Louis Ombrédanne
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| - | In 1860, French photographer [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]] (real name Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, 1820 – 1910), took a '''series of photographs of a hermaphrodite'''. Possibly done on commission by [[Armand Trousseau]], the nine photographs have been described as "probably the first medical photo-illustrations of a patient with intersex genitalia".{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=357}} | ||
| - | ==Background== | ||
| - | Photography, although developed several decades before, was rarely used for [[medical photography|medical documentation]] until the 1850s. In mid 1850s France, Adrien Tournachon photographed experiments with electrical stimulation of their [[facial muscles]] on request of [[Duchenne de Boulogne]].{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=355}} | ||
| - | Several years later, in late 1860, Tournachon's elder brother [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]] took a series of nine photographs of a young [[intersex]] person, possibly on commission by [[Armand Trousseau]].{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=355}} This commission is suggested by an undated letter from Trousseau to Nadar, in which the former requests help in the documentation of a subject with a "very strange malady".{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=357}} The subject was to be brought to Nadar by one of Trousseau's friends, a Doctor Dumont-Pallier.{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=357}} Nadar had previously been interested in studying medicine.{{sfn|Plagens 1995, A very early}} | + | '''Louis Ombrédanne''' (March 5, 1871 – 1956) was a French [[pediatric surgeon|pediatric]] and [[plastic surgeon]] born in [[Paris]]. He was the son of [[general practitioner]] Emile Ombrédanne. |
| - | ==Subject== | + | In 1902 he became [[surgeon]] to [[Paris]]ian hospitals, becoming a professor of surgery in 1907.<ref>[http://pdfs.journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/1983/12000/Louis_Ombredanne_and_the_Origin_of_Muscle_Flap_Use.37.pdf] Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: December 1983 - Volume 72 - Issue 6 - ppg 905-910</ref> From 1921 to 1940 he was head of pediatric surgery at the Hôpital Necker. |
| - | The unnamed subject of the series intersex person with a male build and stature, who may have identified as female. The subject had a small, probably [[hypospadic]], [[Human penis|penis]], rudimentary [[scrotum]], and male [[pubic hair]] pattern; the subject also had a retracted or rudimentary [[clitoral hood]] and rudimentary [[vaginal opening]].{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=357}} In most photographs the subject covers the face and breasts.{{sfn|Blume 2005, Mesh: The Tale}} | + | |
| - | ==Series== | + | Ombrédanne's primary field of research was development of new methods of surgery. In 1906 he was the first to describe the use of the [[pectoralis minor muscle]] for [[breast reconstruction]] following [[mastectomy]]. He also introduced [[scrotum|transscrotal]] [[orchiopexy]] for surgical repair of an undescended [[testis]]. |
| - | The series consists of nine photographs documenting the subject in various poses and angles. Anna Blume, writing in the "gender queer feminist art journal" ''LTTR'', describes the images as quite different than Nadar's other work; she writes that Nadar, who normally took portraits of notable figures capturing a personality and personage, instead focused on "a body and specifically of the genitals of this body".{{sfn|Blume 2005, Mesh: The Tale}} These include: | + | |
| - | *An image showing the subject standing in full length, unclothed except for a pair of stockings and shoes.{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=357}} | + | |
| - | *An image showing the subject standing, with the right leg raised. This pose provides a clearer view of the [[genitalia]].{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=357}} | + | |
| - | *An image showing the subject laying back, with one arm covering the face. Another person's hand is pulling on the penile tissue.{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=357}} | + | |
| - | *An image showing the subject in an examination position, with a hand – visible in the uncut photographic plate as belonging to surgeon [[Jules Germain François Maisonneuve]] – spreading the vaginal lips.{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=357}} | + | |
| - | *An image showing a close-up of the subject's genitalia, with the legs open.{{sfn|MET, Hermaphrodite}} | + | |
| - | ==Post-photography== | + | In 1907 after two fatal [[anesthetic]] accidents, Ombrédanne created a prototype of an [[inhaler]] as a safe anesthetic device. It consisted of a tin container as reservoir which was fitted with [[felt]] to absorb [[ether]], a graduated air inlet and a respiratory reserve chamber. This device was tested successfully on over 300 patients, and design modifications were later made. |
| - | Nadar did not publish the photographs. However, in 1861 he copyrighted them – something he almost never did – and limited them to scientific uses, excluding public display.{{sfn|MET, Hermaphrodite}}{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=358}} Doctors Dirk Schultheiss, Thomas R.W. Herrmann, and Udo Jonas, suggest that the photographs are "probably the first medical photo-illustrations of a patient with intersex genitalia" and describe them as a "milestone in the history of sexual medicine".{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=358}} | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | According to Schultheiss, Herrmann, and Jonas, there is no evidence that the subject received treatment afterwards, something which was suggested in the Trousseau letter. They suggest several possible factors, including legal issues, the subject's refusal, or failed treatment followed by a lack of reporting. Maisonneuve, partially shown in one of the photographs, treated another intersex patient in 1862.{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=358}} | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Several photographs are at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in Paris.{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=355}} At least one is at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (MET) in New York, as a bequest from Robert Shapazian.{{sfn|MET, Hermaphrodite}} The MET occasionally puts the works on display with other Nadar works; a 1995 exhibition featured two of the series.{{sfn|Plagens 1995, A very early}} | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ==Legacy== | + | |
| - | Medical photography continued to develop after the Nadar images were shot, both in France and abroad; for example, in the [[American Civil War]] numerous photographers documented wounds and their treatment.{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=355}} In France, several further cases of intersexuality were documented, although there is no evidence that the photographers were aware of Nadar's work. In April 1870, a Monsieur Delacroix presented photographs of an intersex individual at the Société Médicale de Reims. In 1930, German physician [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] published a portrait of himself with an intersex individual in his five-volume ''Geschlechtskunde'' (''Sexology''), while [[Louis Ombrédanne]] published 25 images of cases he had handled in his 1939 book ''Les hermaphrodites et la chirurgie'' (''Hermaphrodites and Sugery'').{{sfn|Schultheiss|Herrmann|Jonas|2006|p=359}} | + | |
| + | In 1929 Ombrédanne provided an early description of [[malignant hyperthermia]], which he described as pallor with hyperthermia in newborns during anesthesia. This condition was historically referred to as ''Ombrédanne syndrome''. | ||
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Louis Ombrédanne (March 5, 1871 – 1956) was a French pediatric and plastic surgeon born in Paris. He was the son of general practitioner Emile Ombrédanne.
In 1902 he became surgeon to Parisian hospitals, becoming a professor of surgery in 1907.<ref>[1] Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: December 1983 - Volume 72 - Issue 6 - ppg 905-910</ref> From 1921 to 1940 he was head of pediatric surgery at the Hôpital Necker.
Ombrédanne's primary field of research was development of new methods of surgery. In 1906 he was the first to describe the use of the pectoralis minor muscle for breast reconstruction following mastectomy. He also introduced transscrotal orchiopexy for surgical repair of an undescended testis.
In 1907 after two fatal anesthetic accidents, Ombrédanne created a prototype of an inhaler as a safe anesthetic device. It consisted of a tin container as reservoir which was fitted with felt to absorb ether, a graduated air inlet and a respiratory reserve chamber. This device was tested successfully on over 300 patients, and design modifications were later made.
In 1929 Ombrédanne provided an early description of malignant hyperthermia, which he described as pallor with hyperthermia in newborns during anesthesia. This condition was historically referred to as Ombrédanne syndrome.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Louis Ombrédanne" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on original research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
