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Karl Vanselow

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 18:55:10 GMT

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'''Ludwig Karl Vanselow''' (* [[20. März]] [[1877]] in [[Schönlanke]], heute [[Trzcianka]], [[Polen]]; † [[28. Dezember]] [[1959]] in [[Berlin]]) war ein deutscher [[Schriftsteller]], Verleger und [[Fotograf]].

== Biografie ==

Nach dem Tod seines Vaters kümmerte sich sein älterer Bruder um ihn und ermöglichte ihm den Besuch des Gymnasiums in [[Elbląg|Elbing]]. Als der Bruder kurz danach starb, musste er selbst für die Familie sorgen und begann als Journalist in der Redaktion der Zeitschrift [[Deutsche Warte]] in Berlin. Nach wenigen Jahren machte er sich mit der eigenen Zeitschrift [[Das Schulhaus]] und weiteren verlegerischen Projekten im Dienste der Lebensreformbewegung selbständig.

Karl Vanselow wird hauptsächlich als Gründer und langjähriger Herausgeber der Zeitschrift „[[Die Schönheit]]“ genannt, die zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts erschienen ist und in der er auch eigene Fotografien veröffentlicht hat. Er gilt als ein Freund des Malers [[Fidus]].

Sein erster Gedichtband „Von Weib und Welt“ erlebte mehrere Auflagen in verschiedenen Verlagen. Wegen seiner Zeitschrift ''[[Geschlecht und Gesellschaft]]'' wurde er der Verbreitung unzüchtiger Schriften beschuldigt, aber 1907 beim Prozess vor dem Landgericht Berlin freigesprochen.

Bis Anfang der dreißiger Jahre hatte er eine Adresse in Berlin, wo auch sein Verlag „Das Schulhaus“ seinen Sitz hatte. Vanselow gab aber als ständige Wohnadresse seine 1910 gekaufte Villa in Werder/Havel an. Berufsbezeichnung war in der Regel „Schriftsteller“, lediglich in einem Jahr „Kinobesitzer“.

Er hat durch die Bekanntschaft mit [[Jan Fethke]], einem Drehbuchschreiber und Regisseur, [[Esperanto]] kennengelernt und konnte bereits Mitte der dreißiger Jahre Gedichte in internationalen Esperanto-Zeitschriften veröffentlichen. Im Alter zeigte er sich als engagierter Verfechter der internationalen Sprache Esperanto. Er hat ein Esperanto-Lehrbuch in Gedichtform verfasst und zahlreiche Esperanto-Gedichte veröffentlicht. Deswegen wurde zu dieser Zeit auch als „Verda Trobadoro“ (Grüner Troubadur) bezeichnet.

Er gilt auch als ''Heimatdichter'' seiner Geburtsstadt [[Schönlanke]] im [[Netzekreis]] (heute in Polen).

== Zur Bedeutung von Karl Vanselow ==

Ein Zeugnis für die Intensität der Diskussion um die Geschlechterproblematik zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ist die von Karl Vanselow gegründete Zeitschrift ''Geschlecht und Gesellschaft'', deren Aufgabe es sein sollte, »''sich an den großen Reformen unserer Zeit in den Fragen des Geschlechts und der Gesellschaft zu beteiligen''«.

Den Ausgangspunkt bildete dabei die Beobachtung: »''Immer mehr kommen die pädagogischen, ärztlichen und juristischen Behörden zur Einsicht, daß den natürlichen Fragen eine natürliche Freiheit gelassen werden müsse. Und so sehen wir in zunehmendem Maße Probleme des geschlechtlichen und gesellschaftlichen Lebens in ihrer zwecknotwendigen Wechselwirkung in den Vordergrund des öffentlichen Interesses und offener Diskussion treten.''« Entsprechend dieser Entwicklung wurden in der Zeitschrift die unterschiedlichen Fragestellungen der Geschlechterproblematik aus medizinischer und biologischer Sicht ebenso behandelt wie den mit ihr verknüpften sozialen, ethischen und rechtlichen Aspekten Rechnung getragen wurde.

Die Offenheit, mit der in den Abhandlungen auch Fragen des [[Sexualleben]]s thematisiert wurden, führte bereits nach dem Erscheinen des ersten Heftes von Geschlecht und Gesellschaft zu Versuchen, die Zeitschrift gerichtlich verbieten zu lassen. Der daraus erwachsene Rechtsstreit führte aber zu der Entscheidung, dass die Zeitschrift »''in keiner Weise als unsittlich zu betrachten''« sei, sondern als »in ihrer Tendenz berechtigt und sittlich, zumal sie nicht für die unreife Jugend, sondern für erwachsene und gebildete Leser bestimmt« sei. Biographische Aufsätze über bekannte Frauen der Gegenwart, stehende Rubriken zur »''Erwerbstätigkeit''« der Frau mit praktischen Hinweisen auf die Frauenberufe, zu »''Frauenleben und Frauenstreben''« mit Nachrichten über die wissenschaftliche Frauenarbeit, zur Tätigkeit der »[[Frauenverein]]e« und eine »Bücherschau« ergänzten das Programm der Zeitschrift.

== Werke ==
* ''Von Weib und Welt. Gedichte.'' Mit Zeichnungen von Franz Müller. Verlag der Schönheit, Berlin / Leipzig / Wien [1918], 3. Aufl.
* ''Nia lingvo Esperanto.'' Limpert, Berlin (1946-1953)
* ''Esperanto.'' Juncker, Berlin 1948

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Geschlecht und Gesellschaft

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 18:54:07 GMT

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[[Geschlecht und Gesellschaft]] was journal founded by [[Karl Vanselow]].

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Das Sexualleben bei den Wahehe und Wassungu

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 18:53:58 GMT

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''[[Das Sexualleben bei den Wahehe und Wassungu]]'' by [[Hans Meyer (geologist)|Hans Meyer]] on the [[Wahehe]] and [[Wassangu]].

==See also==
*[[Geschlecht und Gesellschaft]]

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Hans Meyer (geologist)

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 18:34:51 GMT

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'''Hans Heinrich Josef Meyer''' (March 22, 1858 – July 5, 1929) was a [[Germany|German]] [[geography|geographer]] from [[Hildburghausen]], who was the son of [[publisher]] [[Herrmann Julius Meyer]] (1826-1909). Hans Meyer is credited with being the first European to reach the summit of [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] 5,895 m (19,341 ft). Kilimanjaro has three peaks: Shira, 3,962 m (12,999 ft); Mawenzi, 5,149 m (16,893 ft); and Kibo, whose summit was reached by Meyer in 1889.

==Biography==
He studied sciences and history in [[Leipzig]], [[Berlin]] and [[Strasbourg]], afterward traveling in India, North America and South Africa. Subsequently he visited East Africa and South America. He entered the publishing house of his father, the Bibliographisches Institut at Leipzig, in 1884, and in the following year became one of the directors of the firm; but at intervals he continued his exploring expeditions.

In 1887, during his first attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, Meyer reached the base of Kibo, but was forced to turn back. He did not have the equipment necessary to handle the deep snow and ice on Kibo. The following year, Meyer planned another attempt with [[cartographer]] [[Oscar Baumann]], but the mission was aborted due to consequences stemming from the [[Abushiri Revolt]].

In 1889 Meyer returned to Kilimanjaro with the celebrated Austrian mountaineer [[Ludwig Purtscheller]] for a third attempt. Their climbing team included two local headmen, nine porters, a cook, and a guide. After Meyer and Purtscheller pushed to near the crater rim on October 3 before retreating to the base of Kibo, they reached the summit on the southern rim of the crater on Purtscheller's 40th birthday, October 6, 1889. Meyer named this summit -now known as Uhuru Point- "Kaiser Wilhelm Spitze". After descending to the saddle between Kibo and [[Mawenzi]], they attempted to climb Mzwenzi next, but only reached a subsidiary peak (Klute Peak) before retreating due to illness. In Meyer's honor, the highest summit of Mawenzi nevertheless is known as ''Hans Meyer Peak''. The summit of Kibo wouldn't be climbed again until 20 years later, and the first ascent of Hans Meyer Peak was only in 1912.

In 1899 he became a professor at the [[University of Leipzig]], where in 1915 he was appointed director of the Institute for Colonial Geography. In addition to his African exploits, Meyer did extensive mountain climbing in the [[Canary Islands]] (1894) and [[Ecuador]] (1904).

== Selected publications ==
* ''Eine Weltreise'' (A Trip around the World), 1885
* ''Zum Schneedom des Kilima-Ndscharo'', 1888
* ''Ostafrikanische Gletscherfahrten'', 1890 (later translated into English by E.H.S. Calder as "Across East African Glaciers")
* ''Die Insel Tenerife'' (The Island of [[Tenerife]]), 1896
* ''Der Kilima-Ndscharo'' (Kilimanjaro), 1900
* ''Die Eisenbahnen im tropischen Afrika'' (Railways in Tropical Africa), 1902
* ''In den Hoch-Anden von Ecuador: Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, etc.'' (In the High Andes of Ecuador; [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]], [[Cotopaxi]], etc.), two volumes 1907
* ''Niederländisch-Ostindien. Eine länderkundliche Skizze'' (The [[Netherlands Indies]]; Sketch of the Country), 1922

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Julius Streicher

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 17:51:33 GMT

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'''Julius Streicher''' (12 February 1885 – 16 October 1946) was a prominent [[Nazism|Nazi]] prior to [[World War II]]. He was the founder and publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' newspaper, which became a central element of the Nazi [[propaganda]] machine. His publishing firm also released three [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] books for children, including the 1938 ''[[Der Giftpilz]]'' (''"The Toadstool" or "The Poison-Mushroom"''), one of the most widespread pieces of propaganda, which purported to warn about insidious dangers [[Jew]]s posed by using the [[metaphor]] of an attractive yet deadly [[mushroom]]. After the war, he was convicted of [[Crime against humanity|crimes against humanity]] and executed.

==Portrayals==
Julius Streicher was played by [[Rolf Hoppe]] in the German film ''[[Comedian Harmonists (film)|Comedian Harmonists]]''.

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The Theory of Business Enterprise

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 17:13:34 GMT

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'''''The Theory of Business Enterprise''''' is an economics (or political economy) book by [[Thorstein Veblen]] published in 1904 that looks at the growing corporate domination of culture and the economy.

At its heart The Theory of Business Enterprise is an analysis of two intertwined but clashing motivations; that of business and that of industry. Business is the making of profits. Industry (or the "machine process") is the making of goods. "The captains of industry" ([[capitalist]]s or "[[Robber Barons]]") curtailed production in order to keep prices and profits high. The worst fears of businessmen was a "free run of production" which would essentially collapse all profits.

Veblen's book was published at a high point of American concern with business combinations and trusts. Veblen employed his evolutionary analysis to explain these new forms.

Veblen placed the large business concerns in the context of the increasing industrialization of American life. Veblen asserted that even though there is a commercial need for industry, the machine process has outrun commercial needs and has penetrated every corner of mechanical industries. This process is characterized by the obligation for standardization, certainty and quantitative accuracy and precision.

The growth of industrial processes was certainly conquering the small business firms that had evolved earlier to organize craft production on a disjointed and small scale. Prior to these industrial concerns the only businesses that required significant investments were in shipping across oceans. And the only organizations with a pure business motivation were banking and merchant firms who dealt mainly with loaning, buying and selling.

The need for stability, certainty and uniformity of the industrial era, however, also clashed with modern commercial interests. Where industrial processes are the concerns of engineers and their quest for precision, businessmen are motivated solely by pecuniary gain through purchase and sale. While businessmen certainly represent an older order, in the new order, businessmen are able to leverage the machine process for pecuniary gain even if it means undermining the smooth functioning of the machine process.

It is not true, claims Veblen, that business interests coincide with that of the community. In fact, they may be opposites as business engages significantly in "competitive selling" through advertising, buying, selling and charging what the market will bear. Businessmen pay the wages of those engaged in competitive selling, such as salesmen, buyers, accountants and such, "not because their work is productive of benefit to the community, but because it brings a gain to the employers." This also holds true for the industrial workers engaged in the industrial process under business management. The wages paid to these workmen are "competitively adjusted on grounds of the vendibility of the product", which is determined not by the serviceability of the product but by the aim to make a profitable sale.

Veblen claims that business instincts result in waste and “predation” that serve to enhance the social status of those who could benefit from predatory claims to goods and services.

<blockquote>Work that is, on the whole, useless or detrimental to the community at large may be as gainful to the business man and to the workmen whom he employs as work that contributes substantially to the aggregate livelihood.
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Positive non-interventionism

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 17:13:28 GMT

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'''Positive non-interventionism''' was the economic policy of [[Hong Kong]]; this policy can be traced back to the time when Hong Kong was under [[United Kingdom|British]] rule. It was first officially implemented in 1971 by [[John James Cowperthwaite|John Cowperthwaite]], who observed that the economy was doing well in the absence of [[government intervention]] but it was important to create the regulatory and physical infrastructure to facilitate [[free market|market]]-based decision making. The policy was continued by subsequent Financial Secretaries, including Sir [[Philip Haddon-Cave]]. Economist [[Milton Friedman]] has cited it as a fairly comprehensive implementation of [[laissez-faire]] policy, although Haddon-Cave has stated that the description of Hong Kong as a laissez-faire society was "frequent but inadequate."

==See also==
* [[Laissez-faire]]

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Solidarity (UK)

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 15:41:39 GMT

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'''Solidarity''' was a small [[libertarian socialist]] organisation from 1960 to 1992 in the [[United Kingdom]]. It published a magazine of the same name. Solidarity was close to [[council communism]] in its prescriptions and was known for its emphasis on workers' self-organisation and for its radical [[anti-Leninism]].

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Chris Pallis

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 15:41:11 GMT

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'''Christopher Agamemnon Pallis''' (2 December 1923, [[Bombay]] – 10 March 2005, [[London]]) was an Anglo-Greek [[neurologist]] and socialist intellectual. Under the pen-names '''Martin Grainger''' and '''Maurice Brinton''', he wrote and translated for the British [[libertarian socialist]] group [[Solidarity (UK)|Solidarity]] from 1960 until the early 1980s. As a neurologist, he produced the accepted criteria for [[brainstem death]], and wrote the entry on death for ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''.
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Sexpol Manifesto

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 15:29:54 GMT

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"'''[[Sexpol Manifesto]]'''" (1936) is a manifesto by [[Wilhelm Reich]].

Excerpts:

:Sexual chaos is:
::*referring to the law of matrimonial duty in the matrimonial bed.
::*Contracting a sexual liaison for life without any previous sexual knowledge of the partner.
==Original German version[http://www.lsr-projekt.de/zpps/zpps8-9.html]==
Published in [[Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie und Sexualökonomie]] (1936)

Was ist sexuelles Chaos ?

*Sich im Ehebett auf das Gesetz der "ehelichen Pflicht" zu berufen.
*Eine lebenslängliche sexuelle Bindung einzugehen, ohne vorher den Partner sexuell kennengelernt zu haben.
*Ein Proletariermädchen zu "beschlafen", weil sie "zu so etwas schlecht genug ist", und gleichzeitig einem "anständigen Mädchen derartiges" nicht zumuten.
*Geil von einem schmutzigen Hurenleben oder infolge Abstinenz die "Hochzeitsnacht" zu erwarten.
*In der Entjungferung den Höhepunkt männlicher Potenz zu erblicken.
*Mit 14 Jahren gierig jedes halbnackte Menschenbild im Geiste abzutasten, um dann mit 20 Jahren als Nationalist oder Oxfordianer für die "Reinheit und Ehre der Frau" einzutreten.
*Einem [[Julius Streicher]] zu ermöglichen, seine perversen Phantasien zehntausenden Jugendlichen einzubläuen.
*Kinder für Selbstbefriedigung zu bestrafen und Jugendliche glauben zu machen, dass sie durch den Samenerguss Rückenmark verlieren.
*Die pornographische Industrie zu dulden.
*Durch erotische Filme die Jugendlichen sexuell zu erregen, um Geschäfte zu machen, aber ihnen die natürliche Liebe und Befriedigung, noch dazu mit Berufung auf die Kultur, zu versagen.

Was ist ''nicht'' sexuelles Chaos ?

*Aus gegenseitiger Liebe die körperliche Hingabe ohne Rücksicht auf die herrschenden Gesetze und Moralvorschriften zu wollen und danach zu handeln.
*Kinder und Jugendliche von den sexuellen Schuldgefühlen zu befreien und sie ihrem Alter entsprechend leben zu lassen.
*Nicht zu heiraten oder sich dauernd zu binden, ehe man den Partner körperlich genau kennenlernte.
*Kinder nur dann in die Welt setzen, wenn man sie wünscht und aufziehen kann.
*Keinen Anspruch auf Liebe oder Hingabe zu erheben.
*Nicht aus Eifersucht den Partner zu morden.
*Nicht mit Prostituierten zu verkehren, sondern mit Freunden des eigenen Lebenskreises.
==English version==

It was printed in a the [[endmatter]] of a pamphlet in the UK as "What is sexual chaos? What sexual chaos is not!" in a pirate edition of Reich's [[What is Class Consciousness?]] (1971).

==Spanish version==

NO ES CAOS SEXUAL:

* Los deseos de un mutuo abandono sexual amoroso sin preocuparse de leyes o preceptos morales y la satisfacción de los mismos.
* Liberar a los niños y a los adolescentes de los sentimientos de culpabilidad sexual y favorecer que puedan vivir de acuerdo con sus propios deseos y aspiraciones.
* No casarse ni contraer lazos permanentes sin un buen conocimiento sexual del compañero/a.
* No tener relaciones sexuales con prostitutas sino con amigas/os y compañeras/os.
* No hacer el amor a escondidas en patios y corredores como los adolescentes hoy en nuestra sociedad, sino en habitaciones limpias y sin miedo a ser molestados.
* No traer hijos al mundo hasta que se desee y puedan ser atendidos por la pareja.
* No tener que pedir permiso a nadie para el amor y el abandono sexual.
* No mantener un matrimonio infeliz y desgraciado solo por escrúpulos morales y sociales.
* No matas al compañero/a por celos.

CAOS SEXUAL ES:

* Hablar de "deberes matrimoniales" en el lecho conyugal.
* Contraer lazos de relación sexual de por vida con una persona a la que no conocemos sexualmente.
* Acostarse con una "chica trabajadora" ya que ella no merece nada mas, y al mismo tiempo no atreverse a proponerle una relación sexual a la "chica respetable"con la que se esta comprometido.
* Es la sordidez de una vida de prostitución o la excitación de la noche de bodas causada por la abstinencia.
* Es hacer que el poder viril culmine con la desfloraron.
* Es soñar a los catorce años con la imagen de una mujer desnuda y a los veinte entrar en las listas de los que pregonan la pureza y el honor de la mujer.
* Es hacer posible la existencia de personas que no funcionan sexualmente, pero que inculcan y proyectan sus fantasías perversas en los niños y en los jóvenes.
* Es castigar a los jóvenes por masturbarse y hacerles creer que la eyaculación produce el debilitamiento de la medula espinal.
* Es tolerar la industria pornográfica.
* Es el excitar a los adolescentes con películas eróticas, pero negarles el derecho a la realización de los deseos naturales de amor y satisfacción sexual en nombre de la cultura.

==See also==
*"[[What is Class Consciousness?]]"
*" das sexuelle Chaos" "1936"
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What is Class Consciousness?

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 15:26:00 GMT

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"[[What is Class Consciousness?]]" ('''Was ist Klassenbewusstsein?'''), first published in German in [[Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie und Sexualökonomie]].

==English translation==
Published: in [[Solidarity]], VII, 2 (June 1972), translation [[Maurice Brinton]].

This pamphlet[1] consists of a translation of Reich's famous essay, "What is Class Consciousness?", first published in 1934 (under the pseudonym of Ernst Parell). It includes an introduction, some well-chosen illustrations, an excerpt from the preface to the third (1945) edition of Reich's ''[[Mass Psychology of Fascism]]'' and the full text of the ''[[Sexpol Manifesto]]'' of 1936.
==See also==
*[[Chris Pallis]]
*[[Class consciousness ]]
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Instituto Wilhelm Reich da Cidade do México

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 15:09:02 GMT

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[[Instituto Wilhelm Reich da Cidade do México]] by [[Blanca Rosa Añorve Pelaez]] and [[Raphael Estrada Villa]].
==See also==
*[[Wilhelm Reich]]
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Organización Nacional Revolucionaria

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 15:04:54 GMT

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La '''Organización Nacional Revolucionaria''' ('''ONAR'''), fue un grupo insurgente de [[México]], fundado por el diputado federal [[Rafael Estrada Villa]], como escisión del PPS. Los militantes de la '''ONAR''' se fusionaron con el [[Grupo Guerrillero del Pueblo Arturo Gámiz]], liderado por Óscar González Eguiante.

Entre sus miembros más destacados se encontraban el diputado Rafael Estrada Villa quien rompió con el [[Partido Popular Socialista (México)|Partido Popular Socialista]], y tres de los hermanos Gaytán de [[Chihuahua]], dos de los cuales, eran sobrevivientes del [[Asalto al cuartel de Madera]].

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Raphael Estrada Villa

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 15:04:31 GMT

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La '''Organización Nacional Revolucionaria''' ('''ONAR'''), fue un grupo insurgente de [[México]], fundado por el diputado federal [[Rafael Estrada Villa]], como escisión del PPS. Los militantes de la '''ONAR''' se fusionaron con el [[Grupo Guerrillero del Pueblo Arturo Gámiz]], liderado por Óscar González Eguiante.

Entre sus miembros más destacados se encontraban el diputado Rafael Estrada Villa quien rompió con el [[Partido Popular Socialista (México)|Partido Popular Socialista]], y tres de los hermanos Gaytán de [[Chihuahua]], dos de los cuales, eran sobrevivientes del [[Asalto al cuartel de Madera]].

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Artistic freedom

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 14:47:14 GMT

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'''Artistic freedom''' is the extent of freedom of an artist to produce art to his/her own insight. The extent can deviate to customs in a certain school of art, directives of the assigner, etc.

''Artistic freedom'' should not be confused to the ''freedom of art'' (e.g. [[Kunstfreiheit|Kunstfreiheit]] in Gemanic countries), where it is a constitutional provision to prevent political [[censorship]]. [[Software patents]] are often seen as an example of one of these restrictions.

'''United Nations study on artistic freedom'''
In 2012-2013, the United Nations is carrying out a comprehensive study on artistic freedom. Based on a background report produced in June-July 2012, as well as an experts meeting and an open consultation in Geneva in December 2012, the UN Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights Ms. Farida Shaheed will submit her final report to the UN Human Rights Council in June 2013.

The United Nations special rapporteur has sent a questionnaire to all member states asking them to report on legislations and practices related to artistic freedom and censorship.

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Drug liberalization

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 14:47:09 GMT

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'''Drug liberalization''' is the process of eliminating or reducing [[drug prohibition]] laws. Variations of drug liberalization (also spelled ''liberalisation'') include '''drug relegalization''', '''drug legalization''', and '''drug decriminalization'''. The reasons given for this include the failure of current policies, the revenue to be raised from taxing drugs, the right of adults to live their life without interference from the government and the reduction in crime it is claimed will come with liberalization.

==See also==
* [[Drug policy reform]]
* [[Pure Food and Drug Act|US Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906]]
* [[Drug prohibition law]]
* [[Arguments for and against drug prohibition]]
* 2011 [[Global Commission on Drug Policy]]
* 2009 [[Latin American Initiative on Drugs and Democracy]]
* [[The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs]]

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Non-aggression principle

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 14:47:04 GMT

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The '''non-aggression principle''' ('''NAP''')—also called the '''non-aggression axiom''', the '''zero aggression principle''' ('''ZAP'''), the '''anti-coercion principle''', or the '''non-initiation of force'''—is a [[Morality|moral]] stance which asserts that [[aggression]] is inherently illegitimate. NAP and [[Private property|property rights]] are closely linked, since what aggression is depends on what a person's [[rights]] are.

==See also==
* [[Aggression]]
* [[Anarchism]]
* [[Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism]]
* [[Harm principle]]
* [[Law of equal liberty]]
* [[Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention]]
* [[Libertarian perspectives on revolution]]
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Nonviolence]]
* [[Pacifism]]
* [[Panarchism]]
* [[Self-ownership]]
* [[Taxation as theft]]
* [[Victimless crime]]
* [[Voluntaryism]]

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Sexpol (French journal)

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:42:04 GMT

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[[Sexpol (French journal)|Sexpol]] was a French journal "mariant sexualité et politique", founded by [[Gérard Ponthieu]].

This French journal sought to promote the sexual revolution in the wake of May 1968. It was published between January 1975 and October 1980 (39 issues). Sexpol no. 1 was published on January 20, 1975.

The name [[Sexpol]] was borrowed from [[Wilhelm Reich]].
==See also==
"[[Poster de soutien a Sexpol]]"

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Anarchism and issues related to love and sex

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:35:17 GMT

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[[Anarchism]] has been important in the advocacy of [[free love]] since its birth. Later a strong tendency of free love appeared alongside [[anarcha-feminism]] and advocacy of [[LGBT rights]]. In recent times anarchists have also voiced opinions and taken action around certain sex-related subjects such as [[pornography]], [[BDSM]], and the [[sex industry]].

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John Tchicai

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:28:59 GMT

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'''John Martin Tchicai''' (April 28, 1936 – October 8, 2012) was a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[free jazz]] [[saxophonist]] and [[composer]].

After moving to [[New York City]] in 1963, Tchicai joined [[Archie Shepp]]'s [[New York Contemporary Five]] and the [[New York Art Quartet]]. He played on [[John Coltrane]]'s ''[[Ascension (John Coltrane album)|Ascension]]'', and Albert Ayler's ''[[New York Eye and Ear Control]]'', both influential free jazz recordings.
== Discography==
===As leader===
*1968: ''Cadentia Nova Danica'' ([[Polydor]]; with [[Karsten Vogel]], Hugh Steinmetz, Kim Menzer, [[Max Brüel]], Steffen Andersen, Giorgio Musoni, Yvan Krill, Robidoo)
*1975: ''Willi The Pig'' (Willisau; with Irène Schweizer, [[Buschi Niebergall]], Makaya Ntshoko)
*1977: ''Real Tchicai'' (with [[Pierre Dørge]], [[Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen]])
*1985: ''Cassava Balls'' (with [[Hartmut Geerken]], [[Don Moye]])
*2005: ''Big Chief Dreaming'' ([[Soul Note]]) with Garrison Fewell, Massimo Manzi, Tino Tracanna
*2005: ''Hymne til Sofia – Hymn to Sophia'' (with Kristian Høeg, Ib Bindel, [[Frederik Magle]], Peter Ole Jørgensen, and others)
*2009: ''In Monk's Mood'' ([[SteepleChase]]) with [[George Colligan]], [[Steve LaSpina]], [[Billy Drummond]]

===As sideman===
'''With [[Albert Ayler]]'''
*''[[New York Eye and Ear Control]]'' (1964)
'''With [[John Coltrane]]'''
*''[[Ascension (John Coltrane album)|Ascension]]'' (1965)
'''With [[New York Art Quartet]]'''
*''New York Art Quartet'' (1964, [[ESP-Disk]])
*''Mohawk'' (1965, [[Fontana Records]])
*''Reunion'' (2000, [[DIW Records]])
*''Old Stuff'' (2010, [[Cuneiform]])
'''WIth [[New York Contemporary Five]]'''
*''[[Consequences (New York Contemporary Five album)|Consequences]]'' ([[Fontana Records|Fontana]], 1963)
*''[[Rufus (jazz album)|Rufus]]'' (Fontana, 1963)
*''[[Archie Shepp & the New York Contemporary Five|New York Contemporary Five Vol. 1]]'' ([[Sonet Records|Sonet]], 1963)
*''[[Archie Shepp & the New York Contemporary Five|New York Contemporary Five Vol. 2]]'' ([[Sonet Records|Sonet]], 1963)
*''[[Bill Dixon 7-tette/Archie Shepp and the New York Contemporary Five]]'' ([[Savoy Records|Savoy]], 1964) One side of LP

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Socialism and LGBT rights

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:28:54 GMT

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The connection between left-leaning ideologies and [[LGBT rights]] has a long and mixed history.

==See also==
* [[The left and feminism]]
* [[Triple oppression]]

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Daniel Guérin

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:28:48 GMT

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'''Daniel Guérin''' (19 May 1904, [[Paris]] – 14 April 1988, [[Suresnes]]) was a [[France|French]] [[anarcho-communist]] author, best known for his work ''[[Anarchism: From Theory to Practice]]'', as well as his collection ''[[No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism]]'' in which he collected writings on the idea and movement it inspired, from the first writings of [[Max Stirner]] in the mid-19th century through the first half of the 20th century. He is also known for his opposition to [[Nazism]], [[fascism]], [[Stalinism]] and [[colonialism]], in addition to his support for the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT) during the [[Spanish Civil War]], and his revolutionary defence of [[free love]] and [[homosexuality]] (he was [[bisexuality|bisexual]]) (see [[Anarchism and LGBT rights]]).

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Charlie Jazz Festival

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:28:43 GMT

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The '''Charlie Jazz Festival''' is an annual music festival held every summer in [[Vitrolles, Bouches-du-Rhône|Vitrolles]], [[Provence]], France. It was established in 1998 by ''Charlie Free'', a not-for-profit jazz organization which runs jazz sessions every two weeks at ''Le Moulin à Jazz'', a famous jazz club in France.

The festival is hosted at ''Le Domaine de Fontblanche'', a public garden with centenaries [[platanus|planes]], the first weekend of July.

The two stages in the park feature concerts by international artists, but a large part of the program aims to discover high talented young players from Europe and France.

Since its beginning, the festival hosted world renowned artists and groups such as [[Didier Levallet]], [[Daniel Humair]], [[Chris Potter (jazz saxophonist)|Chris Potter]], [[Christian Escoudé]], [[Aldo Romano]], [[Paolo Fresu]], [[Bojan Z]], [[Archie Shepp]], Elisabeth Kontomanou, Raphaël Imbert, [[David Linx]], [[Diederik Wissels]], [[Michel Portal]], [[Louis Sclavis]], The [[Art Ensemble of Chicago]], [[Richard Galliano]], The [[Vienna Art Orchestra]], [[Carla Bley]], [[Henri Texier]], and dozens of other top names in jazz music.

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Anarcho-queer

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:28:38 GMT

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'''Anarcha-queer''' (or '''Queer Anarchism''') is an [[anarchist schools of thought|Anarchist school of thought]] which advocates [[Anarchism]] and [[Social revolution]] as a means of [[Gay Liberation]] and abolition of [[homophobia]], [[lesbophobia]], [[biphobia]], [[transphobia]], [[heteronormativity]], [[heterosexism]], [[patriarchy]], and the [[gender binary]]. LGBT anarchists who campaigned for LGBT rights both outside and inside the anarchist and LGBT movements include [[Oscar Wilde]], [[John Henry Mackay]], [[Adolf Brand]] and [[Daniel Guerin]]. [[Individualist anarchist]] [[Adolf Brand]] published ''[[Der Eigene]]'' which was the first publication dedicated to gay issues in the world, published from 1896 to 1932 in [[Berlin]].

==See also==
* [[Anarchism and sex/love]]
* [[Dumba]] - a New York collective living space with Anarcha-queer tendencies
* [[Gay Shame]] - a movement self-described as a radical alternative to gay mainstreaming
* [[Queeruption]] - a Queercore festival where anarchists are prominent
* [[Socialism and LGBT rights]]

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Gérard Ponthieu

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:28:30 GMT

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'''Gérard Ponthieu'''

*[[Charlie Jazz Festival]]
*[[Sexpol (French journal) ]]
*[[Socialism and LGBT rights]]
*[[Anarcho-queer]]
*[[Anarchism and issues related to love and sex]]

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Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis & Social Justice, 1918-1938

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:14:33 GMT

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''[[Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis & Social Justice, 1918-1938]]'' (2005) is a book by [[Elizabeth Danto]].

From the publisher:

:Today many view Sigmund Freud as an elitist whose psychoanalytic treatment was reserved for the intellectually and financially advantaged. However, in this new work Elizabeth Ann Danto presents a strikingly different picture of Freud and the early psychoanalytic movement. Danto recovers the neglected history of Freud and other analysts' intense social activism and their commitment to treating the poor and working classes.

:Danto's narrative begins in the years following the end of World War I and the fall of the Habsburg Empire. Joining with the social democratic and artistic movements that were sweeping across Central and Western Europe, analysts such as [[Freud]], [[Wilhelm Reich]], [[Erik Erikson]], [[Karen Horney]], [[Erich Fromm]], and [[Helene Deutsch]] envisioned a new role for psychoanalysis. These psychoanalysts saw themselves as brokers of [[social change]] and viewed psychoanalysis as a challenge to conventional political and social traditions. Between 1920 and 1938 and in ten different cities, they created [[outpatient]] centers that provided free [[mental health care]]. They believed that psychoanalysis would share in the transformation of civil society and that these new outpatient centers would help restore people to their inherently good and productive selves.

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Elizabeth Danto

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:13:59 GMT

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'''Elizabeth Ann Danto''' is a professor of social work at [[Hunter College]], City University of New York. She is the author of ''[[Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis & Social Justice, 1918-1938]]'' (2005) and ''Historical Research'' (2008), as well as several papers and book chapters on psychoanalysis and social work.

==Selected works==
*''Historical Research''. Oxford University Press, 2008.
*''Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis & Social Justice, 1918-1938''. Columbia University Press, 2005.

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Sexueller Bolschewismus und seine Abwehr

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 12:09:09 GMT

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"[[Sexueller Bolschewismus und seine Abwehr]]" by [[Ludwig Hoppe]]

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Poster de soutien a Sexpol

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 11:50:32 GMT

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"[[Poster de soutien a Sexpol]]" [http://www.ecologielibidinale.org/images/sexpol/sexpol_poster.jpg] (English: '''Poster for the support of Sexpol''') is a promotional poster for the French journal [[Sexpol (French journal)|Sexpol]] (1975-80). It depicts a male baby, touching and looking at his penis.

The right hand side bottom of the poster reads "'''La Revue Sexpol'''" (Photo [[Instituto W.R. - Mexico]]).

==Caption==
:"Il s'agit d'affirmer pleinement,
:d'aider et de protéger les
:manifestations naturelles de la vie chez le nouveau-né,
:l'enfant, l'adolescent, la femme et l'homme,
:d'une façon qui exclue à jamais
:toute supercherie sociale"

::[[Wilhelm Reich]]

:"It is a question of fully affirming, of aiding and safeguarding, the free and healthy life manifestations of the newborn, of children, adolescents, women and men, in an unmistakable manner which forever excludes any social fraud -- or of suppressing and ruining them, no matter with what ideology or alibi, whether in the interest of this or that state, whether "proletarian" or "capitalistic," or for this or that religion."
::[[Wilhelm Reich]], ''[[The Sexual Revolution]]'', tr. unidentified
==Spanish version==

There is a Spanish version[http://ecd.elciudadano.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/manifiesto-sexpol.jpg] which features the "[[Manifiesto Sexpol]]" (1936).

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May 25, 2013

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 11:22:06 GMT

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Still[http://nosex.tumblr.com/post/1710665548/le-gai-savoir-jean-luc-godard-1969] from ''[[Le gai savoir]]'' by Godard. This[http://jahsonic.tumblr.com/post/3999815812/the-genitals-are-the-real-focus-of-will-i-didnt] is a similar still from that same film, depicting [[Freudo-Marxism]]. I've never seen the film, I'm curious where these nudes are featured in the film. Who is the blonde one, who is the brunette?

<hr>
I've always had a soft spot for the Austrian psychoanalyst [[Wilhelm Reich]] (1897 – 1957).

[[Sexpol]] is short for Sexualpolitik, German for [[sexual politics]].

Above is the "[[Poster de soutien a Sexpol]]", a promotional poster for the French journal [[Sexpol (French journal)|Sexpol]] (1975-80, [http://www.ecologielibidinale.org/fr/miel-revuesexpol-fr.htm an index of all the issues + covers here]). It depicts a male baby, touching and looking at his penis. The [[Censor bars|censor bar]] is mine (don't ask).

The right hand side bottom of the poster indicates that the photo comes courtesy [[Instituto W.R. - Mexico]], this is as far as I've been able to trace the origin of the photo.

There is a Spanish version[http://ecd.elciudadano.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/manifiesto-sexpol.jpg] of the poster which features the "[[Manifiesto Sexpol]]" (1936).

The caption at the bottom left reads:

:"It is a question of fully affirming, of aiding and safeguarding, the free and healthy life manifestations of the newborn, of children, adolescents, women and men, in an unmistakable manner which forever excludes any social fraud."
::[[Wilhelm Reich]], ''[[The Sexual Revolution]]'', tr. unidentified

Wilhelm Reich is credited with joining Freud with Marx, creating what is now known as [[Freudo-Marxism]]. In his book ''[[The Mass Psychology of Fascism]]'' (1933), Reich argues that [[sexual repression]] leads to fascism. It is the origin of the "[[make love, not war]]" credo. Marcuse's ''[[Eros and Civilization]]'' (1955) built upon Reich and so did Gershon Legman's magazine ''[[Neurotica]]''. Society is mentally ill, say all these tracts, society needs to see a [[sociatrist]].

The funny thing is, they all got it wrong. "[[The pill]]" brought short-lived [[sexual revolution]] and a new golden dawn for the [[alpha male]], but did not end wars. It only brought on [[AIDS]]. How cruel.

See [[the end of the sexual revolution]], about which I have [http://jahsonic.wordpress.com/2007/02/25/the-end-of-the-sexual-revolution/ written previously].

Over at my Tumblr page, I've posted two covers[http://jahsonic.tumblr.com/post/51295431771/ive-always-had-a-soft-spot-for-wilhelm][http://jahsonic.tumblr.com/post/51294983575/ive-always-had-a-soft-spot-for-wilhelm-reich-or] of Reich's books.
<hr>
[[Adriaan Tuiten]], Lybrido, Lybrydos, Science General, Shaunacy Ferro, [[female arousal]], [[female viagra]]

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The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 11:17:25 GMT

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''[[The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence]]'' (1936) is a book by [[Anna Freud]]. It became a founding work of [[ego psychology]] and established Anna’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician.
==See also==
*[[Defence mechanisms]]
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Julius Wagner-Jauregg

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 11:08:59 GMT

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'''Julius Wagner-Jauregg''' (until 1919 '''Julius Wagner Ritter von Jauregg''', 7 March 1857 [[Wels]], [[Upper Austria]] – 27 September 1940 [[Vienna]]) was an Austrian [[physician]], Nobel Laureate, and Nazi supporter.
==See also==
*[[Wilhelm Reich]]

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Bioenergetic analysis

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 11:08:54 GMT

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'''Bioenergetic analysis''' is a form of [[body psychotherapy]] (body-oriented Reichian [[psychotherapy]]), based upon the work of [[Wilhelm Reich]], but adding a number of innovations. These innovations include emphasis on the importance of 'grounding', that is being in strong contact with the ground through feet and legs, and on [[psychoanalytic]] such as [[transference]], [[countertransference]], dreams, [[Freudian slip|slips of the tongue]] and [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal issues]]. It also places even greater emphasis on sexual fulfilment than Reichian psychotherapy. It was developed by [[Alexander Lowen]], a patient and student of Reich's. The idea behind current bioenergetic practice is that blocks to emotional expression and wellness are revealed and expressed in the body as chronic muscle tensions which are often subconscious. The blocks are treated by combining bioenergetically designed physical exercises, affective expressions and palpation of the muscular tensions.

== See also ==
* [[Vegetotherapy]]

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Alexander Lowen

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 11:08:49 GMT

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'''Alexander Lowen''' (December 23, 1910 – October 28, 2008) was an American physician and psychotherapist. A student of [[Wilhelm Reich]] in the 1940s and early 1950s in New York, he developed [[bioenergetic analysis]], a form of mind-body [[psychotherapy]], with his then-colleague, [[John Pierrakos]] (February 8, 1921 – February 1, 2001). Lowen was the founder and former executive director of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis in New York City.
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Gestalt therapy

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 11:08:44 GMT

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'''Gestalt therapy''' is an existential/experiential form of [[psychotherapy]] that emphasizes [[Responsibility assumption|personal responsibility]], and that focuses upon the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person's life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation.

Gestalt therapy was developed by [[Fritz Perls]], [[Laura Perls]] and [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]] in the 1940s and 1950s.

==Overview==
[[Edwin Nevis]] described Gestalt therapy as "a conceptual and methodological base from which helping professionals can craft their practice".<ref>Nevis, E. (2000) Introduction, in ''Gestalt therapy: Perspectives and Applications.'' Edwin Nevis (ed.). Cambridge, MA: Gestalt Press. p. 3.</ref> In the same volume Joel Latner stated that Gestalt therapy is built upon two central ideas: that the most helpful focus of psychotherapy is the experiential present moment, and that everyone is caught in webs of relationships; thus, it is only possible to know ourselves against the background of our relationship to the other.<ref>Latner, J. (2000) The Theory of Gestalt Therapy, in ''Gestalt therapy: Perspectives and Applications'', Edwin Nevis (ed.) Cambridge, MA: Gestalt Press.</ref> The historical development of Gestalt therapy (described below) discloses the influences that generated these two ideas. Expanded, they support the four chief theoretical constructs (explained in the theory and practice section) that comprise Gestalt theory, and that guide the practice and application of Gestalt therapy.

Gestalt therapy was forged from various influences upon the lives of its founders during the times in which they lived, including: the [[History_of_physics#The_emergence_of_a_new_physics_circa_1900|new physics]], [[Eastern religion]], [[existential phenomenology]], [[Gestalt psychology]], [[psychoanalysis]], [[experimental theatre]], as well as [[systems theory]] and [[Field theory (psychology)|field theory]].<ref>Mackewn, J. (1997) ''Developing Gestalt Counselling''. London, UK: Sage publications; Bowman, C. & Brownell, P. (2000) Prelude to Contemporary Gestalt Therapy. Gestalt!, vol. 4, no. 3, available at http://www.g-gej.org/4-3/prelude.html</ref> Gestalt therapy rose from its beginnings in the middle of the 20th century to rapid and widespread popularity during the decade of the 1960s and early 1970s. During the '70s and '80s Gestalt therapy training centers spread globally; but they were, for the most part, not aligned with formal academic settings. As the cognitive revolution eclipsed Gestalt theory in psychology, many came to believe Gestalt was an anachronism. Because Gestalt therapists disdained the positivism underlying what they perceived to be the concern of research, they largely ignored the need to utilize research to further develop Gestalt theory and Gestalt therapy practice (with a few exceptions like [[Les Greenberg]], see the interview: "Validating Gestalt"<ref>Validating Gestalt. An Interview with Researcher, Writer, and Psychotherapist Leslie Greenberg by Leslie Grennberg and Philip Brownell; in: Gestalt!, 1/1997.[http://www.g-gej.org/1-1/greenberg.html]</ref>). However, the new century has seen a sea of change in attitudes toward research and Gestalt practice.

Gestalt therapy is not identical with [[Gestalt Psychology]] but Gestalt Psychology influenced the development of Gestalt therapy to a large extent. <ref> Some Gestalt psychologists distanced themselves strongly from Gestalt therapy, like Henle, M. (1978): ''Gestalt psychology and Gestalt therapy'', in: ''Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences'' 14 (1), pg. 23-32.
Henle, however, restricts herself explicitly to only three of Perls' books from 1969 and 1972, leaving out Perls' earlier work, and Gestalt therapy in general. See Barlow criticizing Henle: Allen R. Barlow: [http://www.gestalt.org/barlow.htm ''Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt – Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident''], in: ''The Gestalt Journal'', Volume IV, Number 2, Fall, 1981.</ref>

Gestalt therapy focuses on process (what is actually happening) over content (what is being talked about).<ref>{{cite book | title=Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice: Skills, Strategies, and Techniques, 2nd edition | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=John Sommers-Flanagan, Rita Sommers-Flanagan | year=2012 | pages=199 | isbn=0470617934|url=http://books.google.se/books?id=RMclh6zR3LEC&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=gestalt+%22process+over+content%22&source=bl&ots=1OhBurfpgD&sig=FbDRjjVRLYfs5km30XjwvRVbI2c&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=Rb6IUb3bNOmn4gTd54HQCg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=gestalt%20%22process%20over%20content%22&f=false}}</ref> The emphasis is on what is being done, thought, and felt at the present moment (the phenomenality of both client and therapist), rather than on what was, might be, could be, or should have been. Gestalt therapy is a method of awareness practice (also called "mindfulness" in other clinical domains), by which perceiving, feeling, and acting are understood to be conducive to interpreting, explaining, and conceptualizing (the hermeneutics of experience).<ref name="Brownell">Brownell, P. (2010) Gestalt Therapy: A Guide to Contemporary Practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing</ref> This distinction between direct experience versus indirect or secondary interpretation is developed in the process of therapy. The client learns to become aware of what he or she is doing and that triggers the ability to risk a shift or change.<ref>Beisser, A. (1970) The Paradoxical Theory of Change. In J. Fagan & I. Shepherd (eds.) Gestalt Therapy Now: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, pp. 77-80. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books</ref>

The objective of Gestalt therapy is to enable the client to become more fully and creatively alive and to become free from the blocks and unfinished business that may diminish satisfaction, fulfillment, and growth, and to experiment with new ways of being.<ref>
{{cite book|title=The Creative Process in Gestalt Therapy|author=Joseph Zinker|year=1977|publisher=New York, Vintage Books}}</ref>
For this reason Gestalt therapy falls within the category of [[humanistic psychology|humanistic psychotherapies]]. Because Gestalt therapy includes perception and the meaning-making processes by which experience forms, it can also be considered a [[cognitive]] approach. Because Gestalt therapy relies on the contact between therapist and client, and because a relationship can be considered to be contact over time, Gestalt therapy can be considered a relational or [[interpersonal]] approach. Because Gestalt therapy appreciates the larger picture which is the complex situation involving multiple influences in a complex situation, it can be considered a multi-systemic approach. Because the processes of Gestalt therapy are experimental, involving action, Gestalt therapy can be considered both a paradoxical and an experiential/experimental approach.<ref name="Brownell" />

When Gestalt therapy is compared to other clinical domains, a person can find many matches, or points of similarity. "Probably the clearest case of consilience is between gestalt therapy's field perspective and the various organismic and field theories that proliferated in neuroscience, medicine, and physics in the early and mid-20th century. Within social science there is a consilience between gestalt field theory and systems or ecological psychotherapy; between the concept of dialogical relationship and object relations, attachment theory, client-centered therapy and the transference-oriented approaches; between the existential, phenomenological, and hermeneutical aspects of gestalt therapy and the constructivist aspects of cognitive therapy; and between gestalt therapy's commitment to awareness and the natural processes of healing and mindfulness, acceptance and Buddhist techniques adopted by cognitive behavioral therapy."<ref>Brownell, P. (2010) Gestalt Therapy: A Guide to Contemporary Practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing. p. 174.</ref>

==Contemporary theory and practice==
Gestalt therapy theory essentially rests atop four "load-bearing walls": phenomenological method, dialogical relationship, field-theoretical strategies, and experimental freedom.<ref>Brownell, P., ed.(2008) ''Handbook for Theory, Research, and Practice in Gestalt Therapy'', Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.</ref> Although all these tenets were present in the early formulation and practice of Gestalt therapy, as described in ''Ego, Hunger and Aggression'' (Perls, 1947) and in ''Gestalt Therapy, Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality'' (Perls, Hefferline, & Goodman, 1951), the early development of Gestalt therapy theory emphasized personal experience and the experiential episodes understood as "safe emergencies" or experiments. Indeed, half of the Perls, Hefferline, and Goodman book consists of such experiments. Later, through the influence of such people as Erving and Miriam Polster, a second theoretical emphasis emerged: namely, contact between self and other, and ultimately the dialogical relationship between therapist and client.<ref>Polster, E. & Polster, M. (1973) ''Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Contours of theory and practice''. New York, NY: Brunner-Mazel.</ref> Later still, field theory emerged as an emphasis.<ref>Wheeler, G. (1991) ''Gestalt : A new approach to contact and resistance''. New York, NY: Gardner.</ref> At various times over the decades, since Gestalt therapy first emerged, one or more of these tenets and the associated constructs that go with them have captured the imagination of those who have continued developing the contemporary theory of Gestalt therapy. Since 1990 the literature focused upon Gestalt therapy has flourished, including the development of several professional Gestalt journals. Along the way, Gestalt therapy theory has also been applied in [[Organizational Development]] and coaching work. And, more recently, Gestalt methods have been combined with meditation practices into a unified program of human development called [[Gestalt Practice]], which is used by some practitioners.

===Phenomenological method===
The goal of a [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]] exploration is awareness.<ref>Yontef, G. (1993) ''Awareness, Dialogue, and Process, essays on Gestalt therapy''. Highland, NY: The Gestalt Journal Press, Inc.</ref> This exploration works systematically to reduce the effects of bias through repeated observations and inquiry.<ref name="Yontef">Yontef, G. (2005) Gestalt Therapy Theory of Change, in ''Gestalt Therapy, History, Theory, and Practice''. Ansel Woldt & Sarah Toman (eds). London, UK: Sage Publications</ref>

The phenomenological method comprises three steps: (1) the rule of [[epoché]], (2) the rule of description, and (3) the rule of horizontalization.<ref>Spinelli, E. (2005) ''The interpreted world, an introduction to phenomenological psychology'', 2nd edition. London, UK: Sage Publications.</ref> Applying the rule of epoché one sets aside one's initial biases and prejudices in order to suspend expectations and assumptions. Applying the rule of description, one occupies oneself with describing instead of explaining. Applying the rule of horizontalization one treats each item of description as having equal value or significance.

The rule of epoché sets aside any initial theories with regard to what is presented in the meeting between therapist and client. The rule of description implies immediate and specific observations, abstaining from interpretations or explanations, especially those formed from the application of a clinical theory superimposed over the circumstances of experience. The rule of horizontalization avoids any hierarchical assignment of importance such that the data of experience become prioritized and categorized as they are received. A Gestalt therapist utilizing the phenomenological method might say something like, “I notice a slight tension at the corners of your mouth when I say that, and I see you shifting on the couch and folding your arms across your chest … and now I see you rolling your eyes back”. Of course, the therapist may make a clinically relevant evaluation, but when applying the phenomenological method, temporarily suspends the need to express it.<ref>Brownell, P. (2009) Gestalt therapy in ''The Professional Counselor's Desk Reference'', Mark A. Stebnicki, Ph.D. and Irmo Marini, Ph.D. (eds.), New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.</ref>

===Dialogical relationship===
To create the conditions under which a dialogic moment might occur, the therapist attends to his or her own presence, creates the space for the client to enter in and become present as well (called inclusion), and commits him or herself to the dialogic process, surrendering to what takes place, as opposed to attempting to control it.<ref name="Yontef" /> With presence, the therapist judiciously “shows up” as a whole and authentic person, instead of assuming a role, false self or persona. The word 'judicious' used above refers to the therapist's taking into account the specific strengths, weaknesses and values . The only 'good' client is a 'live' client, so driving a client away by injudicious exposure of intolerable [to this client] experience of the therapist is obviously counter-productive. For example for an atheistic therapist to tell a devout client that religion is myth would not be useful, especially in the early stages of the relationship. To practice inclusion is to accept however the client chooses to be present, whether in a defensive and obnoxious stance or a superficially cooperative one. To practice inclusion is to support the presence of the client, including his or her resistance, not as a gimmick but in full realization that this is how the client is actually present and is the best this client can do at this time. Finally, the Gestalt therapist is committed to the process, trusts in that process, and does not attempt to save him or herself from it (Brownell, in press, 2009, 2008)).

===Field-theoretical strategies===
“The field” can be considered in two ways. There are [[ontological]] dimensions and there are phenomenological dimensions to one’s field. The phenomenological dimensions are all those physical and environmental contexts in which we live and move. They might be the office in which one works, the house in which one lives, the city and country of which one is a citizen, and so forth. The ontological field is the objective reality that supports our physical existence. The ontological dimensions are all mental and physical dynamics that contribute to a person’s sense of self, one’s subjective experience - not merely elements of the environmental context. These might be the memory of an uncle’s inappropriate affection, one’s color blindness, one’s sense of the social matrix in operation at the office in which one works, and so forth. The way that Gestalt therapists choose to work with field dynamics makes what they do strategic.<ref>Brownell, P. (2010) ''Gestalt Therapy: A Guide to Contemporary Practice'', New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.</ref> Gestalt therapy focuses upon character structure; according to Gestalt theory, the character structure is dynamic rather than fixed in nature. To become aware of one's character structure, the focus is upon the phenomenological dimensions in the context of the ontological dimensions.

===Experimental freedom===
Gestalt therapy is distinct because it moves toward action, away from mere talk therapy, and for this reason is considered an experiential approach.<ref>Crocker, S. (1999) ''A well-lived life, essays in Gestalt therapy''. Cambridge, MA: Gestalt Press.</ref> Through experiments, the therapist supports the client’s direct experience of something new, instead of merely talking about the possibility of something new. Indeed, the entire therapeutic relationship may be considered experimental, because at one level it is a corrective, relational experience for many clients, and it is a "safe emergency" that is free to turn out however it will. An experiment can also be conceived as a teaching method that creates an experience in which a client might learn something as part of their growth.<ref>Melnick, J., March Nevis, S. (2005) Gestalt Therapy Methodology in ''Gestalt Therapy, History, Theory, and Practice''. Ansel Woldt & Sarah Toman (eds). London, UK: Sage Publications</ref> Examples might include: (1) Rather than talking about the client's critical parent, a Gestalt therapist might ask the client to imagine the parent is present, or that the therapist is the parent, and talk to that parent directly; (2) If a client is struggling with how to be assertive, a Gestalt therapist could either (a) have the client say some assertive things to the therapist or members of a therapy group, or (b) give a talk about how one should never be assertive; (3) A Gestalt therapist might notice something about the non-verbal behavior or tone of voice of the client; then the therapist might have the client exaggerate the non-verbal behavior and pay attention to that experience; (4) A Gestalt therapist might work with the breathing or posture of the client, and direct awareness to changes that might happen when the client talks about different content. With all these experiments the Gestalt therapist is working with process rather than content, the ''How'' rather than the ''What''.

==Noteworthy issues==

===Self===
In field theory, ''self'' is a phenomenological concept, existing in comparison with ''other''. Without the other there is no self, and how one experiences the other is inseparable from how one experience herself. The continuity of ''selfhood'' (functioning personality) is something that is achieved in relationship, rather than something inherently "inside" the person. This can have its advantages and disadvantages. At one end of the spectrum, one may not have enough self-continuity to be able to make meaningful relationships, or to have a workable sense of who she is. In the middle, her personality is a loose set of ways of being that work for her, including commitments to relationships, work, culture and outlook, always open to change where she needs to adapt to new circumstances or just want to try something new. At the other end, her personality is a rigid defensive denial of the new and spontaneous. She acts in stereotyped ways, and either induces other people to act in particular and fixed ways towards her, or she redefines their actions to fit with fixed stereotypes.

In Gestalt therapy, the process is not about the self of the client being helped or healed by the fixed self of the therapist, rather it is an exploration of the co-creation of self and other in the here-and-now of the therapy. There is no assumption that the client will act in all other circumstances as he or she does in the therapy situation. However, the areas that cause problems will be either the lack of self-definition leading to chaotic or psychotic behaviour, or the rigid self-definition in some area of functioning that denies spontaneity and makes dealing with particular situations impossible. Both of these conditions show up very clearly in the therapy, and can be worked with in the relationship with the therapist.

The experience of the therapist is also very much part of the therapy. Since we co-create our self-other experiences, the way a therapist experiences being with a client is significant information about how the client experiences themselves. The proviso here is that a therapist is not operating from their own fixed responses. This is why Gestalt therapists are required to undertake significant therapy of their own during training.

From the perspective of this theory of self, neurosis can be seen as fixed predictability - a fixed Gestalt - and the process of therapy can be seen as ''facilitating the client to become unpredictable'' - more responsive to what is in the client's present environment, rather than responding in a stuck way to past introjects or other learning. If the therapist has expectations of how the client should end up, this defeats the aim of therapy.

===Change===
In what has now become a "classic" of Gestalt therapy literature, Arnold Beisser described Gestalt's paradoxical theory of change.<ref>Beisser, A. (1970) The paradoxical theory of change, in J.Fagan & I Shepherd (eds) ''Gestalt Therapy Now: Theory, Techniques, Applications''. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books.</ref> The paradox is that the more one attempts to be who one is not, the more one remains the same. Conversely, when people identify with their current experience, the conditions of wholeness and growth support change. Put another way, change comes about as a result of "full acceptance of what is, rather than a striving to be different".<ref>Houston, G. (2003) ''Brief Gestalt Therapy. London, UK: Sage Publications.</ref>

===The empty chair technique===
'''Empty-chair technique''' or '''chairwork''' is typically used in Gestalt therapy to explore [[patient]]s' relationships with themselves, with aspects of their personality, their concepts, ideas, feelings etc., or other people in their lives. The technique involves the client addressing the empty [[chair]] as if another person, or aspects of their personality, or a certain feeling etc. was in it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nichol |first=M. P. |lastauthoramp=yes |last2=Schwartz |first2=R. C. |year=2008 |title=Family Therapy: Concepts and Methods |edition=8th |location=New York |publisher=Pearson Education |page=227 |isbn=978-0-205-54320-5 }}</ref> They may also move between chairs and act out two or more sides of a [[discussion]], typically involving the patient and persons significant to them. A form of [[role-playing]], the technique focuses on exploration of self and is utilized by therapists to help patients self-adjust. Gestalt techniques were originally a form of psychotherapy, but are now often used in [[counseling]], for instance, by encouraging clients to act out their feelings helping them prepare for a new job.<ref>{{cite book|last=Daniel L. Schacter, Daniel T. Gilbert, Daniel M. Wegner|title=Psychology|year=2011|publisher=Worth Publishers|location=New York, NY|isbn=1429237198|edition=2nd ed.|p=602-603}}</ref>

==Historical development==
[[Fritz Perls]] was a German-Jewish [[psychoanalyst]] who fled Europe with his wife [[Laura Perls]] to [[South Africa]] in order to escape [[Nazi]] oppression in 1933.<ref name="Bernd2010">{{cite book|title= Fritz Perls in Berlin 1893 - 1933. Expressionism - Psychoanalysis - Judaism|author=Bernd Bocian|year=2010|publisher=EHP Verlag Andreas Kohlhage, Bergisch Gladbach}}</ref> After World War II the couple emigrated to [[New York City]], which had become a center of intellectual, artistic and political experimentation by the late 1940s and early 1950s.

===Early influences===

Perls “grew up” on the bohemian scene in Berlin, participated in [[Expressionism]] and [[Dadaism]], and experienced the turning of the artistic avant-garde toward the revolutionary left. Deployment to the front line, the trauma of war, anti-Semitism, intimidation, escape, and [[the Holocaust]] are further key sources of biographical influence.<ref name="Bernd2010" />

Perls served in the German Army during World War I, and was wounded in the conflict. After the war he was educated as a medical doctor. He became an assistant to [[Kurt Goldstein]], who worked with brain injured soldiers. Perls went through a psychoanalysis with [[Wilhelm Reich]] and became a psychiatrist. Perls assisted Goldstein at Frankfurt University where he met his wife Lore (Laura) Posner, who had earned a doctorate in [[Gestalt Psychology]].<ref name="gestalt.org">For Goldstein's influence on the theory and practice of Gestalt therapy see: Allen R. Barlow: [http://www.gestalt.org/barlow.htm Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt-antecedent influence or historical accident], ''The Gestalt Journal'', Volume IV, Number 2, (Fall, 1981)</ref> They fled Nazi Germany in 1933 and settled in South Africa. Perls established a psychoanalytic training institute and joined the South African armed forces, serving as a military psychiatrist. During these years in South Africa Perls was influenced by [[Jan Smuts]] and his ideas about "[[holism]]".

In 1936 Fritz Perls attended a psychoanalyst's conference in [[Marienbad, Czechoslovakia]], where he presented a paper on oral resistances, mainly based on Laura Perls' notes on breastfeeding their children. Perls' paper was turned down. Perls did present his paper in 1936, but it met with "deep disapproval".<ref>Perls, F., (1969) ''In and Out the Garbage Pail'' Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.</ref> Perls wrote his first book, ''Ego, Hunger and Aggression'' (1942, 1947), in South Africa, based in part on the rejected paper. It was later re-published in the United States. Laura Perls wrote two chapters of this book, but she was not given adequate recognition for her work.

===The seminal book===
Perls' seminal work was ''Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality'', published in 1951, co-authored by Fritz Perls, [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]], and [[Ralph Hefferline]] (a university psychology professor, and sometime patient of Fritz Perls). Most of the Part II of the book was written by Paul Goodman from Perls' notes, and it contains the core of Gestalt theory. This part was supposed to go first. However, the publishers decided that Part I, written by Hefferline, fit into the nascent self-help ethos of the day, and they made it an introduction to the theory. Isadore From, a leading early theorist of Gestalt therapy, taught Goodman's Part II for an entire year to his students, going through it phrase by phrase.

===First instances of Gestalt therapy===
Fritz and Laura founded the first Gestalt Institute in 1952, running it out of their [[Manhattan]] apartment. Isadore From became a patient, first of Fritz, and then Laura. Fritz soon made Isadore a trainer, and also gave him some patients. Isadore From lived in New York until his death, at age 75, in 1993. He was known worldwide for his philosophical and intellectually rigorous take on Gestalt therapy. Acknowledged as a supremely gifted clinician, he was indisposed to writing, so what remains of his work are merely transcripts of interviews.<ref>[http://www.gestalt.org/Fromint.htm Interview with Isadore From]</ref>

Of great importance to understanding the development of gestalt therapy is the early training which took place in experiential groups in the Perls' apartment, led by both Fritz and Laura before Fritz left for the West Coast, and after by Laura alone. These 'trainings' were unstructured with little didactic input from the leaders, although many of the principles were discussed in the monthly meetings of the institute, as well as at local bars after the sessions. Many notable gestalt therapists emerged from these crucibles in addition to Isidore From, e.g., Richard Kitzler, Dan Bloom, Bud Feder, Carl Hodges, Ruth Ronall, etc. In these sessions both Fritz and Laura used some variation of the 'hot seat' method in which the leader essentially works with one individual in front of an audience, with little or no attention to group dynamics. In reaction to this omission emerged a more interactive approach in which gestalt therapy principles were blended with group dynamics. Notably in 1980 the book 'Beyond the Hot Seat', edited by Feder and Ronall, was published, with contributions from members of both the NY and Cleveland Institutes, as well as others.

Fritz left Laura and New York in 1960, then briefly lived in Miami, and ended up in California. [[Jim Simkin]] was a psychotherapist who became a client of Perls in New York, and then a co-therapist with Perls in Los Angeles. Simkin was responsible for Perls coming to California, where Perls began a psychotherapy practice. Ultimately, the life of a peripatetic trainer and workshop leader was a better suited to Fritz's personality. So, starting in 1963, Simkin and Perls co-led some of the early Gestalt workshops and training groups at [[Esalen Institute]], in [[Big Sur]], California, where Perls eventually settled and built a home. Jim Simkin then purchased property next to Esalen. Simkin started his own training center, which he ran until his death in 1984. Simkin refined his precise version of Gestalt therapy, training psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors and social workers within a very rigorous residential training model.

===The schism===
In the 1960s Perls became infamous among the professional elite for his public workshops at [[Esalen Institute]]. Isadore From referred to some of Fritz' brief workshops as "hit-and-run" therapy, because of Perls' alleged emphasis on showmanship with little or no follow-through. But Perls never considered these workshops to be complete therapy. Rather, he felt he was giving demonstrations of key points for a largely professional audience. Unfortunately, some films and tapes of his work were all that most graduate students were exposed to, along with the misperception that this was the entirety of Perls' work.

When Fritz Perls left New York for California, there began to be a split with those who saw Gestalt therapy as a therapeutic approach similar to psychoanalysis. This view was represented by Isadore From, who practiced and taught mainly in New York, as well as by the members of the Cleveland Institute, which was co-founded by From. An entirely different approach was taken, primarily in California, by those who saw Gestalt therapy not just as a therapeutic modality, but as a way of life. The East Coast, New York-Cleveland axis was often appalled by the notion of Gestalt therapy leaving the consulting room and becoming a way-of-life on the West Coast in the 1960s (see the "[[Gestalt prayer]]"). An alternate view of this split saw Perls in his last years continuing to develop his a-theoretical and phenomenological methodology, while others, inspired by From, were inclined to theoretical rigor which verged on replacing experience with ideas.

The split continues between what has been called "East Coast Gestalt" and "West Coast Gestalt", at least from an Amerocentric point of view. While the communitarian form of Gestalt continues to flourish, Gestalt therapy was largely replaced in the United States by [[Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]], and many Gestalt therapists in the U.S. drifted toward organizational management and coaching. At the same time, contemporary [[Gestalt Practice]] (to a large extent based upon Gestalt therapy theory and practice) was developed by [[Dick Price]], the co-founder of [[Esalen Institute]].<ref>[http://www.esalen.org/air/essays/dick_price.htm Excerpts from an interview with Dick Price conducted by Wade Hudson]</ref> Price was one of Perls' students at Esalen.

===Post-Perls===
In 1969 Fritz Perls left the United States to start a Gestalt community at Lake Cowichan on [[Vancouver Island]], Canada. He died almost a year later, on 14 March 1970, in Chicago. One member of the Gestalt community was [[Barry Stevens (therapist)|Barry Stevens]]. Her book about that phase of her life, ''Don' t Push the River'', became very popular. She developed her own form of Gestalt therapy body work, which is essentially a concentration on the awareness of body processes.<ref>Stevens, B. (1970) ''Don't Push the River (It Flows by Itself)'', Lafaette, CA: Real People Press.</ref>

====The Polsters====
Erving and Miriam Polster started a training center in [[La Jolla]], California, which also became very well known, as did their book, ''Gestalt Therapy Integrated'', in the 1970s.<ref>''Gestalt therapy integrated : contours of theory and practice'', by Erving Polster and Miriam Polster, New York : Vintage Books, 1974</ref>

The Polsters played an influential role in advancing the concept of contact boundary phenomena. The standard contact boundary resistances in Gestalt theory were confluence, [[introjection]], [[Psychological projection|projection]] and retroflection. A disturbance described by Miriam and Erving Polster was "deflection", which referred to a means of avoiding contact. Instances of boundary phenomena can have pathological or non-pathological aspects. For example, it is appropriate for an infant and mother to merge, or become "confluent", but inappropriate for a client and therapist. If the latter become confluent, there can be no growth, because there is no boundary at which one can contact the other. The client will not be able to learn anything new because the therapist essentially becomes an extension of the client.

==Influences upon Gestalt therapy==

===Some examples===
There were a variety of psychological and philosophical influences upon the development of Gestalt therapy; not the least of which were the social forces at the time and place of its inception. Gestalt therapy is an approach that is holistic (including mind, body and culture). It is present-centered and related to [[existential therapy]] in its emphasis on personal responsibility for action, and on the value of "I-thou" relationship in therapy. In fact, Perls considered calling Gestalt therapy ''existential-phenomenological therapy''. "The I and thou in the Here and Now" was a semi-humorous shorthand mantra for Gestalt therapy referring to the substantial influence of the work of [[Martin Buber]] on Perls and Gestalt. Buber's work was focused on the "I-thou, here and now" concept following his postponing a response to a client's request for help, following which the client committed suicide. Following that incident, Buber committed to the "I-Thou here and now" concept as of primary importance and focus in the therapeutic relationship. This concept became figural in much of Gestalt theory and practice.

Both Fritz and Laura Perls were students and admirers of the neuropsychiatrist [[Kurt Goldstein]]. Gestalt therapy was based in part on Goldstein's concept called "Organismic theory". Goldstein viewed a person in terms of a [[holistic]] and unified experience. He encouraged a "big picture" perspective, taking into account the whole context of a person's experience. The word Gestalt means whole, or configuration. Laura Perls, in an interview, denotes the "Organismic theory" as the base of Gestalt therapy.<ref name="gestalt.org"/>

There were additional influences on Gestalt therapy from [[existentialism]], particularly the [[I and Thou|I-thou relationship]] as it applies to therapy, and the notion of personal choice and responsibility.

The late 1950s–1960s movement toward [[personal growth]] and the [[human potential movement]] in California fed into, and was itself influenced by Gestalt therapy. In this process Gestalt therapy somehow became a "coherent Gestalt", which is the Gestalt psychology term for a perceptual unit that holds together and forms a unified whole.

===Psychoanalysis===

Fritz Perls trained as a neurologist at major medical institutions and as a Freudian psychoanalyst in Berlin and Vienna, the most important international centers of the discipline in his day. He worked as a training analyst for several years with the official recognition of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA) and must be considered an experienced clinician.<ref name="Bernd2010" />
Gestalt therapy was influenced by [[psychoanalysis]]. It was part of a continuum moving from the early work of [[Freud]], to the later Freudian ego analysis, to [[Wilhelm Reich]] and his character analysis and notion of character armor, with attention to [[Nonverbal communication|nonverbal behavior]] This was consonant with Laura Perls' background in dance and movement therapy. To this was added the insights of academic [[Gestalt psychology]], including perception, Gestalt formation and the tendency of organisms to complete an incomplete Gestalt, and to form "wholes" in experience.

Central to Fritz and Laura Perls' modifications of psychoanalysis was the concept of "dental or oral aggression". In ''Ego, Hunger and Aggression'' (1947), Fritz Perls' first book, to which Laura Perls contributed<ref>[http://www.gestalt.org/perlsint.htm Edward Rosenfeld: An Oral History of Gestalt Therapy Part 1. A conversation with Laura Perls]</ref> (ultimately without recognition), Perls suggested that when the infant develops teeth, he or she has the capacity to chew, to break apart food, and by analogy to experience, to taste, accept, reject or assimilate. This was opposed to [[Freud]]'s notion that only introjection takes place in early experience. Thus Perls made "assimilation", as opposed to "introjection", a focal theme in his work, and the prime means by which growth occurs in therapy.

In contrast to the psychoanalytic stance, in which the "patient" introjects the (presumably more healthy) interpretations of the analyst, in Gestalt therapy the client must "taste" his or her experience, and either accept or reject it, but not introject or "swallow whole". Hence, the emphasis is on avoiding interpretation, and instead encouraging discovery. This is the key point in the divergance of Gestalt therapy from traditional psychoanalysis — growth occurs through gradual assimilation of experience in a natural way, rather than by accepting the interpretations of the analyst; thus, the therapist should not interpret, but lead the client to discover for himself or herself.

The Gestalt therapist contrives experiments that lead the client to greater awareness and fuller experience of his or her possibilities. Experiments can be focussed on undoing [[Psychological projection|projection]]s or retroflections. The therapist can work to help the client with closure of unfinished Gestalts ("unfinished business" such as unexpressed emotions towards somebody in the client's life). There are many kinds of experiments that might be therapeutic. But the essence of the work is that it is experiential rather than interpretive, and in this way Gestalt therapy distinguishes itself from psychoanalysis.

===Principal influences: A summary list===
* [[Otto Rank]]'s invention of "here-and-now" therapy and Rank's post-Freudian book ''Art and Artist'' (1932), both of which strongly influenced [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]].
* [[Wilhelm Reich]]'s [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] developments, especially his early character analysis, the later concept of ''character armor'' and its focus on the body.
* [[Jacob L. Moreno|Jacob Moreno]]'s [[Psychodrama]], principally the development of enactment techniques for the resolution of psychological conflicts.
* [[Kurt Goldstein]]'s holistic theory of the organism, based on [[Gestaltism|Gestalt theory]].
* [[Martin Buber]]'s philosophy of relationship and dialogue ("I - Thou").
* [[Kurt Lewin]]'s field theory as applied to the social sciences and group dynamics.
* European [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] of Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
* The [[existentialism]] of [[Kierkegaard]] over that of [[Sartre]], rejecting nihilism.
* [[Carl Jung]]'s [[Jungian psychology|psychology]], particularly the polarities concept.
* Some elements from [[Zen Buddhism]].
* Differention between thing and concept from [[Zen Buddhism|Zen]] and the works of [[Alfred Korzybski]].
* The American [[pragmatism]] of [[William James]], [[George Herbert Mead]], and [[John Dewey]].

==Current status==
Gestalt therapy reached a zenith in the United States in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since then it has influenced other fields like organisational development, coaching, and teaching. Many of its contributions have become assimilated into other current schools of therapy. In recent years, it has seen a resurgence in popularity as an active, psychodynamic form of therapy which has also incorporated some elements of recent developments in attachment theory. There are, for example, four Gestalt training institutes in the [[New York City]] metropolitan area alone, not to mention dozens of others worldwide.

Gestalt therapy continues to thrive as a widespread form of psychotherapy, especially throughout Europe, where there are many practitioners and training institutions.

The form of [[Gestalt Practice]] initially developed at [[Esalen Institute]] by [[Dick Price]] has spawned numerous offshoots. The most important is now called ''Gestalt Awareness Practice'' by Price’s wife and collaborator, Christine Stewart Price.<ref>[http://www.tribalground.com Beyond Circumstance by Christine Price]</ref> She teaches this mode of practice in California, throughout the United States, as well as in Japan.

===Training of Gestalt therapists===

====Pedagogical approach====
Many Gestalt therapy training organizations exist worldwide. Ansel Woldt asserted that Gestalt teaching and training are built upon the belief that people are, by nature, health seeking. Thus, such commitments as authenticity, optimism, holism, health, and trust become important principles to consider when engaged in the activity of teaching and learning - especially Gestalt therapy theory and practice.<ref>Woldt, A. (2005) Pre-text: Gestalt pedagogy: Creating the field for teaching and learning, in Ansel Woldt & Sarah Toman (eds), ''Gestalt Therapy, History, Theory, and Practice''. London, UK: Sage Publications.</ref>

===Associations===

'''The Association for the Advancement of Gestalt Therapy, (AAGT)''' holds a biennial international conference in various locations – the first was in New Orleans, in 1995. Subsequent conferences have been held in San Francisco, Cleveland, New York, Dallas, St. Pete's Beach, Vancouver (British Columbia), Manchester (England), and Philadelphia. In addition, the AAGT holds regional conferences, and its regional network has spawned regional conferences in Amsterdam, the Southwest and the Southeast of the United States, England, and Australia. Its Research Task Force generates and nurtures active research projects and an international conference on research.<ref>[http://www.aagt.org AAGT Association for the Advancement of Gestalt Therapy]</ref>

'''The European Association for Gestalt Therapy (EAGT)''' founded in 1985, to gather European individual Gestalt therapists, training institutes and national associations, from more than 20 European nations.<ref>[http://www.eagt.org/ EAGT European Association for Gestalt Therapy]</ref>

'''Gestalt Australia and New Zealand (GANZ)''' was formally established at the first "Down Under" Gestalt Therapy Conference held in Perth in September 1998.<ref>[http://www.ganz.org.au/ GANZ Gestalt Australia & New Zealand]</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Fritz Perls]]
*[[Laura Perls]]
*[[Paul Goodman (writer)]]
*[[Barry Stevens (therapist)]]
*[[Dick Price]]
*[[Gestalt Practice]]
*[[Topdog vs. Underdog]]
*[[Phenomenology (philosophy)]]
*[[Existentialism]]
*[[Martin Buber]]
*[[Kurt Goldstein]]
*[[Kurt Lewin]]
*[[Otto Rank]]
*[[Gestalt psychology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Suggested reading ==
*Perls, F. (1969) ''Ego, Hunger, and Aggression: The Beginning of Gestalt Therapy''. New York, NY: Random House. (originally published in 1942, and re-published in 1947)
*Perls, F. (1969) ''[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_therapy_verbatim Gestalt Therapy Verbatim]''. Moab, UT: [[Real People Press]].
*Perls, F. (1969) ''In and Out the Garbage Pail''. Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.
*Perls, F., Hefferline, R., & Goodman, P. (1951) ''Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality.'' New York, NY: Julian.
*Brownell, P. (2012) ''Gestalt Therapy for Addictive and Self-Medicating Behaviors''. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
*Levine, T.B-Y. (2011) ''Gestalt Therapy: Advances in Theory and Practice''. New York, NY: Routledge.
*Bloom, D. & Brownell, P. (eds)(2011) ''Continuity and Change: Gestalt Therapy Now''. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
*Mann, D. (2010) ''Gestalt Therapy: 100 Key Points & Techniques''. London & New York: Routledge.
*Bocian, B. (2010): "Fritz Perls in Berlin 1893 - 1933. Expressionism - Psychonalysis - Judaism". Bergisch Gladbach: EHP Verlag Andreas Kohlhage. ISBN 978-3-89797-068-7
*Brownell, P. (2010) ''Gestalt Therapy: A Guide to Contemporary Practice''. New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing
*Truscott, D. (2010) Gestalt therapy. In Derek Truscott, ''Becoming An Effective Psychotherapist: Adopting a Theory of Psychotherapy That's Right for You and Your Client'', pp. 83–96. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
*Brownell, P. (2009) Gestalt therapy. In Irmo Marini and Mark Stebnicki (eds) ''The Professional Counselor's Desk Reference'', pp. 399–407. New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co.
*Staemmler, F-M. (2009) ''Aggression, Time, and Understanding: Contributions to the Evolution of Gestalt Therapy''. New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; GestaltPress Book
*Brownell, P. (ed.) (2008) ''Handbook for Theory, Research, and Practice in Gestalt Therapy''. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
*Perls, F. (1973) ''The Gestalt Approach & Eye Witness to Therapy''. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
*Polster, E. & Polster, M. (1973) ''Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Contours of theory and practice''. New York, NY: Brunner-Mazel.

==External links==
*{{dmoz|/Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Gestalt/}}

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Fritz Perls

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 11:08:39 GMT

Summary:

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'''Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls''' (July 8, 1893 – March 14, 1970), better known as '''Fritz Perls''', was a noted [[Germany|German]]-born [[psychiatrist]] and [[psychotherapy|psychotherapist]] of [[Jewish]] descent.

==See also==
*[[Gestalt therapy]]
*[[Kurt Goldstein]]
*[[Wilhelm Reich]]
*[[Laura Perls]]
*[[Paul Goodman (writer)]]
*[[Jim Simkin]]
*[[Phenomenology (philosophy)|Phenomenology]]
*[[Existentialism]]
*[[Kurt Lewin]]
*[[Otto Rank]]
*[[Esalen Institute]]
*[[Gestalt Practice]]
*[[Dick Price]]
*[[Barry Stevens (therapist)]]

==People influenced by Laura and Fritz Perls==
*[[Claudio Naranjo]]
*[[Dick Price]]
*[[Edwin Nevis]]
*[[Brian J. Mistler]]
*Jack Lee Rosenberg - [[IBP Integrative Body Psychotherapy]]
*[[Richard Bandler]] - co-founder of [[Neuro-Linguistic Programming]]
*[[John Grinder]] - co-founder of [[Neuro-Linguistic Programming]]
*[[Brad Blanton]]

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Beep (song)

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 10:38:52 GMT

Summary:

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"'''Beep'''" is a song released by American recording group the [[Pussycat Dolls]]' from their debut album ''[[PCD (album)|PCD]]''. "Beep" was a moderate success worldwide, having scored within the top twenty on the majority of the charts on which it was rated. "Beep" became the group's third ''Billboard'' top twenty hit, having reached a peak position of #13 in the [[Billboard Hot 100|United States]] and #2 in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]].

{{GFDL}}

Radio documentary

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 10:38:24 GMT

Summary:

{{Template}}
A '''radio documentary''' or '''feature''' is a purely acoustic [[performance]] devoted to covering a particular topic in some depth, usually with a mixture of commentary and sound pictures. It is broadcast on [[radio]] or published on audio media, such as tape or CD. Some radio features, especially those including specially composed music or other pieces of audio art, resemble [[radio drama]] in many ways, though non-fictional in subject matter, while others consist principally of more straightforward, journalistic-type reporting – but at much greater length than found in an ordinary news report.

==Notable feature makers==
* [[John Quinn (broadcaster)|John Quinn]], RTÉ
* [[Noah Adams]]
* [[Jay Allison]]
* [[Alex Blumberg]]
* [[Peter Leonhard Braun]]
* [[Kyla Brettle]]
* [[Scott Carrier]]
* [[Alex Chadwick]]
* [[Bill Drake]]
* [[Joe Frank]]
* [[Laurence Gilliam]]
* [[John Gilliland]]
* [[Ira Glass]] (and ''[[This American Life]]'')
* [[Glenn Gould]] (The ''[[Solitude Trilogy]]'')
* [[Berit Hedemann]] (Prix Europa Yleisradio 1997 and 1998)
* [[David Isay]]
* [[Cooper St. James of Random Acts of Radio]]
* [[Kitchen Sisters]]
* [[Ronan Kelly]]
* [[Robert Krulwich]]
* [[Bill Lichtenstein]]
* [[Bosse Lindquist]] (Prix Futura/[[Prix Europa]] 1995, and others)
* [[Ewan MacColl]]
* [[Charles Parker (producer)|Charles Parker]]
* [[Lorenz Rollhäuser]] ([[Prix Europa]] 2008)
* [[Steve Rowland (record producer)|Steve Rowland]]
* [[Nancy Updike]]
* [[Emil Benčík]]

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Sanitization (classified information)

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 10:22:09 GMT

Summary:

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'''Sanitization''' is the process of removing sensitive information from a document or other medium, so that it may be distributed to a broader audience. When dealing with [[classified information]], sanitization attempts to reduce the document's classification level, possibly yielding an unclassified document. Originally, the term sanitization was applied to [[Printing|printed]] documents; it has since been extended to apply to [[Computer file|computer]] media and the problem of [[data remanence]] as well.

'''Redaction''' generally refers to the [[editing]] or blacking out of text in a document, or to the result of such an effort. It is intended to allow the selective disclosure of information in a document while keeping other parts of the document secret. Typically the result is a document that is suitable for [[publication]], or for dissemination to others than the intended audience of the original document. For example, when a document is [[subpoena]]ed in a court case, information not specifically relevant to the case at hand is often redacted.

==See also==
* [[Censorship]]
* [[Data erasure]]
* [[Data remanence]]
* [[Freedom of Information Act]]

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Syllable

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 10:11:24 GMT

Summary:

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A '''hyphen''' ( '''-''', or '''‐''' ) is a [[punctuation]] mark. It is used both to join [[word]]s and to separate [[syllable]]s. It is often confused with a [[dash (punctuation)|dash]] ( '''–''', '''—''', '''―''' ), which is longer and has a different function. ''Hyphenation'' is the use of hyphens.
==Rules and customs of usage==
A definitive collection of hyphen rules does not exist. Therefore, the writer or editor should consult a [[manual of style]] or [[dictionary]] of his or her preference, particularly for the country in which they are writing. The rules of style that apply to dashes and hyphens have evolved to support ease of reading in complex constructions; editors often accept deviations from them that will support, rather than hinder, ease of reading.

* Spaces should not be placed between a hyphen and either of the words it connects except when using a suspended hyphen (e.g. ''nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers''—see below).
* Except for noun–[[noun]] and [[adverb]]–adjective [[compound modifier]]s, when a compound modifier appears ''before'' a term, the compound modifier is generally hyphenated to prevent any possible misunderstanding, such as ''American-football player''. Without the hyphen, there is potential confusion about whether ''American'' applies to ''football'' or ''player''. Compound modifiers can extend to three or more words, as in ''ice-cream-flavored candy''.
* Hyphens are generally ''not'' used in noun–noun or adverb–adjective compound modifiers when no such confusion is possible; for example:
** ''government standards organization'' and ''department store manager''
** ''wholly owned subsidiary'' and ''quickly moving vehicle'' (because the adverbs clearly modify the adjectives; ''quickly'' obviously does not apply to ''vehicle'' as ''quickly vehicle'' would be meaningless).
* Hyphenation is also common with adjective–noun compound modifiers but, arguably, less generally. Examples are ''real-world example'' and ''left-handed catch''. Where the adjective–noun phrase would be plural standing alone, it usually becomes singular and hyphenated when modifying another noun. For example, ''four days'' becomes ''four-day week''.
* Two-word names of numbers less than one hundred are hyphenated. For instance, the number ''23'' should be written ''twenty-three'', and ''123'' should be written ''one hundred and twenty-three''. (The ''and'' is sometimes omitted in America)
* Hyphens are occasionally used to denote [[syllabification]], as in ''syl-lab-i-fi-ca-tion''. Most American dictionaries use an [[interpunct]], sometimes called a "middle dot" or "hyphenation point", for this purpose, as in ''syl·lab·i·fi·ca·tion''. Similarly, hyphens may be used to imply the spelling of a word, such as "W-O-R-D spells word."
* Hyphens are sometimes used in English to denote syllable breaks, particularly for prefixes, as when a (repeated) vowel is pronounced on its own rather than being silent or merged in a [[diphthong]], as in 'shell-like' and 'anti-intellectual', where some other languages (and some English authorities) use a [[diaeresis]] like 'noël'. In British English, hyphens are also occasionally employed where readers would otherwise be tempted into a mispronunciation (e.g. ''co-worker'' is so punctuated partly to prevent the reader's eye being caught automatically by the word ''cow''—though see also the following note on prefixes).
* Certain prefixes (''co-'', ''pre-'', ''mid-'', ''de-'', ''non-'', ''anti-'', etc.) are often hyphenated, though usage varies between American and British English. British English tends towards hyphenation (''pre-school'', ''co-worker'') whereas American English tends towards omission of the hyphen (''preschool'', ''coworker''). The [[AP style|AP Stylebook]] provides further information on the use of "co-" as a prefix.
* Some words are hyphenated to distinguish them from other words that would otherwise be [[homograph]]s, such as "[[recreation]]" (fun or sport) and "[[re-creation]]" (in forensics), or "predate" (what a [[predator]] does) and "pre-date" (to be of an earlier [[calendar date]]).
* If a word begins on one line of text and continues into the following line, a hyphen is usually inserted immediately before the split. Note that the details of doing this properly are complex and language-dependent and that they interact with other [[typesetting]] practices: see [[Justification (typesetting)|justification]] and [[hyphenation algorithm]].
* Some married couples compose a new [[surname]] (sometimes referred to as a [[double-barrelled name]]) for their new family by combining their two surnames with a hyphen. Jane Doe and John Smith might become Jane and John Smith-Doe, or Doe-Smith, for instance. In some countries, however, only the woman hyphenates her birth surname, appending her husband's surname.
* Hyphens are used to connect numbers and words, whether numerals or written out, as in ''28-year-old woman'' (cf. ''twenty-eight-year-old woman'') or ''320-foot wingspan'', in forming adjectival phrases (particularly with weights and measures). The [[SI]] recommends against this practice when using metric units.
* They are also used in spelled-out fractions as adjectives (but not as nouns), such as 'two-thirds majority' and 'one-eighth portion'.
* A suspended hyphen (also referred to as a "hanging hyphen" or "dangling hyphen") may be used when a single base word is being used with separate but back-to-back hyphenated words that are themselves connected by "and", "or", or "to". "Nineteenth-century and twentieth-century" can instead be written "nineteenth- and twentieth-century".

The use of the hyphen has, in general, been steadily declining, both in popular writing and in scholarly journals. Its use is almost always avoided by those who write for newspapers, for [[advertising]] copy or for labels on packaging, since they are often more concerned with visual cleanliness than semantic clarity; the words are left with spaces. However, it is still used in most (American) newspapers and magazines; hence, people remain accustomed to seeing and understanding its use. In other countries hyphens are dropped in favour of connecting the two-word compounds.

An [[en dash]] ('–') sometimes replaces the hyphen in hyphenated compounds if either of its constituent parts is already hyphenated or contains a space (e.g. ''high-priority–high-pressure tasks'' (tasks which are both high-priority and high-pressure).

==Examples of usage==
Some strong examples of semantic changes caused by the placement of hyphens:

*''disease-causing poor nutrition'', meaning poor nutrition that causes disease
*''disease causing poor nutrition'', meaning a disease that causes poor nutrition

*a ''man-eating shark'' is a carnivorous fish
*a ''man eating shark'' is a male human in the active process of consuming a shark

Additional examples of proper use:
*''text-only document'' or ''the document is text-only''
*''Detroit-based organization'' or ''the organization is Detroit-based''
*''state-of-the-art product'' or ''the product is state-of-the-art'' (but ''The state of the art is very advanced.'' with no hyphen)
*''board-certified strategy'' or ''the strategy is board-certified''
*''thought-provoking argument'' or ''the argument is thought-provoking''
*''time-sensitive error'' or ''the error is time-sensitive''
*''case-sensitive password'' or ''the password is case-sensitive''
*''government-issued photo ID'' or ''the photo ID is government-issued'' (but ''…is issued by the government'' with no hyphen.)
*''light-gathering surface'' or ''the surface is light-gathering''
*''award-winning novel'' or ''the novel is award-winning'' (but, more likely, ''…won an award'' with no hyphen)
*''web-based encyclopedia'' or ''the encyclopedia is web-based''
*''fun-loving person'' or ''the person is fun-loving''
*''how to wire-transfer funds''
*''how to tax-plan''
*''advertising-supported service'' or ''service is advertising-supported'' (but, better, ''…is supported by advertising'' with no hyphen.)
*''[[Rudolph Giuliani]] is an Italian-American'' (but see '''[[hyphenated American]]''')
*''[[list of China-related topics]]'' ''…list of topics is China-related'' (but ''…related to China'' with no hyphen)
*''[[out-of-body experience]]''
*''[[near-death experience]]''
*in surnames, for example [[Dominique Strauss-Kahn]]
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Micropolitics

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:59:44 GMT

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# The use of formal and informal power by individuals and groups to achieve their goals within organizations, as opposed to [[macropolitics]].

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Lee Baxandall

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:52:02 GMT

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'''Lee R. Baxandall''' (January 26, 1935 – November 28, 2008)[http://naturistaction.org/AlertsAdvisoriesUpdates/ADVISORIES/Lee_Baxandall_11-28-08/lee_baxandall_11-28-08.html] was an [[United States|American]] writer, translator, editor, and activist, first known for his [[New Left]] engagement with cultural topics and then as a leader of the [[naturist]] movement.

==Career==
Baxandall was born and raised in [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin|Oshkosh]], [[Wisconsin]]. He attended the [[University of Wisconsin]] in [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], where he obtained a B.A. (1957) and M.A. (1958) in [[English literature|English]], studied [[comparative literature]] at the [[doctoral]] level, and became one of the editors of ''[[Studies on the Left]]'', a [[New Left]] intellectual journal known for its free-wheeling qualities. In 1960, Baxandall traveled to revolutionary [[Cuba]]. In 1962, he married [[Rosalyn Baxandall|Roslyn Fraad]]; she would become an early [[women's liberation]] activist and they would have a son, [[Phineas Baxandall|Phineas]]. Living in [[New York City]] from 1962 to 1977, they were active in the movement to end the [[Vietnam War]].

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Baxandall demonstrated a strong interest in the relationship between [[culture]], particularly [[theatre]], and [[Extremism|radicalism]]. He translated plays by [[Peter Weiss]] and [[Bertolt Brecht]], edited a collection of writings by the German social critic and psychologist [[Wilhelm Reich]], compiled an annotated bibliography on [[Marxism]] and [[aesthetics]], and wrote numerous essays on major literary figures, including [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Franz Kafka]]. In 1965 he gave lectures at the [[Free University of New York]] on 'Marxist approaches to the Avant-Garde Arts.

In 1973, he edited a collection of writings by [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] on [[art]] and [[literature]] with [[Poland|Polish]] philosopher [[Stefan Morawski]]. Baxandall's writing appeared in a wide variety of venues, from left-wing periodicals such as ''[[The Nation]]'', ''[[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]]'', ''[[Guardian (United States)|The National Guardian]]'', and ''[[Liberation (magazine)|Liberation]]'', to mainstream publications including ''[[The New York Times]]'' and intellectual-cultural outlets such as ''[[Partisan Review]]'', ''[[The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism]]'', and ''[[New German Critique]]''.

[[Naturism]] would by the late 1970s become the main focus of Baxandall's activism. He first took up the activity as an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] in Wisconsin and would frequent a [[Nude beach|free beach]] with his family at [[Cape Cod National Seashore]] in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1974, he travelled to the West Coast of the [[United States]] to meet founders of the [[Nude beach|free beach]] movement there: Eugene Callen and Cec Cinder. This became Beachfront USA. Having inherited his family's publishing business in Oshkosh in 1970, which he managed by traveling back there monthly and then by relocating to there permanently in 1978, Baxandall began to publish ''Free Beaches'' magazine and created the Free Beaches Documentation Center, collecting data from all over the world on nude beaches. In 1980, he published ''Lee Baxandall's World Guide to Nude Beaches & Recreation'', a color guidebook locating places to go nude all over the world, which he succeeded in getting distributed through major book channels. It was updated and published again several times, the last being in 1996.

Baxandall's view was that nudism fostered body acceptance and broke down the alienation and repression that stood in the way of the realization of full human potential. He founded [[The Naturist Society]] in 1980 and was the first editor of its magazine, ''Clothed with the Sun'', launched in 1981 and renamed ''[[Nude & Natural]]'' in 1989. The Naturist Society welcomed everyone from nude bikers to gay and lesbian and transgendered naturists to nude massagers and everyone in between, in contrast to the more conservative America Sunbathing Association, now known as the [[American Association for Nude Recreation]]. Baxandall is a member of their Nudist Hall Of Fame.

Baxandall was one of the originators, along with Eugene Callen, of "National Nude Weekend," later "National Nude Week," which he used to generate media attention for the cause. He helped organize and sponsor the first nationwide and later regional annual Naturist Gatherings, with seminars and nude fun for everyone. He also commissioned Edin and Ethel Vélez to produce a series of videos (''World of Skinnydipping'', etc.) depicting the naturist lifestyle and debunking myths surrounding nude recreation.

Baxandall founded the [[Naturist Action Committee]], the primary group responsible for early warning and defense against those who would legislate naturists out of existence in the United States. He was the first to retain the services of a professional lobbyist to get the movement's viewpoint heard in state legislatures and Congress. He founded the [http://www.nef.oshkosh.net/ Naturist Education Foundation], devoted to improving awareness and acceptance of naturism and body acceptance throughout North America.

In 1992, Baxandall remarried, to longtime companion Johanna Moore. In 1995, Baxandall was diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease]] and he retired from public life from 2002 until his death on November 28, 2008.

==Quotes==
*''When the culture into which we are born strays too far from nature’s laws, we suffer; a ‘naturalization’ is in order.''
*''Body Acceptance is the idea, Nude Recreation is the way.'' Popular motto of [[The Naturist Society]]
*''Every civilized nation has nude beaches. That's a mark of a civilized nation.'' from video: ''The Beginner's Guide to Skinny Dipping''. [[The Naturist Society]]. Fast Forward Images, Inc. 1991.

==Publications==
*''Marxism and Aesthetics: A Selective Annotated Bibliography'' (1968; reissued 1978) ISBN 0-391-00298-8
*''Marx and Engels on Literature and Art'' (1973) Ed., with Stefan Morawski ISBN 0-914386-01-8 ISBN 0-914386-02-6
*''Radical Perspectives in the Arts'' (1973) Ed. ISBN 0-14-021423-2
*''World Guide to Nude Beaches & Recreation'' (1980) ISBN 0-517-54983-2
*''International Guide to Nude Beaches and Recreation'' (1981) ISBN 0-88373-107-X
*''World Guide to Nude Beaches & Resorts'' (1995) ISBN 0-934106-20-7
*''Lee Baxandall's World Guide to Nude Beaches & Resorts: New for the '90s'' (1997) ISBN 0-934106-21-5

==See also==
*''[[Studies on the Left]]''
*[[Clothes free organizations]]
*[[List of public outdoor clothes free places]]
*[[Social nudity]]
*''[[Nude & Natural]]''
*[[Public nudity]]
*[[Skinny dipping]]
*[[The Naturist Society]]

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Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes Toward an Investigation

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:46:46 GMT

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''[[Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes Toward an Investigation]]'' is an essay by [[Louis Althusser]] on [[ideology]]. The essay establishes the concept of ideology, also based on [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci's]] theory of [[hegemony]]. Whereas hegemony is ultimately determined entirely by political forces, ideology draws on [[Freud]]'s and [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan's]] concepts of the [[unconscious mind|unconscious]] and [[Mirror stage|mirror-phase]] respectively, and describes the structures and systems that allow us to meaningfully have a concept of the [[subject (philosophy)|self]]. These structures, for Althusser, are both agents of repression and inevitable - it is impossible to escape ideology; to not be subjected to it. The distinction between ideology and science or philosophy is not assured once for all by the ''[[epistemological break]]'', term borrowed from [[Gaston Bachelard]]: this "break" is not a chronologically-determined event, but a process. Instead of an assured victory, there is a continuous struggle against ideology: "Ideology has no history".
===Louis Althusser's ''Ideological State Apparatuses''===
[[Louis Althusser]] proposed a materialistic conception of ideology, which made use of a special type of discourse: the [[lacunar discourse]]. A number of propositions, which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are. In this way, the essence of the lacunar discourse is what is ''not'' told (but is suggested).

For example, the statement "All are equal before the law", which is a theoretical groundwork of current legal systems, suggests that all people may be of equal worth or have equal "opportunities". This is not true, for the concept of [[private property]] and power over the [[means of production]] results in some people being able to own more (''much'' more) than others. This power disparity contradicts the claim that all share both practical worth and future opportunity equally; for example, the rich can afford better legal representation, which practically privileges them before the law.

Althusser also proffered the concept of the [[Louis Althusser#Ideological state apparatuses|Ideological State Apparatus]] to explain his theory of ideology. His first thesis was "''ideology has no history''": while individual ideolog''ies'' have histories, interleaved with the general class struggle of society, the general form of ideology is external to history.

For Althusser, beliefs and ideas are the products of social practices, not the reverse. His thesis that "''ideas are material''" is illustrated by the "scandalous advice" of [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]] toward unbelievers: "kneel and pray, and then you will believe". What is ultimately ideological for Althusser are not the subjective beliefs held in the conscious "minds" of human individuals, but rather discourses that produce these beliefs, the material institutions and rituals that individuals take part in without submitting it to conscious examination and [[critical thinking]].

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Delayed ejaculation

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:27:22 GMT

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'''Delayed ejaculation,''' also called ''retarded ejaculation'' or ''inhibited ejaculation,'' is a man's inability for or persistent difficulty in achieving [[orgasm]], despite typical [[sexual desire]] and [[sexual stimulation]]. Generally, a man can reach orgasm within a few minutes of active thrusting during sexual [[Sexual intercourse|intercourse]], whereas a man with delayed ejaculation either does not have orgasms at all or cannot have an orgasm until after prolonged intercourse which might last for 30–45 minutes or more.

==See also==
* [[Anorgasmia]]
* [[Orgasm control]]
* [[Premature ejaculation]]
* [[Retrograde ejaculation]]
* [[Sexual repression]]

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Cognitive development

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:24:00 GMT

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'''Cognitive development''' is a field of study in [[neuroscience]] and [[psychology]] focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development and [[cognitive psychology]] compared to an adult's point of view. In other words, cognitive development is the emergence of the ability to think and understand.

==See also==
* [[Developmental psychology]]
* [[Fuzzy-trace theory]]
* [[Infant and child psychology]]
* [[Infant cognitive development]]

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Infant mental health

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:23:17 GMT

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'''Infant mental health''' is the study of [[mental health]] as it applies to [[infant]]s and their families. The field investigates optimal [[social development|social]] and [[emotion]]al development of infants and their families in the first three years of life. [[cognitive development]], and the development of [[motor skills]] may also be considered part of the infant mental health picture.

==Organizations==
Worldwide, the World Association for Infant Mental Health (WAIMH) and its affiliates are active in addressing infant mental health concerns, and work toward ongoing scientific and clinical study of the infant’s development and its impact on later development. The WAIMH organizes a world congress in even years.

In the [[United States]], the organization Zero to Three Foundation also plays an important role in research and advocacy for infants and toddlers. A number of states have infant mental health organizations affiliated with WAIMH.

These organizations publish newsletters and journals such as "Zero to Three" and organize conferences and training events for individuals working with young children and their families.

Infant mental health also refers to an interdisciplinary practice that began with Selma Fraiberg. Infant mental health practitioners provide relationship-focused interventions to the parents, foster parents, or other primary caregivers with infants and toddlers. Support is offered to help the parents better understand the unresolved losses from their past in order to be more emotionally available to their infant or toddler. The goal is often more satisfying relationships between the parent(s) and infant/toddler and a more secure attachment.

==See also==
* [[attachment theory]]
* [[child abuse]]
* [[child sexual abuse]]
* [[child welfare]]

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Anchoring

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:19:19 GMT

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'''Anchoring''' or '''focalism''' is a [[cognitive bias]] that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the "anchor") when making decisions. During [[decision making]], anchoring occurs when individuals use an initial piece of information to make subsequent judgments. Once an anchor is set, other judgments are made by adjusting away from that anchor, and there is a bias toward interpreting other information around the anchor. For example, the initial price offered for a used car sets the standard for the rest of the negotiations, so that prices lower than the initial price seem more reasonable even if they are still higher than what the car is really worth.

==See also==
* [[List of cognitive biases]]
* [[Primacy effect]]
* [[Negotiation#Negotiation strategies|Negotiation strategies]]

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The Fourth Reich

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:08:34 GMT

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'''''The Fourth Reich''''' was an [[Extended play|EP]] released by the [[Iceland]]ic [[New Wave music|New Wave]] group [[Þeyr]] through [[Mjöt]] in 12" vinyl format.

For this work Þeyr recurred to a stronger use of percussion and rhythmic efforts than previous works, where the songs "Metamorphosis" and "Blood" outstands due to their deep percussive orientation. 
This single was released in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] through [[Shout (record label)|Shout]].

==Banning in the UK==
This EP was released in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] through label [[Shout (record label)|Shout]] but its original front cover was banned and replaced by a new one with black-colored background and just the title in red gothic characters. The name ''The Fourth Reich'' could lead to confusion because the title seems to suggest a continuation of the [[Third Reich]]. Actually, the image cover depicts [[Austria]]n [[psychiatrist]] and [[psychoanalysis]] [[Wilhelm Reich]] with a red [[armband]] similar to that used by the [[Nazism|nazis]], but in this case, the armband had the symbol of the [[orgone]] physics, which represented [[Dualism|duality]] and its origins in unity, referred by Reich as functionalism. 
As a matter of fact, this release was a tribute to Reich, since Þeyr members were interested in his works. The back cover of this record also featured an image of Reich being escorted from the courthouse in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], [[Maine]] when he was arrested in 1956.

This image is accompanied by a [[German language|German]] inscription which reads the following: 
''Gemäss der Verordung des Reichspräsidenten vom 28. Februar 1933 ist die Verteilung aller ausländischen Veröffentlichungen der politisch-psychologischen Reiche der Verleger für Sexualpolitik ([[Verlag für Sexualpolitik]], Kopenhagen, Dänemark, ebenso, Prag, Tchechoslowakei und Zürich, Schweiz) im Reich bis auf weiteres verboten.''*

Translation: ''According to the order by the Reich’s president on February 28, 1933 the distribution of all foreigners publications pertaining the polito-psychological topics (Publishers for sexual politics, Copenhagen, Denmark, the same as Prague, Czechoslovakia and Zurich, Switzerland) has been forbidden from now on in the Reich.''

The fragment clearly refers to Reich’s book ''[[Mass Psychology of Fascism]]'' (1933), in which he claimed that [[fascism]] was the result of [[sexual repression]]. This book was banned soon after its publication the same year Nazis took power.

==Track listing==
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|- style="background-color:#e9e9e9" |
! Track !! Title !! Length !! Lyrics !! Audio clips
|-
| 01 || Public || 03:25 || - || -
|-
| 02 || Metamorphosis || 03:43 || - || -
|-
| 03 || Zen || 03:42 || - || -
|-
| 04 || Blood || 03:00 || - || -
|}

==Credits==
'''Performers:''' 
*Vocalist: [[Magnús Guðmundsson (musician)|Magnús Guðmundsson]]
*Guitars: [[Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson]] and [[Þorsteinn Magnússon]]
*Bass: [[Hilmar Örn Agnarsson]]
*Drums: [[Sigtryggur Baldursson]]

*Lyrics:
**Track 1: lyrics by Magnús Guðmundsson
**Tracks 2, 3 and 4: lyrics by Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson and Hilmar Örn Aganarsson
*Music: all songs by Þeyr.

==Video clip of "Blood"==

In 1982 Þeyr did a TV performance that has been considered as their first and unique clip. This hilarious video shows the band playing on the set accompanied by red-colored war footage that is intended to highlight the lyrics of the song. Magnús Guðmundsson, the vocalist appeared wearing make up and a cap, while bassist Hilmar Ö. Agnarsson is twisting around out of control. Guitarist Guðlaugur K. Óttarsson was frenziedly dancing at left of screen wearing a nightgown, while the other guitarist, Þorsteinn Magnússon was absent and replaced with a dummy. Drummer Sigtryggur Baldursson appeared in the back. 
This video clip was widely unavailable until it was uploaded in MPEG2 format on the Internet in 2005.

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Sexpol

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:01:40 GMT

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The '''German Federal Association for Proletarian Sexual Politics''' ([[German]]: '''''Deutscher Reichsverband für Proletarische Sexualpolitik'''''), often referred to by the acronym '''SEXPOL''', was an organization founded in 1931 by [[Wilhelm Reich]].

Reich opened six free sex-counselling [[clinic]]s in Vienna, each one overseen by a [[physician]], with three [[obstetrician]]s and a lawyer on call, offering what he called Sex-Pol counselling for working-class patients. [[Elizabeth Danto]] writes that Reich offered a mixture of "psychoanalytic counseling, [[Marxist]] advice and [[contraceptive]]s," and argued for a [[sexual permissiveness]], including for young people and the unmarried, that unsettled other psychoanalysts and the political left. The clinics were immediately overcrowded by people seeking help.
==See also==
*[[Verlag für Sexualpolitik]]
*[[Sexpol (French journal)]]
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Verlag für Sexualpolitik

Jahsonic — Sat, 25 May 2013 09:01:29 GMT

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[[Verlag für Sexualpolitik]] is a publishing house founded by [[Wilhelm Reich]] in 1932. His first publication was the pamphlet ''[[Der Sexuelle Kampf der Jugend]][http://archive.org/details/Reich_1932_Sexuelle_Kampf_der_Jugend_k]''.
==See also==
*[[Sexpol]]
*[[The Fourth Reich]]
*[[Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie und Sexualökonomie]]

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