Pattern recognition (psychology)
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| - | '''Feature detection''' is a process by which the nervous system sorts or filters complex natural stimuli in order to extract behaviorally relevant cues that have a high probability of being associated with important objects or organisms in their environment, as opposed to irrelevant background or noise. | ||
| - | ''Feature detectors'' are individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli. Early in the sensory pathway feature detectors tend to have simple properties; later they become more and more complex as the features to which they respond become more and more specific. | + | In [[psychology]] and [[cognitive neuroscience]], '''pattern recognition''' describes a [[cognitive]] process that matches information from a [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimulus]] with information [[Recall (memory)|retrieved]] from [[memory]].{{Sfn|Eysenck & Keane|2003|pp=83–117}} Among others, the recognized ''patterns'' can be those perceived in [[facial feature]]s,{{Sfn|Chambon et al.|2007|p=2}} units of [[music]],{{Sfn|Krumhansl|2001|pp=3–8}} components of [[language]]{{Sfn|Margolis|1996|pp=56–57}} or [[Character (symbol)|characters]] and other [[symbol]]s.{{Sfn|Eysenck & Keane|2003|pp=83–117}} One [[theory]] understands patterns as a set of characteristic ''features'' extracted from the stimulus, but it does not comprehensively describe the process or the role of ''context'' and there is a multitude of other theories with different approaches.{{Efn|{{Harvnb|Eysenck & Keane|2003|pp=83–117}}, see also ''context'' as described by {{Harvnb|Krumhansl|2001|pp=3–8}}}} Pattern recognition does not occur instantly, although it does happen automatically and spontaneously.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} Pattern recognition is an innate ability of animals.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} |
| - | For example, simple cells in the visual cortex of the domestic cat (''[[Felis catus]]''), respond to edges—a feature which is more likely to occur in objects and organisms in the environment. By contrast, the background of a natural visual environment tends to be noisy—emphasizing high spatial frequencies but lacking in extended edges. Responding selectively to an extended edge—either a bright line on a dark background, or the reverse—highlights objects that are near or very large. Edge detectors are useful to a cat, because edges do not occur often in the background "noise" of the visual environment, which is of little consequence to the animal. | + | ==Theories== |
| + | * [[Template matching]] | ||
| + | * [[Prototype-matching]] | ||
| + | * Feature analysis | ||
| + | * [[Recognition by Components Theory|Recognition by components]] | ||
| + | * [[Fourier analysis]] | ||
| + | * [[Top-down and bottom-up design|Bottom-up and top-down processing]] | ||
| - | == See also == | + | ==See also== |
| - | *[[Neuroethology]] | + | *[[Gambler's fallacy]] |
| - | *[[Pattern recognition (psychology)]] | + | *[[Gestalt psychology]] |
| - | *[[Vision in toads]] | + | *[[Pareidolia]] |
| + | *[[Thin-slicing]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
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In psychology and cognitive neuroscience, pattern recognition describes a cognitive process that matches information from a stimulus with information retrieved from memory.Template:Sfn Among others, the recognized patterns can be those perceived in facial features,Template:Sfn units of music,Template:Sfn components of languageTemplate:Sfn or characters and other symbols.Template:Sfn One theory understands patterns as a set of characteristic features extracted from the stimulus, but it does not comprehensively describe the process or the role of context and there is a multitude of other theories with different approaches.Template:Efn Pattern recognition does not occur instantly, although it does happen automatically and spontaneously.Template:Citation needed Pattern recognition is an innate ability of animals.Template:Citation needed
Theories
- Template matching
- Prototype-matching
- Feature analysis
- Recognition by components
- Fourier analysis
- Bottom-up and top-down processing
See also
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