Scenes from the Passion of Christ
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Scenes from the Passion of Christ is an oil painting on a panel of Baltic oak, painted c.1470 by German-born Early Netherlandish painter Hans Memling. The painting shows 23 vignettes combined in one narrative composition without a central dominating scene: 19 episodes from the Passion of Christ, the Resurrection, and 3 later appearances of the risen Christ (to Mary Magdalene, on the road to Emmaus, and at the Sea of Galilee). The painting was commissioned by Tommaso Portinari, an Italian banker based in Bruges, who is depicted in a donor portrait kneeling and praying in the lower left corner, with his wife, Maria Baroncelli, in a similar attitude in the lower right corner.
The painting is relatively small, 56.7 × 92.2 cm, and is unlikely to have been an altarpiece. It may have been intended for Portinari's chapel in the church of St Jacob in Bruges. It was not catalogued in Portinari's belongings when he died in 1501, and is thought to have been moved from Bruges to Florence between 1510 and 1520. It is first recorded in the collection of Cosimo I in Florence in 1550. The painting is now held by the Galleria Sabauda in Turin.
The scenes
The scenes of the Passion start in the distance at the top left with Jesus's entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, passes through the town and out again to the bottom left to the Garden of Gethsemane, through the Passion scenes in the centre of the city (judgment of Pilate, the Flagellation of Jesus, Crowning with Thorns, Ecce Homo), then follows the procession of the cross back out of the city to the bottom right, then up to the top for the crucifixion, and ending in the distance at the top right with the appearances at Emmaus and Galilee. It includes 7 of the traditional 14 Stations of the Cross, but adds several scenes before and after them, and omits 7: Jesus being given his cross, two occasions when Jesus falls carrying the cross, Jesus meeting his mother, Veronica wiping the face of Jesus, Jesus meeting the daughters of Jerusalem, and Jesus being stripped of his garments.
The scenes are distributed in and around an idealised Jerusalem, depicted as a walled medieval city with exotic towers topped by domes. The high "birds-eye" point of view makes Calvary visible behind the city. Unusually, for paintings of this period, the lighting across the painting is internal, associated with the rising sun on the far right, and consistent across the painting, with areas to the rear right in the light and areas to the front left in shadow.
The chronology
In order, the scenes are:
| 1. | Jesus rides into the city on a donkey on Palm Sunday | top left, outside the city gatehouse |
| 2. | Jesus driving the money-changers out of the Temple | to the right of the entry of Jesus, under a double arch |
| 3. | Judas betrays Jesus to the High Priests | down and to the left from the temple scene, in a narrow candle-lit archway |
| 4. | The Last Supper | to the left of the betrayal, in a building with a pitched roof |
| 5. | Prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane | below the Last Supper; three apostles lie sleeping while Jesus prays |
| 6. | Arrest of Christ | down and right from the garden: Judas kisses Jesus; Peter cuts off Malchus' ear |
| 7. | Denial of Peter | above and right from the arrest: Peter shown in a doorway, with cock crowing above |
| 8. | Christ before Pilate | left of centre; Pilate seated on his throne (traditional Station of the Cross no.1) |
| 9. | Flagellation of Christ | centre |
| 10. | Second interrogation by Pilate | right of centre, skipping across two scenes in a narrow building set back |
| 11. | Crowning with Thorns | right of the flagellation, Jesus receives a crown with thorns and a purple robe |
| 12. | Ecce Homo | right from the crowning with thorns: Christ is shown to the people, who condemn him to death |
| 13. | Making of the Cross | down and left, below the flagellation |
| 14. | Carrying of the Cross; Simon of Cyrene bears the cross | below and proceeding to the right, a procession leaves from the city gate; on the road outside, Christ falls to his knees, and is assisted by Simon of Cyrene (traditional Stations of the Cross nos 3 and 5) |
| 15. | Jesus is nailed to the cross | top, right of centre (traditional Station of the Cross no.11) |
| 16. | Crucifixion | above, to the left, Jesus dies on Golgotha, together with two criminals (traditional Station of the Cross no.12) |
| 17. | Descent from the Cross | to the right, Christ is removed from the cross at night (traditional Station of the Cross no.13) |
| 18. | The Entombment | below the descent from the cross, to the right (traditional Station of the Cross no.14) |
| 19. | Christ in Limbo | to the right of the procession, Christ with a crucifix |
| 20. | Resurrection | above limbo, with the guards asleep |
| 21. | Meeting with Mary Magdalene: noli me tangere | above the resurrection |
| 22. | On the Road to Emmaus | to the left of the meeting with Mary Magdalene |
| 23. | Appearance before the apostles at the Sea of Galilee | top right |
