World , but of what kinde they are is uncertaine. 22 I Have already handled the Seaſons, and Meteors belonging to this new World : 186 That the Moone Pap 13 Con / > IBII . World

tis requiſite that in the next

place I ſhould come unto the third thing which 1 promiſed , and ſay fomewhat of the inhabitants 3 cerning whom there might bee many difficult queſtionsraiſed ; as , whether that place bee' more inconvenient for habitation than our World ( as Keplar thinks ; ) whether they are the feed of Adam ;whether they are there in a blef fed eſtate , or elſe what meanes there may be for their falvation with many otherſuch incertaine enquiries,which I Thall willingly omit , leaving it to their examination who have more leiſure and learning for the ſearch of Being formine owne part content only to let downe fuch notesbelong ing unto theſe,which I have obſerved in other Writers . Cum tota illa regio no De doet.is Porantia . bis ignosa fit , remanent inhabitatores illi igner penitus ( faith Cuſanus) ſince wee know notthe regions of that place, we muſt bealtogether ignorant of the in habitants. There hath not yet beene ſuch diſcovery concerning chele , whichwemay baild a certainty ſuch particulars. 2.2.6. 12. any upon or may be a World. 187 3 3 or good probability : well may wec Lib. I. gueſſe atthem , & thattoo very doubt- Cap.iz. fully , but wee can know nothing ; for, if weedoe bardly gueſe aright atthings which bee upon earib , if with labour wee wild. 9.16. doefind the things that are at hand ,homo then can wee ſearch out thoſe things that are in heaven . What a little is that which wee know , in refpc&t of thofe many matters contained within this great Univerſe » This whole globe of earth and water , though it ſeeme to us to bee of a large extent , yet it beares not ſo great a proportion unto the whole frame ofNature, as a ſmall ſand doth unto it , and what can ſuch little créatures as we, diſcerne, who are tied to this point of earth ? of what cán they in the Moone know ofus: IF we underſtand anything" ( faith Efdras ) 2 E /d.4.21. tis nothing but that which is upon the earth; and hee thatdwelleth above in the heavens mayorely underſtand the things that are a bovein the height of theheavens. So that 'twere a very needeleffe thing for us to ſearch after any parti culars ; however , we may gueffe in the generall that there are ſome inha bitants 188 That the Moone 3 3 > LIBI.. bitants in that Planet : for why elfe Cap.13 . did providence furniſh that place with all ſuch conveniences of habitation as have been abovedeclared ? But you will ſay , perhaps ; is there not too great and intolerable a heate, liace theSunneis in their Zenithevery moneth , and doth carry there ſo long before he leaves it I anſwer , 1. This may , perhaps, be remedied ( as it is underthe line ) by the frequency of mid-day showers which may cloud their Sunne and coole their earth . 2. The equality of their nights doth much temper the ſcorching of theday ; and the extreme cold that comes from the one requires fome fpace before it can bee diſpelled by the other,ſo that the heat ſpending a great while beforeit can have the vi Etory , hath notafterwardsmuch time torage in. Wherforenotwithſtanding this doubt,yet that place may remaine habitable . And this was the opinion ofthe Cardinal de Cufa, when ſpeaking ofthis Planet,heſayes, Hic locus Mun De doet. dici habitatio hominum et animalium at ign.l. 3. que vegetabilium . “ This part of the world . 6, 12. CC may be a World. 989

• world is inhabited by men, & beaſts, L1.1.

and plants. To him aſſeared Campa- Cap:13. zella ; but he cannot determine whe ther they were men or rather fomeo her kinde ofcreatures . If they were men , then he thinks they could not be infected with Adams finne ; -yet per haps , they had ſome of their owne which might make them liable to the ſame miſery with us , out of which , it may bee, they weredelivered bythe famemeans as we thedeath ofChriſt; andthushe thinksthatplace of the E pheſians may be interpreted , where the Apoſtle ſayes , God gathered all things Epheſ.nio togetherin Chrif , both abich are in earsh, andwhich are in the beavens : Soralfo that of the fame Apoftle to the Coloffeans , where he ſayes,that itpleaſed the Father COL 1.20. to reconcile all things unto himſelfe by Cbrift, whether they beshing's ir santh , or things in heaven . ButI dare not jeſt with divišetruths, or apply theſe places according as fan ay direas. As I thinke this opinion doth not anywhere contradict Scrip ture ; fo Ichinke likewife , that it can not beci proved from it. Wherefore Campanello's! € 190 That the Moone LIB.1 : Campanella's ſecond conjecture may be Cap.13. more probable, that the inhabitants of that world ,are not men as we are, but ſome other kinde of creatures which beare ſome proportion , and likeneſſe to ournatures. Or it may be, they are of a quite different nature from any thing here below , ſuch as no imagina tion can deſcribe y our underftandings being capable only of ſuch things as have entered by ourſenſes,or elſe ſuch mixed nuures as may bee compoſed from them . Now , theremay bemany other ſpecies of creatures beſide thofe that are already knowne in the world , there isa great chaſme betwixt the na ture of men and Angels ; Iemay bee the inhabitants of the Planets are of a middle nature between bothithéfe. Tis not improbable thatGod mightcreate fomeofall kindes , that fo hemight more compleatly glorifie hinhfelfe ih the works of his , Power and Wife dome. w Cufansu too , thinks they differ from us inmany reſpects, I will fet downe his wordsas they may be foundin the abovecited place , Sufpicamuris regione Solis 02.1993 may be a3.4 191 World. folis magis ele folares,, claros & illumi. Lin.. natos intelle & uales habitatores, , Spiritua- Cap. 13. liores etiam quàm in luna ,ubi magis.lum narici je in terra magis materiales ecraßi, ut illi intelle & ualis natura for lares fint multum in a&tx parum in potentia , terreni vitò magis in potentia , & parum in a &tw , lunares: in medio fla Suamics. Hoc quidem opinamur ex infirao entia ignili ſolis ,aquatica fomul de aerea lune , & gravedine materiali terra , & confimiliter de aliis ftellarum regioni. bus, fufpicantes nullam habitationibus ca. rere is quafi tot fine partes particulares mundiales unius univerfa, quoi sunt ftella quarum non eff numerus, nifi apud eum qui omnia in numero créavit. 14 c . Weemay conjecture(faith hec ) c . the inhabitants ofthe Sunne are like os tothe nature ofchar Planet, more « cleare and bright , more intellectu cc all, than chofe in the Moone where " they are neerer to the nature ofchać « duller Planet, andthofe oftheearth " being more groſſe and materialt " than either , ſothat theſe intellectus بن allnatures in the Sunne ; are more 's formethanmatter thoſe in the earth more 192 That the Moone CC Citir. morematter than forme, and thoſe w in the Moone berwixt both. This Cap.13. ca we may gueffe from the fierie influ « ' ence of the Sunne , the watery and co aereous influence of theMoone, as « alſo the materiall heavineſfe of the carth . In fome ſuch manner like “ wiſe is it with theregions of the Ó sk. ther ſtarres; for, we conjecture that & none ofthem are without inhabi tants , but thatthereare ſo many « particular worlds and parts ofthis onc univerſe , asthere are ſtarres, which are innumerable , unleſſo ir « be to himwhocreated all things in

• • • • 30******* Ferhee held thatthe ſtarswere not allin one equall orbeas weeconmon ly ſuppoſe ,but that fomewerefärre higher thanothers, whichmadethem appeare leffe ; and that many others were ſo farre aboveanycofthefo , that they were altogether inviſible unto us.

An opinion which (as I:conceiveybath any great probabilityfor it , nor certainty againlt it. 20cisti -- : The Prieſt of Saturne relating to Plutarch ( as hecfaignesit ) thenacureof 2 & number : not may be a World. 193 his By nd 2 1 On 72 OY IS of theſeSelenites , told him they were LIB. I.ofdivers diſpoſitions fome deſiring to Cap. 13 ,live in the lower parts of the Moone, where they inight looke downewards upon us,while others weremore fure ly mounted aloft, all of them ſhining like the rayes of the Sunne, and as be ing victorious , are crowned with gar lands madewith the wings ofEuſtathia or Conſtancie. Ít hathbeene the opinion amongſt fome of the Ancients , that their hea vens and Elyſian fields were in the Moone where the ayre is moſt quiet and pure.Thus Socratesthus Plato,with Nat.com. his followers ,did eſteeme this to bee the place where thoſe purer foules in habite, who are freed from the Sepul cher, andcontagion ofthe body. And by the ' Fable of Ceres , continually wandring in ſearch of her daughter Proserpina ismeantnothing elſe butthe longing delite ofmen , wholive upon Ceres earth , to attaine a place in Profer pina the Moone orheaven . 1977) Plutarch allo - feemes to allent unto this ;buthe thinksmoreover,thatthere are twoplacesofhappinesanfwerable 1 1 . 3.6.19 n ed 21 .1 IS th 01 to ure of to 194 That the Moone ܪ݇

LIB.1 . to thoſe two parts which he fancies to Cap.13. remaine ofa man when heis dead , the foule and the underſtanding the foule hee thinks is made oftheMoone; and as our bodies doe fo proceede from the duſt of this earth , that they ſhall returne to it hereafter ; ſo our fouiės were generated out ofthat Planet, and ſhall be reſolvedinto it againe ; where as the underſtanding ſhall afcend unto the Sunne , out ofwhich it-was made where it hall poſſeſſe an eternity of well-being , and farre greater happi neſſe than that which is enjoyed in the Moone. So that when aman dies , if his foule bemuch polluted , then muſt it wander up and downe in the middle region of theayre where hell is , and there ſuffer unſpeakable torments for thoſe fins whereofit is guilty .Where as the foules ofbetter men, when they have in ſome ſpace oftimebeene pur-: gedfrom that impurity which they did derive from the body , then doe they returne into the Moone, where they are pofleftwith ſuch ajoy , as thoſe menfeele who profeffe holy myftes ries, from which place (faith he) ſome are may be a World. 195 2 are ſent downe to have theſuperinten- | LIB. I. dance of oracles ,being diligent either Cap.13, in the preſervation of the good, either from , orin, all perills, and the preven tion or puniſhment of all wicked acti ons ;but if in theſeimployments they mif -bchave themſelves , then are they againe to bee impriſoned in a body, o therwiſe they temaine in the Moone till their fouls bee reſolved into it, and the underſtanding being cleared from all impediments, aſcends to the Sunne which is its proper place. But this re quires a diverſe ſpace of time, accord ing to the divers affections ofthe ſoule. As for thoſe who havebeeneretired and honeſt , addicting themſelves to a ſtudious and quiet life,theſe are quick ly preferred to a higher happineſſe.But as for ſuch who have Buſied them ſelves in many broyles , orhave beene vehement in the proſecution of any luft, as the ambitious, theamorousthe wrathfull man , theſe ſtill retaine che glimpſes anddreames of ſuch thingsas they haveperformed in their bodies which makes them cither altogether unfit to remaine there, where they are , 02 a or 196 That the Moone 1 LIB.1. or elſe keepes them long ere they can Cap.13. put off theirſouls. Thus you ſee Plus tarchs opinion concerning the inhabi. cants and neighbours of the Moone, which (according to the manner ofthe Academicks ) hee delivers in a third perſon"; you ſee hec makes that Planet an inferior kind ofheaven, and though hee differ in many circumſtances, yet doth hee deſcribe it to bee fome ſuch place, as wee ſuppoſe Paradiſe to be. You lee likewiſe hisopinion concerni ing the place of the damned ſpirits, that it is in the middle region of the aire , and in neither of thefe is hee ſin gular, but ſome more lateand Ortho dox Writers have agreed with him. As for the place of Hell , many think itmay be in the aire, as well as any where elſe. True indeed, S. Aufinaffirmes that this place cannot bec diſcovered ; But others there arewhocan fhew theſitu ation ofit outof Scripture Somehold ing itto be in another world without this , becauſe our Saviour calls it sur Edtien outward darkneffe. But the moſt Eph. 4.9. will have it placed towards the centerof و De civit. Dei l: 22. f . 26 . Ma 25-30 may be a World . 197 earth ; of our earth , becauſe 'pis ſaid , Chriſt Lie.. deſcended into the lowerparts of the and ſome of theſe are ſo confi- Cap.13. dent, that thisis its ſituation , that they can deſcribe you its bigneſle alſo , and of what capacity it is . Francés Ribéra in in his Comment on the Revelations, ſpeaking of thoſe words , where ' tis faid ,that the blood wentout of thewine. Rev.14.20. prelje , even unto the horſes-bridles by the min ſpace ofone thouſand andfix hundredfur longs , interprets them to be meant of hell , and that that number expreſſes the diameter of its concavity, which is 200 Jtalianmiles ; But Lepius thinkes DeMorib. that this opinion gives them too much divel..13.6 . roomein hell, and therefore he gueſſes 24 . that ʼtis not ſo wide; for ( faith hee) the diameter of oneleague being cubical ly multiplyed, will make a ſpheare ca pable of 800000 millions of damned bodies, allowing to each fix foot inthe ſquarc; whereas(ſayeshe) tis certaine, that there ſhall not bee one hundred thouſand millions in all that ſhall bee damned . You ſee the bold Jeſuit was carefull that every one ſhould have but roome enough in hell , and by the ſtrange el O 3 198 That the Moone LIB . 1. ſtrangeneſſe ofthe conjecture ,you may Cap.13. gueſfe that hec had rather bee abfurd , than ſeeme either uncharitable or ig norant. I remember there is a relation in Pliny, how that Dionyſiodorus a Ma thematician, being dead ,did ſend a let ter from this place to ſome of his friends upon earth , to certifie them whar diſtance there was betwixt the center and ſuperficies : hee might have done well tohave prevented this con troverſie , and enformed them the ut moſt capacity of thatplace. However, certaine it is , that that number cannot be knowne; and probable it is , that the place is not yet determined , but that hell is there where there is any tor mented ſoule , which may bee in the regions of the ayre,as well as in the center : And therefore perhaps it is that the Divell is itiled the prince of the ayre. But of this only occafional ly , and by reaſon of Plutarchs opinion concerning thoſe that are round about the Moone; as for the Moone it felfe hee eſteemes it to bee a lower kind of heaven, and therefore in another place Cuifilent araculo he calls it a terreſtriall ſtarre , and an Olym a may be aa World . 199 7. Olympian orceleſtiallearth ; anſwer- LIB . I , able, ( as I conceivé) to the paradife of Cap. 13 . the ſchoolemen . And , that paradiſe was either in , or neere the Moone , is the opinion of fome later Writers , who derived it (irrall likelyhoodfrom the aſſertion of Plato , and perhaps this ofPlutarch . Toftatus layes this opinion upon Ffiodor. Hiſpalenſis , and the vene- Sirw.Ram . rable Bede ; and Pererius fathers it upon 1.1.c.3.fect. Strabus and Rabanus his Mafter. Some FrGenes, would have it to bee ſituated in ſuch a place as could not beé diſcovered , which cauſed the penman of Eſdras to make it a harder matter to know the out goings of Paradiſe ,than to weigh the weight 2 Eſdr.4.7. ofthe fore , or meaſure the blafs ofwind, or callagainea day that is paff. Butnotwith ſtanding this , there beeſome others , who think , that it is on the top of ſome high mountaine under the line; and theſe interpreted the torrid Zone to be the flanning ſword whereby Pa radiſe was guarded ." Tis the conſent of divers others , that Paradiſe is ſitu ated in ſome high and eminet place.So Toftatus: Eft etiam Paradiſus fitu altißi- fn Genes. ma, ſupraomnem terræ altitudinem , “ Pa 04 radife 200 That the Moone ) LIB.I. radiſe is ſituated in ſome high place Sap.13. 6C above the earth : and therefore in his Comment upon the 49 of Geneſis , he underſtands thebleſsing of Jacob concerning theeverlaſtinghillsto bee ieant ofParadiſe , andthe bleſsing it felfeto bee nothing elſe buta promiſe of Chriſts comming , by whoſe Paf Sion the gates of Paradiſe ſhould bee opened . Unto him aſſented Rupertus, Scotus, andmoſtofthe other Schoole men , as I find them cited by Pererius, and out of him in Sir Walter Rawleigh. Their reaſon was this : becauſe in pro 11.6.3. . bability,this place was not overfowed by the Flood , ſince there were no fin which might draw that curſe upon it. Nay Toftatus thinks , that the body ofEnoch was kept there ; and ſome of the Fathers, as Tertullian and Anſlin,have affirmed thatthe bleſ fed foules were reſerved in that place till thedayof Judgement ; and there ford ' tis likely that it was not over Aowed by theFlood, It were eaſie to produce the unanimous conſent of the Fathers, to prove that Paradiſe is yet really exiſtent. Any diligent peruſer of them COMment, En 2. Gex . - . 8 . fect. 6.7. ners there > may be a World. 201 2 Cor .12.6 them ; may eaſily obſerve how they | L13.1. doe generally interpret the Paradiſe Cap. 13 . whereto Saint Paul was wrapt,andthat wherein our Saviour promiſed the Lukezz. Thiefe ſhould be with him , to bec lo - 43. cally theſame from whence our firſt parents were baniſhed. Now there cannot be any place on earth deſigned where this ſhould bec : And therefore it is not altogether improbable that it was in this other world. And beſides , ſince all men ſhould have went naked if Adam had not fell , ' tis requiſite thereforethatit ſhould be ſituated in ſome ſuch placewhere it might be priviledged from the extre mities of heat and cold . But now this could not be (they thought) ſo conve niently in any lower, as it might in ſome higher ayre. For theſe and ſuch like conſiderations, have ſo many af firmed , that Paradiſe was in a high ele vated place. Which ſome have con ceived could bee.nowhere but in the Moone: For it could notbe in thetop of any nouncaine ; nor can wee thinko ofany other bodyſeparated from this earth , which canbe a more convenient place و 70 % That the Moone 3 Gen.7.19. L1B... place forhabitation than this Planet Cap.13, therefore they concluded that it was there . It could not bee on the top of any mountaine. 1. Becauſe wehave expreffe Scrip ture , that the higheſt of them was o verflowed . 2. Becauſe it muſt be a greater ex tenſion , and not ſome ſmall patch of ground , ſince tis likely allmen ſhould have lived there , if Adam had not fell. But for a fatisfaction ofthe argu méts togetherwith a farther diſcourſe of Paradiſe, Iſhall referre you to thoſe who have written purpoſely upon this ſubject. Being content for my owne part to have ſpoken ſo much of it , as may conduce to ſhew the opinion of others concerning the inhabitants of the Moone; I dare not my felfe affirme any thing of theſe Selenites , becauſe I know not any ground wheron to build any probableopinion. But I thinke that future ages will diſcover more and our pofterity,perhaps, may invent ſome meanes for our better acquian tance with theſe inhabitants. Propofiti 3 may be 4 World. LB.I. Cap.14 . Propoſition 14 .. That tis poßible for fome of our pofleri tie , to find out a conveyance to this other world , and if there be in habitans there , to have commerce with them . AHLL that hath been ſaid, concern ing thepeople ofthe new world , is but conjecturall , and full ofuncer tainties; nor can we ever looke for any evident or more probable diſcoveries in this kind , unleſſe there bee ſome hopesofinventing means for our con veyance thither. The poſsibilitie of which , ſhall bee the ſubject of ouren quiry in this laſt Propoſition . And, ifwe doe but conſiderby what ſteps and leaſure , all arts doe uſually riſe to their growth , we ſhall have no Cauſe to doubt why this alſo may not hereafter be found out amongſt other ſecrets. It hath conſtantly yet been the method of providence,not preſent ly to thew usall , but to leade us on by degrees, 204 That the Moone $ LIB. I. degrees , from the knowledge of onc Cap.14. thing to another. ’ Twas a great while,ere the Planets werediſtinguiſhed from the fixed ſtars and ſome time after that,ere themorn ing and evening ſtarre were found to be the ſame. And in greater ſpace ( I doubt not ) but this alſo , and other as excellent myſteries will be diſcovered. Time, who hath alwayes been the fa ther of new truths , and hath revealed unto usmany things,which our Ance . ſtors were ignorant of, will alſo mani Nat.Qu. feft to our pofteritie , that which wee 1.7.cap.as. now , ifta latent, in lucem dies extrahet , & longio ris evi diligentia. Time will come when the indeavors of after ages,Thali bring ſuch things to light as now lie hid in obfcuritie. Arts are riot yet cometo their ſolſtice. But the indu ſtrie of future times , aſsiſted with the labors oftheir forefathers , may reach that height which wee could not at taine to . Veniet tempus quo pofteri noftri nostamaperta nefciße mirentur. Aswee nowwonder at the blindneſle of our Ance- 1 tempus ( faith sen cannot know . Veniet may be a World. 205 Anceſtors , who were not able to dif- LIB.I. cerne ſuch things , asfeeme plaine and Cap.14. obvious unto us; ſo will our poſterity , admireour ignorance in as perſpicuous matters .. In the firſt ages of the world the I. landersthought themſelves either so bec theonly dwellers upon earth , or elſe iftherewere any othertheycould not poſsibly conceive howtheymight have any commerce with them , being ſevered by the deepe and broadc Sea. But after times found out the inventi on ofſhips, in which notwithſtanding , nonebut ſomebold , daring mendurit venture , according to that of the Frau gadian . 2011, Sen. Med. Audax nimium qui freia primais :tacti r? * Vide Aora Ráte iam fragili perfida rupitor Toobold washe,who inathipfo frailc | Juvenal. Firft venturd on the trécherous wayesi var.. to failc | ads.lib.de Cland.pref.

• And yet now ., howeaſie a thing is rap. Prefer.

this even to a timorous and cowardly nature . And queftionleffe,the inven. tion offome othermeans for our con veiance to the Moone , cannot ſeeme more incredible tous , than this did at firſt od. 3 . 120 206 That the Moone thth10hathut) Da the ayre. helitſcthLIB.1. firſt to them , and therefore we have no Cap.14. juſt reafon to bee diſcouraged in our hopes of thelike ſucceſſe. Yea,but (you will ſay ) there can be no fayling thither , unleffe that were true which the Poëts doe buv faine, that ſhe made herbed in the Sea. Wee have not nowanyDrake, or Columbus to undertake thisvoyage, orany. De dalus to invent a conveiance through I anſwer, Thoughwechave not yet why may not ſucceeding times ,'rayfe up ſomeſpirits as eminent for new at tempts and ſtrange inventions , as any thatwere before them . Tis the opi Diſſerta. nion of Keplar , that as ſoone as the art Syder of flying is found out , ſome oftheir .senation will make oneofthe firſt Colo nies , that ſhall tranſplant into that o therworld. I ſuppofe, his appropriat. ing this preheminenceto his owne Countreymen , måyariſe from an o verpartiall affection to them . But yet thus far I agree with him , That when ever that Art is inventedor, any other, wherby a man may beconveyedfome twenty miles high y or thereabouts , then

• Cum Nun ſi

may be a World. 207 4 then , tis not altogether improbable LIB: I . that ſome or other may be fuccefſefull .cap.14. in this attempt. For the better clearing of which I ſhall firſt lay downe , and then anſwer thoſe doubts that may make it ſeeme utterly impoſsible. Theſeare chiefly three. The firſt , taken from the naturall heavineſſe ofa mans body , whereby it is made unfit for the motion of a ſcent,cogether with the vaſt diſtance of that place from us . : 3 2. From the extreme coldnesofthe æthereall ayre. 3. The extremethinneſfe ofit.s : Both which muſt needs make it impal ſible,though itwerebut as many ſingle miles thither,as it is thouſandsor Forţhefirst. Though it were fuppo fed that a man could flie , yetwee may well think hee wouldbevery flow in it, ſince hee håth ſo heavya body, and ſucha one too', asnature did not prin cipally intend,forthat kind of mçtion, Tis uſually obſerved that amongſtthe varietie of birds,thofewhichdoc moft converſeupontheearth , and arcſwift est 208 That the Moone LIB . eſt in their running, as a Pheafant, Par Cap.14. tridge , & c .together with all domeſti callfowle,are leffe ablefor flight than othhrs which are for themoſt part up on the wing,as a Swallow , ſwift, & c. And therefore wee may well think that man being not naturally endowed with any ſuch conditionas may inable him for this motion and being neceſſa rily tied to a more eſpeciall reſidence on the earth ,muſtneedsbe nowerthan any fowle , andleffe able to hold out. Thus is it alſo in ſwimming ;which Art though it bee growne to a goodemi. nence, yet he that is beſt skilled in it is not able eitherfor continuando ſwiftneſſe , to equall a fiſh ,Becauſe he is not naturally appointed to it . So that though a man could fly , ýet hee would be fo low in it , and ſo quickly weary , that hee could never think to reach ſogreat a journey as itis tothe Moone. U 7 : ichsind in Burfuppoſe witball that hee could dy asfaſt , and long,as theſwifteſt bird : yet it èannot poſsibly beecon ceived , how heſhould ever be able to paſfethrough ſo vafta diſtance asthereis or

• maybe a World.

209 is betwixt the Moone and our earth . LIB . I. For this Planet, accordingto the com- Cap. 14. mon grounds, is uſually granted to bee at the leaſt , 52 femidiameters of the earth from us . Reckoning for each fe midiameter 3456 Engliſh miles , of which the whole ſpace will be about 179712 So that though a man could cen ſtantly keep on in his journey thither by a ſtraite line, though he could fly a thouſand miles in a day ; yet he would not arrive thither under 180 dayes , or halfe a yeare . And how were it poſsible for any to tarry ſo long without dyet or ſleep ? 1. For Diet. I ſuppoſe there could be no truſting to that fancy of Philo the 3 cm (mentioned before, ) who thinks that the mufick of the ſpheares ſhould ſupply the ſtrength of food : Prop 3: 1 Nor can wee well conceive how a man ſhould be able to carry fo muchluggage with him ,asmightſerve for his Viaticum in ſo tedious a jour. ney. 2. But if he could : yet hemuſthave fome time to reſt and ſleep in . And I P believe 210 That the Moone Fyouabctheſomintbo lo hacdy haof Libil . believe hee ſhall 1ſcarſe find any lod Csp.24. gings gings byby the the way . No Inns to enter taine paſſengers , nor any caſtles in the ayre (unlelle they bee inchanted ones) to receive poore pilgrims or errant Knights. And fo conſequently ,he can not have any poſsible hopes of reach ing thither. Notwithſtanding all which doubts , I ſhall lay downe this poſition. That ſuppoſing a man could fly , or by any other meanes , raiſe himſelfe twenty miles upwards orthereabouts , it were poſsible for him to come unto theMoone. As for thoſe arguments of the firſt kind , that ſeeme to overthrow the truth of this , they proceed upon a wrong ground. Whilſt they ſuppofe , that a condenſed body , in anyplace of the ayre , would alwayes retaine in it a ſtrong inclination of tending downe wards,towards the center ofthisearth . Whereas ’ tis more probable , that if it were but ſomewhatabove this orbe of vaporous ayre , it might there reſt im moveable , & would nothave in it any propenſion to this motion ofdeſcent. For lannythprCIC> Is deb may be a World. 211 Decelo . For the better illuſtration of this , Lib.I. you muſt know , that the heavineffe of Cap.14, a body , or (as Ariſtotle defines it) the the proneſle of it to tend downe unto lib.4.cap. 1, fome center is not anyabſolute quality intrinſicall unto it, as if whereever the body did retaine its eſſence , it muſt al ſo retaine this qualitie: or as if nature had implanted in every condenſed bo dy Appetitionem centri, dafugam extre mitatis. Such a love to the center and hatred to the extremities . Becauſe one of theſe being leſſe than a quantitie, and the other no more , cannot have a ny power ofattraction or depulſion in them . According to that common principle Quantitatisnulla eft effica cia . But now the true nature of gravitie | * A maga neticall is this. Tis fuch a reſpective mutuall natural defire of union , whereby condenſed a.tra & ion. bodies ,when they come'within the 30X3p... ſphere of theirowne vigør, doe natu- Astron. N. rally apply themſelves, oneto another 56. Coper. l. 1 . by 'attraction or coition. But being can.26. both without the reach of eithers ver- Foſcarie in epiftad tue , they then ceaſe to move , and poli.ad Sebast. though they have generall aptitude, Faniorum. Somn. 66. P 2 yer 212 That the Moone tLIB.I. yet they have not any preſent inclina Cap.14. tion or proneſſe to one another.And ſo conſequently, cannot bee ſtyled hea vy. Theineaning of this will bee more clearely illuſtrated by a ſimilitude. As any light body ( ſuppoſe the Sunne) dos fend forth his beames in an orbicu lar forme; So likewiſe any magneticall body ', for inſtance a round loadſtone Gilbert dos caſt abroad his magneticall vigor . de Mgamete. in a ſpheare. Thus. 1.z.cap.7. . írB В. B Where ſuppoſe the inward circle at A to repreſent the Loadſtone, and the outward maybe a World . 213 LIB.I. Cap.14. 1 outward one betwixt BC, the orbe that dos terminate its vertue . Now any other body that is like af fected comming within this ſphere, as B , will preſently deſcend towards the center of it , and in that reſpect may be ſtyled heavy. But place it without this ſphere as C , and then the deſire ofu nion ceaſeth , and fo conſequently the notion allo . To apply tien what hath been ſaid. Thisgreat globe of earth and water , hath been proved by many obſervati ons , to participate ofMagneticall pro perties . And as the Loadſtone dos caſt forth its owne vigor round about its body , in a magneticall compaſſe: So likewiſe dos our earth. The difference is , that it is another kind of affection which cauſes the union betwixt the Iron and Loadſtone, from thạr which makes bodies move unto the earth. The former is fome kind of neereneſſe and fimilitude in their natures for which , Philofophie as yet has not found a particular name.The latter dos ariſe from that peculiarqualitie,where by the earth is properly diſtinguiſhed P.3 from . > ) 214 That the Moone LIB . 1. from the other elements , which is its Cap.14 . Condenſitie. Ofwhich the more any thing dos participate , by ſo much the ſtronger will bee thedeſire of union to it. So gold and others metalls which are moft cloſe in their compoſicion ,are likewiſe moſt ſwift in their motion of difcent. And though this may ſeeme to bee contradicted by the inſtance of me talls , which are of the farne weight , when they are melted , and when they are hard : As alſo ofwater,which dos not differ in reſpect of gravitię , when it is frozen and when it is fluid : yet we muſt know that inetalls are not rari fied by melting,butmollified. Andſo too for frozen waters,they are not pro perly condenſed , but congealed into à harder ſubſtance, the parts being not contracted cloſer together , but ſtill poffefsing the ſameextenſion. But yet ( 1 fay) tis very probable , that there is ſuch a ſpheare about the earth , which dos terminate its powerof attracting other things unto it. So that ſuppoſe a body to bee placed within the limits ofthis ſphere , and then it muſt needs tend may be a World. 215 u Antip tend'downewards, towards the center LIB . I. ofit. But on the contrary, if it be be- Cap.14 ,; yond this compaffe,then there can bec no ſuch mutuall attraction ; & ſo confe quently ,it muſt reſt immoveable from any ſuch motion. for the farther confirmation of this , I ſhall propoſe two pertinent obferva tions. The firſt taken in the preſence of mány Phyſicians, and related by an e ininent man in that profeſsion , Hieron. Lib.de Fracaſtorius. There being divers needles Syma:h. provided of ſeverall kindes, like thoſe GALI in a Mariners Chart, they found, that there was an attractive power , not on ly in the magnét; But that iron alſo and ſteele , and ſilver did each of then draw its owne mettle. Whence hee concludes,omne trahitquod ſibiſimileeft. vid . Bapt. And as theſe peculiar likeneſes, have er . Acad. Miful. ( 8 ſuch a mútuall efficacy ; ſo tis pro- de atračt. bable , that this more generall qua lification of condenſitie , may bee the cauſewhy , things ſo affected deſire union to the carth . And though 'tis likely that this would appeare betwixt two leffer condenſed bodies, ( as ſup poſel . . emer.4. P4 216 That the Moone Lie.Ti poſe two peeces ofearth) if they were Sap.14. both placed at libertie in ,the æthereall ayre , yet being neere the earth , the ſtronger ſpecies ofthis great globe dos as it were drownd the leſſe. ' Tis a common experiment,that ſuch a lump ofore or ſtone, as being on the ground ,cannot be moved by leſſe than fix men, being in the bottom of a deep mine, may be ſtirred by two . The rea ſon isbecauſe then tis compaſſed with attractive beams , there being many a Nat. Hijt, bove it , as wellas below it . Whence we may probably inferre ( faith the learned Verulam ) " that the nature of gravitie , dos workebut weakly al co ſo far from the earth ; Becauſe the C appetite ofunion in denſe bodies , ~ muſt bee'more dull in reſpect of di ſtance. As we may alſo conclude froin the motion of birds , which riſe from the ground but heavily , though with inuch labor; Whereas being on high they can keep themſelves up andſoare about by the meere extenſion oftheir wings. Now the reaſon of this diffe rence , is not (as ſomefalſy conceive) the depth of ayre under them . Fora bird! cents . exper, 33• CC сс CC may be a World. 217 bird is not heavier when there is but a LIB . I , foote of ayre under him , than when cap.14 . there is a furlong. As appeares by a ſhip in the water , can inſtance of the ſanie nature) which dos not linke deep er, and ſo confequently is not heavier, when it has but five fatham depth ,than when it has fifry. But the true reaſon is, the weakneffe ofthe defire ofunion in denſe bodies at a diſtance . So that from hence , there mightbe juſt occaſion to taxe Ariftoile and his followers , for teaching that heavines is an abſolute qualitie of it felfe , and really diſtinctfrom condenſitie:where as it isonely a modification ofit , or ra ther, another name given to a conden fed body in reference to its motion. For if it were abſolute, then it ſhould alwayesbe inherent in its ſubject, and nothave its eflence dependupon the bodies being here or there. But it is not ſo . For , 1. Nothing is heavy in its proper plaçě, according to hisowne principle, Nihil graveeft in fuo loco . And then 2. Nothing is heavy , which is fo farre diſtant from that proper orbe to which 218 That the Moone LIB . I. which it dos belong , that it is not Cap.14. within the reach of its vertue. As was before confirmed. But unto this it may be objected . Though a body being ſo placed, be not heavy in a & u fecundo ; yet it is in a &tu primo : becauſe it retaines in it an inward proneſs to move downewards, being once ſevered from its proper place. And this were reaſon enough why the quality of heavineſſe fhould have an abſolute being. 1 I anſwer , this diſtinction is only appliable to ſuch naturall powers as can ſuſpend their acts , and will not hold in Elementary qualities, whoſe very eſſence dos neceſſarily require an exerciſe ofthe fecond act , as you may eaſily diſcerne by an induction of all the reſt, I cannot ſay, that body has in it the quality ofheate , cold neſſe, drineſle, moiſture, hardneſſe, ſoftneſſe, &c . which for the preſent, has not the ſecond act of theſe quali ties. And if you meane by the effence of them , a power unto them : why, there is notany naturall body but has a power to them all. From 2 ܪܐ may be 4 World. 219 From that which hath beene Taid | Lib.l. concerning the nature of gravity , it cap.14. will follow ; That if a man were above the ſphere ofthis magneticall vertue, which proceeds from the carth, hee might there ſtand as firmely as in the open aire , as he can now upon the ground: And not only ſo, but he may alſo inove with a farre greater ſwift neſle , thanany living creatures here below, becauſe then hee is without all gravity, being not attracted any way, and fo conſequently will not be liable to ſuch impediments , as may in the leaſt manner reſiſt that kinde ofmo.. tion which hee ſhall apply himſelfe unto, Ifyou yer enquire , how weemay conceive it poſſible , that a conden ſed body ſhould not be heavy in ſuch a place ? I anſwer , by the ſame reaſon as a body is not heavyin its proper place. Ofthis I will ſet downtwo intances, When a manis in the bottome of a deepe river, though hce have over him a multitudeofheavy waters , yet he is not burdened with the weight of them . a .226 That the Moone LIB.1. them . Andthough another body, that Cap.14. ſhould be but of an equall gravity , with theſe waters , when they are ta keh- out , would be heavy enough to preſſe him to death ; yet notwithſtan ding whilſt they are in the channell, chey doe not in the leaſt manner, cruſh him with their load . The reaſon is, becauſe they are both in their right places ; and tis proper for the man be ing the more condenſed body , to be lower than the waters. Or rather thus, Becauſe the body of the man , dos more nearely agree with the earth, in this affection , which is the ground of its attraction , and therefore doth that more ſtrongly attract it , than the wa ters thatare over it . Now, as in ſuch a cafe , a body may loſe theoperati on of its gravity , which is ; to move, or to preſſe downewards : Só may it likewiſe , when it is ſo far out of its place, that this attractive power can not reach unto it . Tis a pretty notion to this purpoſe, Phyſol.z. mentioned by * Albertus de Saxonia, 2.6.art... and out ofhim by * Francis Mendoca; Viridar. That the aire is in ſome part of it navigable.

4 Prob. may be a World . 221 i navigable.Andthat upon this Staticke LIB.I. principle ; any braſſe or iPon veſſell Cap.14. Vide.Arch . ( ſuppoſe a kettle) whoſe ſubſtance is 1.de infi much heavier than that of the water, dentibus yet being filled with the lighter aire, bumido. it will ſwimme upon it, and not ſinke. So ſuppoſe a cup , or wooden veſſel, upon the outward borders ofthis ele mentary aire , the cavity of it being filled with fire ; or rather æthereall aire, it muſt neceſſarily upon the ſame ground remaine ſwimming there and of it ſelfę can no more fall, than an empty ſhip can finke. Tis commonly granted,that if there were a hole quite through the center ofthe earth , though anyheavy body (as ſuppoſe a milſtone) werelet fall into it yet when it cameunto the place of thecenter , it would there reft im moveable in the aire. Now ,as in this caſe, its ownecondenfity, cannot hin der , but that it may reſt in the open aire, when there is no other place , to which it ſhould be attracted : So nei ther could it be any impediment unto it , if itwere placed without the ſphere of the earths magneticall vigor, where 222 That the Moone Lu.1. where there fhould be no attraction Cap.14. at all . CLfm m3 2btFrom hence then ( I ſay) you may conceive , that if a man were beyond this ſphere, hee might there ſtand as firmely in the open aire, as now -upon the earth. And if he might ſtand there, why might hee not alſo goe there ? And iffo , then there is a poſſibility likewiſe of having other conveniences for travelling. And here cis conſiderable, that ſince our bodies will then bee- devoide of gravity , and other impediments of motion ; wee ſhall not at all ſpend our felves in any labour , and fo confe quently notmuch need the reparation ofdiet : But may perhaps live altoge ther without it , as thoſe creatures have done , who by reafon oftheir flecping for manydayes together, have not ſpentany ſpirits, and to nor wan ted any foode : which is commonly related of Serpents", Crocodiles, Beares, Cuckocs, Swallowes and fuch Viridar, like. To this purpoſe, * Mendoca rec lib.4.prob. up divers ſtrange relations. As that of Epimenides, who is ſtoried to kons have may be a World. 223 have flept 75 yeeares. And another of LIB.1. a ruſticke in Germany, who being ac. Cap.14. cidentally covered with a hay -ricke, ſlept there for all autumne , and the winter following,withoutany nouriſh ment. Or, if thiswill not ſerve : yet why may not a Papiſt faſt ſolong , as well as Ignatius or Xaverius : Or if there be ſuch a ſtrange efficacy in the bread ofthe Euchariſt, as their miraculous relations doe attribute to it : why then, that may ſerve well enough, for their viaticum . Or, ifwee muſt needs feed upon ſomething elſe , whymay not ſmells nouriſh us * Plutrach , and * Pliny and * De facie divers other ancients, tell us of a na . tion in India that lived only uponplea- * R46.hiß. ſing odors. And tis the common opi, lib.7.ca. 3. nion of Phyſicians, that theſe. doe ſtrangely both ſtrengthen and repaire theſpirits. Hence was it thatDemoeri. Diog Laert. tus was able for divers dayés together, lib,5.64.9. to feede himſelfe with the meerc imel ofhotbread. Or if it bee neceſſary that our ſto macks muſt receive the food : why in Luna . As 10 then VC' 224 That the Moone LIB.I. then tis not impoſſible that the purity Cap.14 . ofthe æthereall aire, being not mixed with any improper vapors , may be ſo agreeable to our bodies, as to yeeld us ſufficientnouriſhment ; According to that of the Poet ; Virgil. Vefcitur aura Atherea ---svet - Twas an old Platonickeprinciple,thať there is in ſome part ofthe world fuch a place where men might be plentiful ly nouriſhed, by the aire they breath : Which cannot more properly be af ſigned to any one particular,than to the æthereall aire above this : I know tis the common opinion thatno Element can prove Aliment, be. Sens.cap.so cauſe tis not proportionate to the bo dies of living creatures which are compounded. But, 1. This æthereall aire is not an ele ment; and though it be perhaps ofa greater agreeableneſſe to mans nature and conſtitution. 2. If weconſultexperience and the credible relations of others, wee ſhall finde it ' probable enough that many things receive nouriſhment frommeer Firſt, diät.de purer , yet tis elements. may be a Werld . 225

cap. 72.

• DeAnim .

lib.z. } Firſt, for the earth ; * Ariſtórle and LIB . I. * Pliny,thoſe two great naturaliſts,tell Cap. 14. us ofſomecreatures, thatare fed only The earth with this. And it wasthe curſe ofthe Hist.Ani * mal. lib.8 . ferpent, Gen.3. 14. V pon thy bellyſhalt cap.s. show goe ,' andduſt jali those cate allsbe. * Hiß.l.10. dagesofthy life. So likewiſe for the water. * Albertus The water Magnus ſpeaksof a man who lived fc ven weekstogether by themcere dria king ofwater . * Rondoletius ( to whoſe * De Plt Piſi.. diligence theſe later times are much l...cap.ia. beholding for ſundry obſervations concerning the nature ofAquarils) af firmes that his wifedid keepa fifh in a glaffe ofwater;without any other food for three yeares:In whichſpace it was conſtantly augmented , till at firſt it could not come out ofthe place ať which it was put in, and atlength was too big for the glaſſe it felfe, though that were of a large capacity. Cardan subtil. 1.9 . tells us of fomewormes, that are bred &nouriſhed by the ſnow , from which being once ſeparated ,they dye. Thus alſo is it with the aire, which the aire wee may well conceive dos chiefly concurre to the nouriſhing ofall vege tables. a 226 That the Moone cap.33 . LIB.I. tables . For iftheir food were all fuck Cap.14. led outfrom theearth ,theremuſt needs be ther , ſome ſenſible decay in the ground by them ; eſpecially ſince they do every yeare renew theirleaves, and fruits: which being ſo many,and ſo of ten, could not be produced without a bundance ofnouriſhment. To thispur poſe is theexperimét of trees cutdown which will of themſelves put forth ſproutes. As alſo that of Ongons, & the Semper-vive,which will ſtrangely ſhoot *Hif.li.8. forth , andgrowasthey hang in the Pelyhiftor. open aire . Thus likewife is it with ſome ſenſible creatures ; the Camelion * Lop.bift. Ind.Occid. ( ſaith* Pliny and * Solinus) is meerely nouriſhed by this: And ſo are the birds of Paradiſe, treated of by * many ; Colloq.3. Tis likely which reſide conſtantly in the aire, Na that chele ture having nor beſtowed upon them chicly re- any legs, and therefore they arenever fidein the ſeene upon the ground but being dead. æthereall | Ifyou aske,how they multiply ? Tis aire ,wher anſwered, they lay their egges on the they are nouriſhed backes of one another , upon which they fit til their young onesbefledg’d .

• De Pif

cap.53 ;

cap 96 . Maiolus birds doe andup

• Rondolerius from the hiſtory ofHer .

cibus.lib.i. molaus Barbarus, tels us ofa Prieſt (of whom held. cap.13 . may be a4 World. 227 any other whom one ofthe Popes had the cuſto- LIB.I. dy) that lived forty yeares upon meer Cap.14 . aire. As alſo ofa maide in France, and another in Germany, thar for diverſe yeares together did feed on nothing but this : Nay , hec affirmes that hee himſelfe had ſeene one, who lived till ten yeares of age without nouriſhment. You may find moſt of theſe and ſome other examples to this purpoſe, gathered together byMendo ca Viridár. lib.4. Prob. 23,24 . Now ,if this clementary aire which is mixed with ſuch improper vapors, may acci-. dentally nouriſh fome perſons;perhaps then,that pure æthereall aire may of it ſelfebe more naturall to our tempers. But if none of theſe conjectures may ſatisfie; yet there may happily be ſome poſlible meanes for the convei ance ofother foode ,asſhall be ſhewed afterwards. Againe,ſeeing we do not then ſpend our ſelvesin anylabour,, we ſhall not, it may bee, ncede the refreſhment of ſleepe. Butif we doe,wecannot deſire a ſofrer bed than the aire , where wee may repoſe our ſelves firmely and Q2 ſafely 228 That the Moone LIB.1 . ſafely as in our chambers. Cap.14. Buthereyou may aske,whetherthere beany mcanes for us to know how far this ſphere ofthe earths vertue dos ex tend it felfed I anſwer,tis probable that it dos not reach much farther than that orbe of thick vaporous aire, that incompaſſeth the earth ;; becauſe tis likely theSunne may exhale ſome earthly vapors, near unto the utinoft bounds of theſphere alloted to them. Now there are diverswayes uſed by Aſtronomers , to take the altitudeof this vaporous aire. As, 1. By obſerving the height ofthat aire which cauſeth the Crepuſculum , or twilight; Forthe finding of which ,the Antients uſed this meanes:As foone as ever they could diſcerne the aire in the eaſt to be altered withthe leaſt light, they would by the ſituation of the ſtarres find out how many degrees the Sun was below the Horizon,which was uſually about 18. From whencethey wouldeaſily conclude, how high that airemuſt be above us , which the Sun could ſhine upon, when hee was 18 de grees . may be a World . ( 229 Vitell, 1.10 . Theo. 7. ET grcesbelow us . And from this obfer- Te.l. vation, it was concluded to bee about Cap.14. 52 miles high. But in this Conclụſion ,the Antients were much deceived , becauſe they p.oceeded upon a wrong ground, whilft they fuppoſed that the ſhining ofthe Suns direct rayes upon the aire, was the only reaſon ofthe Crepuſculum Keplar.Ep . Whereas tis certain that there are ma- part.3. Coper.l. 1. tly other things which may alſo con curre to the caufing of it . As, 1. Somċ bright clouds below the Horizon , which being illuminated by the Sunne, may be the meanes ofcon veying ſomelight to our aire , before the direct rayescan touch it. 2. The often refraction ofthe rayes, which ſuffer a frequent repercuſſion from the cavitic of this ſphere, may likewiſe yeeld us ſome light. 3. And ſo may the orbe of enlight ned aire compaſſing the Sunne,part of which muſt riſe before his body , 2.The ſecondway whereby wemay more furely find the altitude of this großeraire, isby taking the highth of thehigheſt cloud: which may bedone,, 23 1 Either 01 DU le That the Moone 230 IB.I. 1 Either as they uſe to meaſure the al Cap.14. titude ofthingsthat cannot be approa ched unto , viz.. by two ſtations, when two perſons ſhall at the ſame time , in ſeverall places, obſerve the declinati on of any cloud from the vertical tevinnius, point. Or, 2. which is the more eaſie Geog.b. 003,h.30 way, when a manſhall chooſe ſuch a ſtation , where he may. at ſome di ſtance,diſcernetheplace on which the cloud dos caſt its Thadow , and withall dos obſerve,how muchboth the cloud and the Sun decline from the vertical point. From which he may eaſily con clude the true altitude of it,asyoumay more plainely conceive , by this fol lowing Diagram . a crop 3 RI may be aa World. 231

Where A B is a perpendicularfrom LIB. I , the cloud , C the ſtation of him that Cap.14 . meaſures , D the place where the ſha dow of thecloud dos fall. The inſtrument being directed from the ſtation C, to the cloud at 4 ,the per pendicular will ſhew the Angle BA C. Then letting the Sun ſhine through the lights of yourinſtrument, the per pendicular of it will give the angle B A D. Afterwards having meaſured the diſtance C D by paces you may ac- Pitiſc, Tri cording to the common rules, find the gon: heigthB A. But if withoutmaking the obſerva tion, you would know ofwhataltitude the higheſt of theſe are found by ob ſervation; * Cardan anſwers,not above * Sube.lig. two miles 3 * Keplar, not above 1690 * Epit. CoCa paces, or thereabouts. percbe1.p.3. 3. Another way to finde the height ofthisvaporous aire , is , by knowing the difference ofaltitude, whichit cau ſeth , in refracting the beames of any { tar peere theHorizon . And from this obfervation alſo , it is uſually conclu ded to bee about two or three miles high . Q4 But 1

232 That the Moone - LIB.I. But now you muſt not conceive as if Gap: 14 . the orbe ofmagneticall vigor, were bounded in an exact ſuperfícies, or as if iš did equally hold out juſt to ſuch a determinate line, andnofarther. But as it hath bin ſaid of the firſt region, which is there terminated where the heat of reflexion dosbeginto languiſh: So likewiſe is it probable , that this magneticall vigor dos remit of its de grees proportionally to its diſtance from the earth ,which is the cauſe of it; And therefore though the thicker clouds may beelevated no higher, yet this orbemay be continued in weaker degrees a little beyond them .Wewill: ſuppoſe it (which in all likelyhood is the moſt) to bee about twenty miles high . So that youſee the former The ſis remaines probable ; that if a man couldbut fly , or by any other mcanes get twenty miles upwards, it were poſsible for him to reach unto the Moone. But it may bee againe objected : Though all this were true ; though there were ſuch an orbe of aire which did terminate the earths vigor : And though! may be a World. 233 ܕܽ . 5 though the heavineffe of our bodies Lib.I. could nothinder our paſſage,through Cap.14. the vaſt fpaces of the ætheriall aire ; yet thoſe two other impediments may ſeeme to deny the pollibility of any fuch-voyage. 1. The extreme coldneße ofthataire. If ſomeof our higher mountaines for this reaſon bee not habitable ' : much more then will thofe places bee fo , which are farther from any cauſe of heare. 2. Theextreme thinneſle of it,which may make it unfit for expiration . Forif in ſomemountaines (as Ariſtotle tells us of Olympus,and out him * S. Aufline) * in God the aire bce ſo thin that men cannot ad literam . draw their breath , unlelle it were li.3 . caps throughfome moiltnedfpungés;much morethen muſtthat airebe thin ,which is more remotely ſituated from the cauſes of impurity and mixture. And then belide,therefractionthat is made by the vaporous'aire incompaffing our earth , may ſufficiently prove that chere' is a great difference berwise'the æthereall aire and this, in refpeât of rarity. Το 234 That the Moone 5 LIB.I ; To the firſt oftheſe I anſwer , thay Cap.14. though the ſecond region, benatural endowed with ſo much coldneſle as may make it fit for the production ofmeteors ; yet it will not hence fol low ,that all that aire above it,which is not appointed for the like purpoſe, ſhould partake of the ſame condition : But, itmayſeeme more probable that thisæthereal aire is freed from having any quality in the extremes. And this may be confirmed , from thoſe com mon arguments , which are uſually brought to provethe warmneſfe of the Meteor. third region .Asyou may fee in Fro lib.1.64.2. mundw , and others who treate of that ſubject. Comment. Tis the aſſertion ofPererius,that the in Gcx.1.8. ſecond region , is not cold meerly for this reaſon , becauſe it is diſtant from the ordinary cauſes of heat , but be cauſe it was actually made ſo the firſt ,forthe condenſing of theclouds, and the production of other meteors that werethere tobe generated,which (as I conceive) might bee ſufficiently confirmed from that order ofthe cre ation obſerved by Moſes, who tells us that X Arhely at may be a World. 235 -1 that the waters above the firmament Lib.I. ( by which, in the greateſt probability, Cap.14. we are to underſtand the eloudsin the ſecond region) were made the ſecond day, Gen. 1.7,8 . whereas the Sunne it felfe (whoſe reflection is the cauſe of heate), was not created till the fourth day, ver.16.19. To the other objection I anſwer, that though theaire in the ſecond re gion:(where by reaſon ofits coldneſſe there are many thicke vapors) doc cauſe a great refraction ; yet tis pro bable that the aire which is next the carth , is ſometimes, &in fomeplaces , of a farre greater thinneſfe , nay as thin as the æthercall aire it felfe ; ſince ſometimes there is ſuch a ſpeciall hear oftheSun , as may rarific it in an emi nent degree ; And in ſome dry places, there are no groſſe impure exhalations tomixc with it. But here it may beobjected . Ifthe aire in the ſecond region were more condenſed and heavy than this where in wec breaththen that muſt neceſſari ly tend downewards and poſſeſſe the lower place. To 3 T 3 K ch all 336 That the Moone cap.I. מים Lib.I. To this ſome anfwcr,char the hang Cap.14. ing of the clouds in the open aire is no leſfe than a miracle. They are the HIR. 1.31 . words ofPliny. Quidmirabilius aquis in cælo fanibus ? whatmore wonderfull thing is there than that the Waters ſhould ſtand in the heavens Others prove this from the derivation of the word ddu from NNW ftupefiere and O'D' aqua : Becauſe thewaters do hang there after ſuch a ſtupendous incon ceivablemanner , which ſeems like: wife to blee favoured by Scripture, where tismentioned as a great argu ment of Godsomnipotency, that hee holds up the clolids from falling Hebinds up thewaters in his thicke clouds, and the- cloud is not rent under them , But that which unto me féemesfull fatisfa tion againſt this doubt, is this confideration ; that the naturall vigor whereby the earth dos atëract denfe bodies unto it, is leffe eficacious at a diſtance : andeherefore a body of leffe denſity, which is neare unto it , as lup poſe this thin aire wherein webreath , may naturally bee lowerin its ſituació on than another ofa greater condenfiry that 8 .6.ء او may be 4 World. 237 O 3 that is farther of;as ſuppoſe the clouds L18 .!. in the ſecond region . And though the Cap.14. onehec abſolutely and in it felfe more fit for this motion ofdeſcent ; yet by reaſon ofits diſtance, the carths mag neticall vertue cannot ſo powerfully worke upon it. As for that relation of Ariſtotle, If it were true ; yet it dos not prove this airę to be altogether impaſſible , ſince moiſtned [punges might helpe - us a gainſt its thinneſſe: But tis more likely that hee tookeit upon cruſt, as hedid ſome other relations concerning the height of the mountaines, wherein tis evident that he wasgroſſely miſtaken. Aswhere he tells us ofCaucaſus,that it caſts its ſhadow 560 miles. And this relation being of the ſame nature, wce cannot ſafely truſt unto him for the truth ofit. Ifit be here enquired ,what mcanes there may bee conjectured, for oura ſcending beyond the ſphere of the carths magneticall vigor. I anſwer. 1. Tis not perhaps impoſ lible that aa man may beable to Aye,by the application of wingsto his owne body ; Meteor . 3 1.1.c.II. ] 1 238 That the Moone Melanch. 40 . Libil . body ; As Angels are pictured , as Cap.14. Mercury and Dadalos are fained , and as hath bin attempted by divers, particii lary bya Turke in Conſtantinople, as Mr.Burton . Busbequius relates. 2. If there bee ſuch a great Ruck in pa ,2.fect.a mem . 3 • Madagaſcar,as * Marcas Pólus the Ve.

• Lib.3.c.netian mentions,the feathers in whoſe wings are twelve foot long,which can ſoope-up a horſe and his rider, oran e

lephant,asour kites doe a mouſe ' ; why then tis but teaching one of theſetocar ry a manand he may ride up thither,as Ganymeddos upon an eagle . 3. Or if neither oftheſe wayes will ſerve : Yet I doc ſeriouſly, and upon good grounds , affirme it poſſible to make a flying Chariot . In which a manmay ſit , and give ſuch a motion unto it , as ſliall convey him through the aire. Andthis perhaps might bee made large enough to carry divers men at theſame time, together with foode for their viaticum , and commo dities for traffique. It is not the big neſſe ofany thing in this kind, that can hinder its motion, if the motive fácul tyc be anſwerable thereunto. We leeå great may be a World. 239 S 3 ! 0 ſing it. great ſhip ſwimmes as well asa ſmall L13.1. corke, and an Eagle Aies in the aire as cap.14 . well as a little gnát . This enginemay be contrived from the ſame principles by which Archytas made a woodendove, and Regiomonta nus a wooden eagle. I conceive it were no difficult matter (if a man had leiſure) to thew more particularly, the meanes of compo The perfectingofſuch an invention, wouldbe ofſuch excellent uſe, that it were enough, not only to make a man famous, but theage alſo wherein hec lives . For beſides the ſtrange diſcove ries that it might occafion in this other world, it would be alſo of inconceive able advantage for travelling,above a tiyother conveiance thatis now in uſe. So that notwithſtanding all theſe ſecming impoſſibilities , tis likely c nough, thatthere may be a meanes in vented of journying to the Moone; Andhow happyſhallthey be, that are firſt fucceffefull in this attempt ? - Feliceſý anima,quas nubila ſupra, Et turpesfumos,plenumg vaporibusorbem , Inferuit D 1 240 That the Moons LIB.1 . Inferuit cælo San & i fcintilla Promethei. Cap.14 Having thus finiſhed this diſcourſe , I chanced upon a late fancy to this purpoſe under the fained name of Domingo Gonſales, written by a late reverend and learned Biſhop : In which (beſides ſundry particulars wherein this later Chapterdid unwit tingly agree with it) there is delive reda very pleaſant and well contrived fancy concerning a voyage to this o therworld . Hệe ſuppoſeth that there is a na turall and uſuall paſſage for many creatures betwixt our carth and this planet. Thus hee faies , thoſe great multitudes oflocuſts , wherewith di verſe countries have bin deſtroyed, do proceed from thence. And if weper uſe the authors who wee ſhall finde that manytimes they fly in numberleffe troopes,or ſwarmes, and for fundry dayes together before they fall , are ſeeneoverthoſe places in great high clouds, ſuch ascom ming nearer, are ofextenſionenough toobſcure the day, & hinder the light of the Sunne. From which, together su with ! a feat of them , maybe a World 241 with diverſe other ſuch relations., he LID.I. concludes, that tis notaltogether im. Cap.14. probable , they ſhould proceed from the Moonc. Thus likewiſe he ſuppo ſeth the Swallowes, Cuckocs, Nigh tingales , with divers other fowle, which are with us only half the year, to Aye up thither when they goe from us. Amongſt which kinde, there is a wilde Swanin the Eaſt Indies, which at certain ſeaſons of theyear doc con ſtantly take their flight, thither. Now this bird being of great ſtrength , able to continue for a long flight, asalſo going uſually inflocks, like ourwilde. geeſe;he ſuppoſeth thatmany ofthem together, might be taught to carry the weight ofa man ; eſpecially if an en gine wereſo contrived ( as hethinks it might) that each oftheió ſhould bcare an equall ſhare in the burden . So that by this means, tis eaſily conceiveable; howonce every ycare a manmight fi niſh ſuch a voyage ; going alongwith theſe birds at the beginning ofwinter, andagaine returning with them at the Spring And here , one that had a ſtrong R fancy, 242 That the Moone, &c. Cib.i. fancy, werebetter able to ſet forth the Cap.14. greatbenefit and pleafure to be had by ſuch a journey. And that whether you conſider the ſtrangeneſſe of the per ſons, language, arts,policy, religion of thoſe inhabitants , together with the new traffique that might be brought thence . In briefe, doe but conſider the pleaſure and profit, ofthoſe later dif. cuveries in America , and wec muft needs conclude this to be inconceive ably beyond it . But ſuch imaginations as theſe, I ſhall leave to the fancy ofthe Reader. Sicitur ad aſtra. Reptet bumi quicung velit Coloreftat iter, cælo tentabimusire. F IN I S. i . Booke. Errata, . Pag.47.lin 24. cad Scheiner.p.48.1 22.Nicremberg'us p. 50.1.11. notfor nor p. si. I. 18. hir for his p. 73 . 1.22. Malapertius p.77.117.obſolere for abſolure Pp 90 1.12. Philolaus ibid 1.18 . Rheticus p. 112. 1 20. (Dele its center , and read) motion ofthar magneti-, call globe to which it did belong. p.137.1.21.Cifacus p.143.1.20. light for right p.184.1.13.read in that late p.202.1.0.muſt be ofp.219.1.25.In themargin.c.p.dat.d. is.Inthe margix.2.2.223.1.1). Plucarchi. 08

Sessere ThePropoſitionsthe are proved in this Diſcourſe. T 3 . : Propoſition 1 : Hai the ftrangenese of this opinion is no fufficient reaſon why it ſhould be reje & ed , becauſe other certaine iruthsbaue beene formerly efecmed ridiculosa ,and great abfurdities enterained by commor conſent. By way of Preface, Propoſition 21 That a plurality ofworlds dos nos com tradi &t anyprinciple ofreason or faitb.. Propoſition 3. That the bearens doe not confið of any such pare matter which can priviledge them from A a from the like change de corruption, as theſe inferiour bodies are liable-unio.. Prop: 4 . That the Moond is a folid , competed, opa cousbody. aici boy Prop. 5.1 That the Moonhath not any light of her Owne. Prop. 6 . That there is aporld in the Moonehath beene the dire t opinion ofmany,ancient, with ſomemoderneMathematicians, and mayprobably be deducedfrom the tenients of others. Prop: 76 That thoſe spots and brighter parts which by our ſight may be diſtinguiſhed in the Moone, doe ſoetw the difference betwixt the Sea and Land in that other World, Prop. Prop. 8 . That the ſpots repreſent the Sea , and the brighter parts the Land . Prop. 9. That there are high Mountaines , deepe vallies, and ſpaciousplaines in the bodyof the croone, o Prop . 10, Thatzhere is an Atmo-fphæra,or an orbe of grolle vaporousaire, immediately encom paſsing the body of theMoone. Prop. 11. That as their world is our Moone, so our world is their Moone. Prop. 12 . That tis probable there may beſuch Me teors belonging to that world in the Moon as there are with us an 2 Prop. Prop. 13. That tisprobable theremay beeinhabi. fames in this other World, but of mbar kinde they areis uncertaine, Prop. 14. Thai rispoßible for ſome of our pofterity to finde outa conveyance to this other world, and iftherebe inhabitanis there, se bave commerce with obem . +