Speech
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | "[[Metaphor]] is as [[ultimate]] as [[speech]] itself." --[[Metaphor (John Middleton Murry)|"Metaphor"]] (1927) by John Middleton Murry | ||
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| [[Image:The Big Swallow.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[linguistics]] series.<br> | [[Image:The Big Swallow.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[linguistics]] series.<br> | ||
| <small>Illustration: a close-up of a [[mouth]] in the film ''[[The Big Swallow]]'' (1901)</small>]] | <small>Illustration: a close-up of a [[mouth]] in the film ''[[The Big Swallow]]'' (1901)</small>]] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | :''See [[Phonocentrism]] '' | + | |
| - | '''Speech communication''' refers to the processes associated with the [[speech production|production]] and [[speech perception|perception]] of [[sounds]] used in [[spoken language]]. A number of academic disciplines study speech and speech sounds, including [[acoustics]], [[psychology]], [[speech pathology]], [[linguistics]], and [[computer science]]. | + | '''Speech ''' is the vocalized form of [[human communication]]. It is based upon the [[syntactic]] combination of [[Lexicon|lexical]]s and [[name]]s that are drawn from very large (usually about 10,000 different [[words]]) [[vocabulary|vocabularies]]. Each spoken word is created out of the [[phonetic]] combination of a limited set of [[vowel]] and [[consonant]] speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech sound units differ, creating the existence of many thousands of different types of [[mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]] human [[language]]s. Most human speakers are able to communicate in two or more of them, hence being [[Multilingualism|polyglot]]s. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce speech also provide humans with the ability to [[singing|sing]]. |
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| + | A gestural form of human communication exists for the [[deaf]] in the form of [[sign language]]. Speech in some [[culture]]s has become the basis of a [[written language]], often one that differs in its vocabulary, syntax and phonetics from its associated spoken one, a situation called [[diglossia]]. Speech in addition to its use in communication, it is suggested by some [[psychologist]]s such as [[Vygotsky]] is internally used by mental processes to enhance and organize [[cognition]] in the form of an [[Stream of consciousness (psychology)|interior monologue]]. | ||
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| + | Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and [[speech perception]] of the [[sounds]] used in [[vocal language]]. Other research topics concern [[speech repetition]], the ability to map heard spoken words into the vocalizations needed to recreated that plays a key role in the [[vocabulary]] expansion in [[children]] and [[speech error]]s. Several academic disciplines study these including [[acoustics]], [[psychology]], [[speech pathology]], [[linguistics]], [[cognitive science]], [[communication studies]], [[otolaryngology]] and [[computer science]]. Another area of research is how the [[human brain]] in its different areas such as the [[Broca's area]] and [[Wernicke's area]] underlies speech. | ||
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| + | It is controversial how far [[human]] speech is unique in that [[Animal language|other animals also communicate]] with vocalizations. While none in the [[wildness|wild]] have compatibly large vocabularies, research upon the nonverbal abilities of language trained [[apes]] such as [[Washoe (chimpanzee)|Washoe]] and [[Kanzi]] raises the possibility that they might have these capabilities. The [[origin of language|origins of speech]] are unknown and subject to much debate and [[speculation]]. | ||
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| + | ==Brain physiology== | ||
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| + | Two areas of the cerebral cortex are necessary for speech. Broca's area, named after its discoverer, French neurologist [[Paul Broca]] (1824-1880), is in the frontal lobe, usually on the left, near the motor cortex controlling muscles of the lips, jaws, soft palate and vocal cords. When damaged by a stroke or injury, comprehension is unaffected but speech is slow and labored and the sufferer will talk in "telegramese". Wernicke's area, discovered in 1874 by German neurologist [[Carl Wernicke]] (1848-1904), lies to the back of the temporal lobe, again, usually on the left, near the areas receiving auditory and visual information. Damage to it destroys comprehension - the sufferer speaks fluently but nonsensically. Some researchers have explored the connections between brain physiology, neuroscience, and other elements of physiology to that of communication. [[Communibiology]] first proposed by Beatty and McCroskey address these issues and presents a set of specific axioms about these phenomena. | ||
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| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Imagined Speech]] | + | * [[Freedom of speech]] |
| + | * [[Imagined speech]] | ||
| * [[Index of linguistics articles]] | * [[Index of linguistics articles]] | ||
| + | * [[Phonocentrism]] | ||
| + | * [[Public speaking]] | ||
| + | * [[Sound symbolism]] | ||
| * [[Spatial hearing loss]] | * [[Spatial hearing loss]] | ||
| + | * [[Speechwriter]] | ||
| + | *[[Speech balloon]] | ||
| + | *[[Speech scroll]] | ||
| * [[Talking bird]]s | * [[Talking bird]]s | ||
| * [[Vocology]] | * [[Vocology]] | ||
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| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Current revision
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"Metaphor is as ultimate as speech itself." --"Metaphor" (1927) by John Middleton Murry |
Illustration: a close-up of a mouth in the film The Big Swallow (1901)
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Speech is the vocalized form of human communication. It is based upon the syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large (usually about 10,000 different words) vocabularies. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech sound units differ, creating the existence of many thousands of different types of mutually unintelligible human languages. Most human speakers are able to communicate in two or more of them, hence being polyglots. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce speech also provide humans with the ability to sing.
A gestural form of human communication exists for the deaf in the form of sign language. Speech in some cultures has become the basis of a written language, often one that differs in its vocabulary, syntax and phonetics from its associated spoken one, a situation called diglossia. Speech in addition to its use in communication, it is suggested by some psychologists such as Vygotsky is internally used by mental processes to enhance and organize cognition in the form of an interior monologue.
Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech perception of the sounds used in vocal language. Other research topics concern speech repetition, the ability to map heard spoken words into the vocalizations needed to recreated that plays a key role in the vocabulary expansion in children and speech errors. Several academic disciplines study these including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, otolaryngology and computer science. Another area of research is how the human brain in its different areas such as the Broca's area and Wernicke's area underlies speech.
It is controversial how far human speech is unique in that other animals also communicate with vocalizations. While none in the wild have compatibly large vocabularies, research upon the nonverbal abilities of language trained apes such as Washoe and Kanzi raises the possibility that they might have these capabilities. The origins of speech are unknown and subject to much debate and speculation.
Brain physiology
Two areas of the cerebral cortex are necessary for speech. Broca's area, named after its discoverer, French neurologist Paul Broca (1824-1880), is in the frontal lobe, usually on the left, near the motor cortex controlling muscles of the lips, jaws, soft palate and vocal cords. When damaged by a stroke or injury, comprehension is unaffected but speech is slow and labored and the sufferer will talk in "telegramese". Wernicke's area, discovered in 1874 by German neurologist Carl Wernicke (1848-1904), lies to the back of the temporal lobe, again, usually on the left, near the areas receiving auditory and visual information. Damage to it destroys comprehension - the sufferer speaks fluently but nonsensically. Some researchers have explored the connections between brain physiology, neuroscience, and other elements of physiology to that of communication. Communibiology first proposed by Beatty and McCroskey address these issues and presents a set of specific axioms about these phenomena.
See also
- Freedom of speech
- Imagined speech
- Index of linguistics articles
- Phonocentrism
- Public speaking
- Sound symbolism
- Spatial hearing loss
- Speechwriter
- Speech balloon
- Speech scroll
- Talking birds
- Vocology
