Monopod (creature)
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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"He [Ctesias] speaks also of another race of men, who are known as Monocoli, who have only one leg, but are able to leap with surprising agility. The same people are also called Sciapodae, because they are in the habit of lying on their backs, during the time of the extreme heat, and protect themselves from the sun by the shade of their feet."--Naturalis Historia by Pliny |
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Monopods (also sciapods, skiapods, skiapodes, Monocoli) are mythological dwarf-like creatures with a single, large foot extending from one thick leg centered in the middle of their body. The name Skiapodes is derived from σκιαποδες - "shadow feet" in Greek, monocoli from μονοκωλοι - 'one legged' in Greek.
The creature is depicted in Schedelsche Weltchronik.
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References in Premodern History
Skiapodes are featured in Aristophanes' play The Birds, first performed in 414 BCE.
These were described by Pliny the Elder in Naturalis Historia. Pliny describes how travelers have reported their encounters or sights of Monopods in India, and he records their stories. Pliny remarks that they are first mentioned by Ctesias in his book India, a record of the view of Persians of India which only remains in fragments. Pliny describes Monopods as thus (Natural History 7:2):
- He [Ctesias] speaks also of another race of men, who are known as Monocoli, who have only one leg, but are able to leap with surprising agility. The same people are also called Sciapodae, because they are in the habit of lying on their backs, during the time of the extreme heat, and protect themselves from the sun by the shade of their feet.
Philostratus mentions Skiapodes in his Life of Apollonius of Tyana, which was cited by Eusebius in his Treatise Against Hierocles. Apollonius of Tyana believes the Skiapodes live in India and Ethiopia, and asks the Indian sage Iarkhas about their existence.
The legend of the Monopod survived into the Middle Ages. Isidore of Seville mentions this strange creature in his Etymologiae.
Origin
According to Carl A.P. Ruck, the Monopods's cited existence in India refers to the Vedic Aja Ekapad ("Not-born Single-foot"), an epithet for Soma. Since Soma is a botanical deity the single foot would represent the stem of an entheogenic plant or fungus. [1]
It is possible that the myth derived from a misinterpretation of the practice of Indian yogis (sadhu) who sometimes meditate on one foot.
Facts
In the record of all known life on Earth, past and present, there are examples of one-footed lifeforms, and life-forms that give the appearance of being one-footed. However, there is no evidence of any human or near-human species ever having evolved a monopodal form. The only known instances of one-footedness among humans, or any similar species, involve birth defects and/or amputations. There is no historical record of a community or tribe of monopodal humans.
Modern References and Popular Culture
Chronicles of Narnia
C.S. Lewis introduces monopods in the book The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, a part of his children's fiction/fantasy series The Chronicles of Narnia.
In the story, the Duffers, a tribe of monopodal dwarves, inhabit a small island in the far eastern ocean, near the edge of the Narnian world; along with a magician, Coriakin, who was charged with their care. They were originally regular dwarves, with two legs, but were transformed into monopods by Coriakin, as a punishment. The Duffers were so unhappy with their appearance (they said that they had been "uglified") that they made themselves invisible. Lucy Pevensie later made them visible again. They were (re)discovered by explorers from the Narnian ship, the Dawn Treader, which had landed on the island to rest and resupply. The ship was on an expedition to the furthest east; both a voyage of discovery, and a search for a previous Narnian vessel that had been sent on a similar expedition years earlier.
After sorting out certain misunderstandings about Coriakin's role on the island, the visiting Narnians (and three British children from mid-twentieth century Earth: siblings Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, and their cousin Eustace Scrubb) taught the Duffers how to navigate on water. By using small oars and jumping on the water lightly, foot-first, the monopodal dwarves were able to row themselves about; each floating on their single, large shoe. Before leaving, the travelers renamed the Duffers "Monopods"; however, the Duffers soon mixed up the name, saying " 'Moneypuds, Pomonods, Poddymons.' " Eventually, they settled on the name "Dufflepuds".
The Dufflepuds looked liked other Narnian dwarves, aside from their monopodality; their one leg was usually about three feet long, and ended in a large foot, clad in a boat-shaped shoe. When they slept, each dwarf lay on their back with their foot in the air, acting as a kind of umbrella over them; creating a mushroom-like appearance, when viewed from a distance. According to Brian Sibley's book The Land of Narnia, Lewis may have based their appearance on drawings from the Hereford Mappa Mundi.
Skiapods in Baudolino
Umberto Eco in his novel Baudolino describes a sciapod named Gavagai. The name of the creature "Gavagai" is a reference to Quine's example of indeterminacy of translation.
Other
Sciapod is also part of the Monster in My Pocket series.
There is a South American legend of a monopod woman named 'Patasola'.
Sukiya Podes (a Japanization then re-romanization of Sciapodes) is a character in the Puyo Puyo series.
In the Legend Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain, a massive sciapod is mentioned to have control over the animals and to have outstanding physical strength.
Talk Radio personality Hugh Hewitt refers to his listeners that follow on Twitter as Dufflepuds [2] or Tribbles, especially when employing use of the hashtag "#hhrs" in Tweets.
Brazilian modernist Tarsila do Amaral's painting "Abaporu" is said to be a representation of a sciapod.
Tim MacIntosh-Smith briefly refers to edible monopod poets in the preface to 'Yemen - Travels in Dictionary Land'
In Dutch
"stam , de Sciapodae 1 ) of ,, schaduwvoeters " , wier voeten zo groot zijn , dat zij als zonnescherm kunnen ... Met dat al heeft Plinius als geleerde tot de dagen van Buffon veel gezag gehad ; moge de wetenschap van onze tijd van ..."--Latijnse letterkunde - Petrus Joannes Enk · 1935
"De grootste bron van wonderen is voor de Middeleeuwse schrijvers waarschijnlijk Plinius ( 23—79 n . Chr . ) geweest . In zijn ,, Historia Naturalis " komen tal van wonderverhalen voor . ... Hij noemt ze Sciapoden of schaduwvoeters ."-- Misvorming en verbeelding - Jan Fredrik Adolf Beins · 1948
"Plinius verhaalt van mensen , wier voeten zo groot waren , dat zij in de schaduw daarvan verkoeling konden zoeken ; daarom werden zij ,, Sciapodes " of ,, Schaduwvoeten " genoemd . Deze mensen hadden maar één voet , een omstandigheid ..."--Symboliek van de voet Cornelius Wilhelmus Maria Verhoeven · 1957
"Zeker , wij zijn van een andere natuur : hondengezichten of schaduwvoeten ' ! Onze tanden staan zeker anders . Wij hebben andere organen ... Vrezen zij , gestraft te worden , 1 ) Fantastische wezens , waarover Plinius , Nat . Hist ."--Tertullianus Apologeticum: en andere geschriften uit ..."-- Tertullian, Christine Mohrmann · 1951
See also
