The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
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| - | '''National character studies''' refers to a set of [[cultural anthropology|anthropological]] studies conducted during and directly after World War II that arose from (and ultimately ended) the Culture and Personality School within [[psychological anthropology]]. | ||
| - | National Character Studies arose from a variety of approaches with Culture and Personality, including the Configurationalist Approach of [[Edward Sapir]] and [[Ruth Benedict]], the Basic Personality Structure developed by [[Ralph Linton]] and Abram Kardiner, and the Modal Personality Approach of [[Cora DuBois]]. These approaches disagreed with each other on the exact relationship between personality and culture. The Configurationalist and Basic Approaches both treated personalities within a culture as relatively homogeneous, while Cora DuBois argued that there are no common personality traits found in every single member of a society. | + | '''''The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture''''' is an influential 1946 study of Japan by American [[anthropologist]] [[Ruth Benedict]] written at the invitation of the U.S. [[Office of War Information]] in order to understand and predict the behavior of the Japanese in [[World War II]] by reference to a series of contradictions in traditional culture. The book was influential in shaping American ideas about [[Japanese culture]] during the [[occupation of Japan]], and popularized the distinction between [[guilt culture]]s and [[shame society|shame cultures]]. |
| - | '''Major Works on National Character include:''' | + | ==See also== |
| + | * [[Bushidō]] | ||
| + | * [[Honne and tatemae]] | ||
| - | [[Ruth Benedict]]'s ''[[The Chrysanthemum and the Sword]]'' on Japanese national character. Because researchers could not enter Japan at the time, Benedict conducted her research as "fieldwork-at-a-distance" through literate, film, and Japanese ex-patriots (mostly [[concentration camp]] victims) in the United States. Although her work can be criticized for returning to the "armchair anthropology" of the earliest anthropologists (such as [[Edward Tylor]]), other scholars of Japan have verified the symbolic importance of aestheticism and militarism for national identity (which is not necessarily to say individual personality). | ||
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| - | [[Margaret Mead]]'s ''And Keep Your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Looks at America'' (1942) | ||
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| - | [[Geoffrey Gorer]]'s ''The People of Great Russia: A Psychological Study'' (1949) | ||
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| - | This last monograph led to the demise of National Character Studies and Culture and Personality as a whole due to its poor reception. In it, Gorer argues that the personality of the Russians, so distasteful to their enemies and his sponsor, the Americans, resulting from their practice of swaddling infants, wrapping them tightly in blankets. This, Gorer posited, generated cold and removed personalities in adulthood. This theory became known as the "swaddling hypothesis," and was generally regarded as unworkable, simplistic, and hastily determined. | ||
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| - | The main contribution of Culture and Personality was to show that, revolutionary at the time, socialization continued beyond infancy and early childhood, and national discourses could have an effect on personal character. The entire approach is now considered defunct. | ||
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| - | == See also == | ||
| - | *[[National psychology]] | ||
| - | *[[National emblem]] | ||
| - | *[[Nationalism]] | ||
| - | *[[Margaret Mead]] | ||
| - | *[[Cultural determinism]] | ||
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The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture is an influential 1946 study of Japan by American anthropologist Ruth Benedict written at the invitation of the U.S. Office of War Information in order to understand and predict the behavior of the Japanese in World War II by reference to a series of contradictions in traditional culture. The book was influential in shaping American ideas about Japanese culture during the occupation of Japan, and popularized the distinction between guilt cultures and shame cultures.
See also
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