Fumarole
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| - | '''Kelimutu''' is a [[volcano]], close to the small town of Moni about 50 km to the east of [[Ende]] in central [[Flores|Flores Island]] of [[Indonesia]]. | + | A '''fumarole''' ([[Latin]] ''fumus'', [[smoke]]) is an opening in a planet's [[Crust (geology)|crust]], often in the neighborhood of [[volcano]]es, which emits [[steam]] and [[gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]], [[sulfur dioxide]], [[hydrochloric acid]], and [[hydrogen sulfide]]. The steam is created when superheated water turns to steam as its pressure drops when it emerges from the ground. The name '''solfatara''', from the [[Italian language|Italian]] ''solfo'', sulfur (via the [[Sicilian language|Sicilian dialect]]), is given to fumaroles that emit [[sulfur]]ous gases. |
| - | ==Geological details== | + | Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of [[lava]] flows and thick deposits of [[pyroclastic flow]]s. A '''fumarole field''' is an area of [[Hot springs|thermal spring]]s and gas vents where [[magma]] or hot [[igneous rock]]s at shallow depth are releasing gases or interacting with [[groundwater]]. From the perspective of groundwater, fumaroles could be described as a hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface. |
| - | The volcano contains three striking summit [[crater lake]]s of varying colors. Tiwu Ata Mbupu (Lake of Old People) is usually blue and is the westernmost of the three lakes. The other two lakes, Tiwu Nuwa Muri Koo Fai (Lake of Young Men and Maidens) and Tiwu Ata Polo (Bewitched or Enchanted Lake) are separated by a shared crater wall and are typically green or red respectively. The lake colors vary on a periodic basis. Subaqueous [[fumarole]]s are the probable cause of active [[upwelling]] that occurs at the two eastern lakes. | + | A good example of fumarole activity on Earth is the famous [[Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes]], which was formed during the 1912 eruption of [[Novarupta]] in [[Alaska]]. Initially, there were thousands of fumaroles in the cooling [[Volcanic ash|ash]] from the eruption, but over time most of them have become extinct. Fumaroles may persist for decades or centuries if they are above a persistent heat source, or disappear within weeks to months if they occur atop a fresh volcanic deposit that quickly cools. There are also an estimated four thousand fumaroles within the boundaries of [[Yellowstone National Park]]. In April 2006, a fumarole opened up east of Chair 3 at [[Mammoth Mountain Ski Area]] in California. Three ski patrol workers died while erecting a mesh fence and warning sign around the hole to warn skiers of the danger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mammothmountain.com/_ecomm/april_6_2006/|title=April 6, 2006 - We will always remember.|publisher=Mammoth Mountain Ski Area|accessdate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> |
| - | The lakes have been a source of minor [[phreatic eruption]]s in historical time. The summit of the compound 1639-m-high Kelimutu volcano is elongated two km in a WNW-ESE direction; the older [[volcanic cone|cones]] of Kelido and Kelibara are located respectively three km to the north and two km to the south. The scenic lakes are a popular [[tourist destination]]. | + | Another example is an array of fumaroles in the Valley of Desolation in [[Morne Trois Pitons National Park]] in [[Dominica]]. Fumaroles emitting sulfurous vapors form surface deposits of sulfur-rich minerals, which are mined in: |
| + | |||
| + | *[[Indonesia]] at [[Kawah Ijen]] and [[Arjuno-Welirang]] | ||
| + | *[[Chile]] at [[Chajnantour]] near San Pedro de [[Atacama]] | ||
| + | *[[China]] at [[Xingyan]] in [[Sichuan]] province | ||
| + | *[[New Zealand]] at [[Whakaari/White Island|White Island]] in the [[Bay of Plenty]] (now defunct) | ||
| + | |||
| + | == On Mars == | ||
| + | The formation called [[Home Plate (Mars)|Home Plate]] at [[Gusev Crater]] on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] which was examined by the [[Mars Exploration Rover]] (MER) ''Spirit'' is suspected to be the eroded remains of an ancient and extinct fumarole.<ref>R.V.Morris, S.W.Squyres, et al. "The Hydrothermal System at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars". ''Lunar & Planetary Science'' XXXIX(2008)</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | == See also == | ||
| + | * [[Mudpot]] | ||
| + | * [[Mud volcano]] | ||
| + | * [[Mofetta]] | ||
| - | Kelimutu is also of interest to geologists because the three lakes are different colors yet are at the crest of the same volcano . According to the local officer at Kelimutu National Park, the colour changes as a result of chemical reactions resulting from the minerals contained in the lake perhaps triggered by volcano gas activity. [[Kawah Putih]] lake in West Java, south of Bandung, is another crater lake in Indonesia with some similarities to the lakes at Kelimutu. | ||
| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Kelimutu National Park]] | ||
| - | * [[List of volcanoes in Indonesia]] | ||
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A fumarole (Latin fumus, smoke) is an opening in a planet's crust, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, which emits steam and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide. The steam is created when superheated water turns to steam as its pressure drops when it emerges from the ground. The name solfatara, from the Italian solfo, sulfur (via the Sicilian dialect), is given to fumaroles that emit sulfurous gases.
Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of lava flows and thick deposits of pyroclastic flows. A fumarole field is an area of thermal springs and gas vents where magma or hot igneous rocks at shallow depth are releasing gases or interacting with groundwater. From the perspective of groundwater, fumaroles could be described as a hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface.
A good example of fumarole activity on Earth is the famous Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, which was formed during the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska. Initially, there were thousands of fumaroles in the cooling ash from the eruption, but over time most of them have become extinct. Fumaroles may persist for decades or centuries if they are above a persistent heat source, or disappear within weeks to months if they occur atop a fresh volcanic deposit that quickly cools. There are also an estimated four thousand fumaroles within the boundaries of Yellowstone National Park. In April 2006, a fumarole opened up east of Chair 3 at Mammoth Mountain Ski Area in California. Three ski patrol workers died while erecting a mesh fence and warning sign around the hole to warn skiers of the danger.<ref>{{
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Another example is an array of fumaroles in the Valley of Desolation in Morne Trois Pitons National Park in Dominica. Fumaroles emitting sulfurous vapors form surface deposits of sulfur-rich minerals, which are mined in:
- Indonesia at Kawah Ijen and Arjuno-Welirang
- Chile at Chajnantour near San Pedro de Atacama
- China at Xingyan in Sichuan province
- New Zealand at White Island in the Bay of Plenty (now defunct)
On Mars
The formation called Home Plate at Gusev Crater on Mars which was examined by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit is suspected to be the eroded remains of an ancient and extinct fumarole.<ref>R.V.Morris, S.W.Squyres, et al. "The Hydrothermal System at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars". Lunar & Planetary Science XXXIX(2008)</ref>
See also
