Summa contra Gentiles
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| - | '''Saint Thomas Aquinas''', [[Ordo Praedicatorum|O.P.]](also '''Thomas of Aquin''', or '''Aquino'''; c. [[1225]] – [[7 March]] [[1274]]) was an Italian [[Roman Catholic]] priest in the [[Order of Preachers]], a [[philosopher]] and [[theology|theologian]] in the [[scholasticism|scholastic]] tradition, known as '''Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Universalis''' and '''Doctor Communis'''. The works for which he is best-known are the ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' and the ''[[Summa Contra Gentiles]]''. One of the 33 [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]], he is considered by many Catholics to be the Church's greatest theologian and philosopher. | ||
| - | ==Modern influence== | ||
| - | Many modern ethicists both within and outside the Catholic Church (notably [[Philippa Foot]] and [[Alasdair MacIntyre]]) have recently commented on the possible use of Aquinas's virtue ethics as a way of avoiding [[utilitarianism]] or Kantian "sense of duty" (called [[deontology]]). Through the work of twentieth century philosophers such as [[G. E. M. Anscombe|Elizabeth Anscombe]] (especially in her book ''Intention''), Aquinas's [[principle of double effect]] specifically and his theory of intentional activity generally have been influential. | + | The '''''Summa contra Gentiles''''' was written by St. [[Thomas Aquinas]] between 1258 and 1264. The work has occasioned much debate as to its purpose, its intended audience and its relationship to his other works. Thomas' work is divided into several categories: [[Scriptural]] commentaries, [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] commentaries, Opuscula (smaller works), disputed questions and [[theology|theological]] syntheses. The ''Summa contra Gentiles'' is usually classified as a theological synthesis along with his earlier ''Commentary on the '[[Sentences]]' of [[Peter Lombard]]'' and his well-known ''[[Summa Theologica]]'', although there are significant differences in scope and intent between all three of these works. |
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| - | It is remarkable that Aquinas's aesthetic theories, especially the concept of ''claritas'', deeply influenced the literary practice of modernist writer [[James Joyce]], who used to extol Aquinas as being second only to Aristotle among Western philosophers. The influence of Aquinas's aesthetics also can be found in the works of the Italian [[Semiotics|semiotician]] [[Umberto Eco]], who wrote ''[[The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas]]'' in 1956. | + | |
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| - | The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] has had a complex relationship with Aquinas' work. For a long time, Aquinas and scholastic or schoolbook theology was a standard part of the education of Orthodox seminarians. His philosophy found a strong advocate in the person of at least one Patriarch of Constantinople, [[Gennadius Scholarius]]. However, in the twentieth century, there was a reaction against this "Latin captivity" of the Orthodox theology ([[Georges Florovsky]]), and Orthodox writers have emphasized the otherness of Scholasticism. | + | |
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The Summa contra Gentiles was written by St. Thomas Aquinas between 1258 and 1264. The work has occasioned much debate as to its purpose, its intended audience and its relationship to his other works. Thomas' work is divided into several categories: Scriptural commentaries, Aristotelian commentaries, Opuscula (smaller works), disputed questions and theological syntheses. The Summa contra Gentiles is usually classified as a theological synthesis along with his earlier Commentary on the 'Sentences' of Peter Lombard and his well-known Summa Theologica, although there are significant differences in scope and intent between all three of these works.
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