The Rise of the Novel  

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Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding (1957) by Ian Watt is a book on the history of the novel.

It traces the origins of the novel, and is a study of literary realism.

The book traces the rise of the modern novel to philosophical, economic and social trends and conditions that become prominent in the early 18th century.

Due to the influence of Ian Watt's seminal study in literary sociology Watt's candidate for the first novel in English, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), gained wide acceptance.

Themes

A key element Watt explores is the decline in importance of the philosophy of classical antiquities, with its various strains of idealistic thought that viewed human experience as composed of universal Platonic "forms" with an innate perfection. Such a view of life and philosophy dominated writers from ancient times through the Renaissance, resulting in classical poetic forms and genres with essentially flat plots and characters (Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin has written that such literature can literally be read front to back, or back to front, with no significant difference in effect). These philosophical beliefs began to be replaced perhaps in the later Renaissance, into the Enlightenment, and, most importantly, in the early 18th century. The importance of rationalist philosophers such as John Locke, Descartes, Spinoza and many others who followed them, and the scientific, social and economic developments of this period began to have ever greater impact, and in place of the older classical idealism, a more realistic, pragmatic, empirical understanding of life and human behavior, which recognized human individuality and conscious experience, began to emerge. This was reflected in the novels of Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding, who in important ways began to write of unique individual lives and experiences lived in realistic, intersubjective (the term is Husserl's, who did not come along until the 20th century) environments. Watt wrote that the novel form's "primary criterion was truth to individual experience" (13). It is this focus on individual experience that characterizes the novel in Wattian terms. Prose works of a certain length could not necessarily be classified as novels--lengthy prose works had existed since ancient times, but many of these works dealt in the types characteristic of ancient literature. The picaresque novel is an example of such a genre.

A second major trend that Watt studies is the "rise of the reading public" and the growth of professional publishing during this period. Publishers at this time “occupied a strategic position between author and printer, and between both of these and the public” (52-3). The growth of profit concerns impelled publishers to reach out to wider reading publics, which created the need in popular writings for more individual characterization and portrayals of a greater array of different classes, peoples, ages, sexes, etc. (writing aimed at, and soon written by, women writers is an important trend of 18th century literature) Such detailed writings of the experiences of different people can be seen in the novelists Watt examines, and had rarely been seen before. Watt presents many statistical details in this section of the book in support of his argument.

Index

INDEX Titles are not normally indexed separately, but under author; fictional characters, editors, compilers, editions, and modern periodicals are not indexed as such. Aaron R. I., The Theory of Universals, 12 n. 317 Ackermann Rudolph, Microcosm of London, 218 n. Addison, Joseph, 29, 52, 61, 151, 171 ; death-bed speech, 218; Guardian, 169, quoted, 43 ; Spectator, 36, 216, quoted on Homer, 246, on London, 178 Adventurer, The, quoted, 58 Aeschylus, 23 Aesop, 163 Alchemist, The, 269 Aldridge A. O., "Polygamy and Deism", 147 n.; 'Polygamy in Early Fiction...', 147n. Allen, Ralph, 285 Allestree Richard, author (?) of The Ladies' Calling, quoted, 144 Amory Thomas, Life of John Buncle, 147 Anderson Paul B., Thomas Gordon and John Mottley, A Trip through London, 1728, 180 n. Applebee's Journal, quoted, 53, 77 - 8, 241, 244 Apuleius, The Golden Ass, 33 Aristophanes, 256 Aristotle, 15, 79, 156, 168, 201 - 2, 248, 249, 250, 254, 271, 273, 274, 280, 283 ; Metaphysics, 21 n.; Poetics, 250, quoted, 19, 107, 251 n., 257, 271, 286 ; Politics, 196, quoted, 87 ; Posterior Analytics, 16 n. Arnold, Matthew, 43, 176 Astell Mary, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, 145 Aucassin and Nicolette, 33 Auerbach Erich, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, 79 Augustanism, 28 - 30, 52, 194, 260 ; and see under Critical tradition, Neo-classicism Austen, Jane, 130, 145, 185, 220, 280, 301 ; place in the tradition of the novel, 296 - 9 ; Emma, 297 ; Northanger Abbey, 163; Pride and Prejudice, 297 Austen-Leigh R. A., "William Strahan and His Ledgers", 37 n. Authorship in the eighteenth century, 52-9, 99, 101, 290, 298 - 9 Autobiography, 191, 209, 292 ; in memoir, compared to epistolary, form, 192 - 3 ; and Puritanism, 75 ; imitated in Defoe's novels, 100 - 1, 107, 295 ; difficulties of, as formal basis of Moll Flanders, 113 - 17 ; Robinson Crusoe as autobiographical, 90 -1 Bachelors, 146 - 7 Bachelor's Soliloquy, The, quoted, 147 Bacon Francis, Advancement of Learning, 62 Baird Theodore, The Time Scheme of Tristram Shandy and a Source, 292n. Balzac, Honoré de, 27, 30, 180, 294, 300, 301; Les Illusions perdues, quoted, on Clarissa, 212 ; Le Père Goriot, 27, 94 318 (Rastignac) Barbauld, Mrs. Anna Laetitia, 83 n., 288 ; 'Life' prefixed to her edition of Richardson Correspondence, quoted, on Defoe and Richardson, 175 - 6, on Richardson as realist, 17 Baxter, Reverend Richard, 103 ; on prose style, quoted, 102 ; Reliquiae Baxterianae, quoted, 102 Behn, Aphra, 19, 33 Beloff Max, Public Order and Public Disturbances 1660-1714, 178 Bennett, Arnold, 133 Bentley, Richard, 241 Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, 18 ; Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, quoted, 16 Bernbaum Ernest, The Mary Carleton Narratives, 1663-1673, 106 -303- Besant Sir Walter, London Life in the Eighteenth Century, 182 n., 218 n. Bible, The, 76 Biography, 191 - 2 ; Defoe's regard for, 107 ; rogue biographies and Moll Flanders, 106, and see under Autobiography Bishop, John Peale, on Moll Flanders, error in dating, 129 ; praise of, 118 Black F. G., The Epistolary Novel in the Late Eighteenth Century, 191n. Blackwell Thomas, Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer, 245 - 6 253 Blair Robert, The Grave, 217 Blake William, "On Homer's Poetry", quoted, 243 Blanchard F. T., Fielding the Novelist: A Study in Historical Criticism, 260 n. quoted, 269, 273, 279, 288 Block Andrew, The English Novel, 1740-1850. A Catalogue..., 290 n. Boccaccio, Decameron, compared to Pamela, 203 - 4 Bolton Robert, Dean of Carlisle, Essays on the Employment of Time quoted, 46 De Bonald, Du style et de la littérature, 300 Bonar James, Theories of Population from Raleigh to Arthur Young, 147 n. Books, output of, 36 - 7 ; prices of, 41 - 3 Booksellers, concentrated in London, 178 ; literary influence of, 53 - 9, 290; power and status of, 52 - 5 Boswell, James, as writer of confessional autobiography, 75 ; Life of Johnson, quoted: Boswell on Fielding as moralist, 283 ; Johnson's comparison between Fielding and Richardson, 261; 319 Johnson's views on marriage, 164 Botsford J. B., English Society in the Eighteenth Century, 147n. Bradford Governor William, History of Plymouth Plantation, 82 Bradshaigh, Lady Dorothy, 246, 247 ; letters from Richardson to, 217; quoted, 183 -4, 194, 243 Bray René, La Formation de la doctrine classique en France, 249 n. Brontë Charlotte, Jane Eyre, 231 Brontë Emily, Wuthering Heights, 231 Brooke Henry, Collection of Pieces, quoted, 165 Broome, William, 241 Bunyan, John 19, 26, 33, 80, 83, 84 ; Grace Abounding, 75; Life and Death of Mr. Badman, 19, 31, quoted, 143 ; The Pilgrim's Progress, 24, great popularity of, 50 Burch Charles E., "British Criticism of Defoe as a Novelist, 17191860", 132 n. Burke, Edmund, on size of reading public, 36 Burnet Gilbert, History of His Own Time, 20 Burney, Fanny, 290; and Jane Austen, 296, 298 ; and feminine point of view, 299 ; Diary, quoted, 43 Burridge Richard, A New Review of London, 180 n. Burtt H. E., and Landis M. H., "A Study of Conversations", 298n. Butler, Bishop Joseph, 18 Butler J. D., "'British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies", 96 n. Calvin, John, 75, 160 Calvinism, 73 -6, 85, 90 -2 Camus Albert, La Peste, 133 Capital, modern industrial, and Robinson Crusoe, 60 - 70 Carlson Lennart, The First Magazine, 52n. Carlyle, "Burns", quoted, 33 Carpenter, Edward, Thomas Sherlock, 36n., quoted, 179 Carter, Elizabeth, 145 Cary, Joyce, Herself Surprised, 118 Cassandra (La Calprenède), 250 Cassirer Ernst, "Raum und Zeit", Das Erkenntnisproblem..., 24n. Cave, Edward, and Gentleman's Magazine, 51 -2 Cervantes, Don Quixote, 85-6, 133, 197, 205, 251 Chadwick H. M., and N. K., The Growth of Literature, 243n. Chambers Ephraim, Cyclopaedia, 55 Chapone, Mrs., 153 ; Posthumous Works, quoted, 58 Characterisation, in formal realism, 18- 27 ; in Defoe, 71, 76, 78, 88, 90- 92, 108 -18, 124 -5; in Fielding, -304- 264 - 5, 270 - 6, 278 - 80 ; in Richardson, 168 - 71, 211 - 15, 311 218 - 19, 225 - 9, 231 - 8, 266 -8, 270, 272, 275 'Characters of nature' and 'characters of manners', 261, 272, 294 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 14, 33 ; Franklin's Tale, 137 ; Troilus and Criseyde, 160, 171 Chesterfield, Lord, Letter to David Mallet, quoted, 195 Cheyne, Dr. George, Richardson defends Pamela to, 152 ; Letters of Doctor George Cheyne to Richardson, 1738-1743, quoted: on booksellers, 54, 57 ; on Richardson's 'nervous hyp', 184, on indecencies in Pamela, 202 Cibber, Colley, 157 Circulating libraries, 52, 55, 145 ; Coleridge quoted on their devotees, 200 ; and the novel, 290 ; rise of, 42 - 3 Clare, John, 39 Clark Alice, Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century, 142 n. Clark G. N., The Later Stuarts, 16601714, 24 n. Clarke Lowther, Eighteenth Century Piety, 143 n. Class, social, and literary genre, 79, 158 -9, 165 - 7 ; and Puritanism, 77, 166 ; and sexual ideology, 158-9, 162 -3, 165- 7, 220 - 4 ; in Defoe, 78, 114 -15, 121, 131, 240, 269 ; in Fielding, 269-71, 275; in Richardson, 165-7, 213, 220-4, 238, 244 -5, 269; and see under Middle-class Clelia (Madeleine de Scudéry), 250 Cleopatra (La Calprenède), 250 Cobbett William, Parliamentary History, 150 n. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 93 ; on Robinson Crusoe, 119 - 20 ; quoted: 26 ; on circulating libraries, 200; on Faerie Queene, 23

on Richardson, 288 ; on Robinson Crusoe, 78; on Tatler and

Spectator, 163 ; on Tom Jones, 269, 273, 279 Collier Jane, Essay on the Art of Ingeniously Tormenting, quoted, on Clarissa, 223, on spinsters, 145 Collier Jeremy, Short View of the Profaneness and Immorality of the English Stage, 158-9, quoted, 162163 Collins A. S., Authorship in the days of Johnson, 36 n.; The Profession of Letters, 36n. Congreve William, The Way of the World, 169 Cooke Arthur L., "Henry Fielding and the Writers of Heroic Romance", 249 n. Corbett Sir Charles, bookseller, 53 Covent Garden Journal, The, quoted, 255 Cowper, William, 147 Crane R. S., "The Concept of Plot and the Plot of Tom Jones", quoted, 287 Criminality, and individualism, 94 96 ; and secularisation, 128 ; in Moll Flanders, 110 -15 Critical Remarks on Sir Charles Grandison, Clarissa and Pamela, 311 quoted, 172, 182, 194 -5 Critical tradition, classical and neoclassical: and the booksellers, 52 59 ; and formal realism, 14- 30, 33, 285 -6, 301 ; and the novel, 30, 205 206, 301; and Defoe, 49, 57-8, 99, 101, 240- 2 ; and Fielding, 54, 56, 58, 239, 248 - 50, 257-9, 260 -2, 268 275, 285-9; and Richardson, 49, 57-8, 176, 193 -5, 219, 242 -8 Cross Wilbur L., History of Henry Fielding, 20n., 25 n., 55n., 251 n. Croxall Reverend Samuel, A Select Collection of Novels and Histories in Six Volumes, quoted, 49 Dante, Divina Commedia, 79 D'Aubignac, 241 Davenant, Charles, 146 Davis A. P., Isaac Watts, quoted, 56 Du Deffand, Madame, quoted, on Pamela, 153 Defoe, Daniel, 9, 12, 15, 20, 27, 28, 52, 60 - 134 passim, 135, 141, 159, 175, 185, 186, 189, 192, 208, 209, 219, 248, 256, 257, 269, 270, 280, 281, 288, 291, 292, 296, 297, 298, 301; and biography, 90 - 1, 100 -1, 106 -7; personal character, 90; confusion of material and spiritual values, 73, 82 -3, 118 -19; and the critical tradition, 33, 57-8, 240-2; and devotional literature, 50; his heroes, 78; and individualism, 57, 62, 65 - 92

as Londoner, 180 -3,

-305- 186 ; use of milieu, 26 ; his names, 19, 20, 105 ; on old maids, 144 ; on oral tradition, 241 ; and personal relationships, 65 - 70, 92, 109 - 12 ; his plots, 14, 104 - 8 ; his prose style, 29, 30, 100 - 4 ; and reading public, 49 - 50, 57 - 9 ; his formal realism, 11, 17, 32 -4, 74, 84 - 5, 104, 129 - 31, 175 ; his religion, 75 - 6, 77 -8; his reputation, 93, 132 -4, 242 ; and sex, 67 -9, 114, 159, 161, 165 ; and social classes, 40, 59, 65, 76 - 80, 114- 15, 121, 131, 240, 269 ; and time, 24, 116 -17; on writing, 57, 99, 241 Criticism of: by Mrs. Barbauld, 175-6; by John Peale Bishop, 118, 129; by Camus, 133 ; by Coleridge, 93, 119 -20; by Dickens, 68 ; by Bonamy Dobrée, 126 - 7 ; by E. M. Forster, 108, 133; by D. H. Lawrence, 185 ; by F. R. Leavis, 93; by Malraux, 133; by William Minto, 93; by Clara Reeves, 93-4; by Rousseau, 86 ; by Mark Schorer, 93; by Leslie Stephen, 93, 103, 108; by Reed Whittemore, 128 ; by Virginia Woolf, 93, 120, 133 Works: Applebee's Journal, quoted: on literature as a trade, 53 ; on Marlborough's funeral, 77-8; on Pope's Homer, 241; on true 312 courage, 244 Augusta Triumphans, 180 - 1 Captain Singleton, 63, 65 The Case of Protestant Dissenters in Carolina, quoted, 73 Colonel Jacque, 63, 65, 78, 94, 96 ; quoted, 165 The Complete English Tradesman, quoted, 143 ; editor of 1738 edition quoted, 57; editor of 1839 edition quoted, 186 The Dumb Philosopher, quoted, 73 An Essay upon Literature, 240-1 An Essay upon Projects, 145 The Family Instructor, 50, 66 The Felonious Treaty, quoted, 240 The History and Reality of Apparitions, quoted, 242 A Journal of Plague Year, 94 Defoe, Daniel -- contd. Works -- contd. Life of Mr. Duncan Campbell, quoted, 107, 240 Memoirs of a Cavalier, Preface, quoted, 104 Mist's Journal, quoted, 240 Moll Flanders, 11, 19, 26, 29, 93 134 passim, 188, 208, 215, 219 ; heroine's character, 108-11, 112 -15, 116- 18, 124 -5, 132, 179, 186, 188; and economic individualism, 63, 65, 66, 111 -12, 114-15, 124-5; inconsistencies in, 98 -9, 112, 116-17; irony in, 97 -8, 118 130 ; and love, 109-12, 121, 165; and marriage, 116-17, 143; possible models for, 106 107; moral aim of, 98, 115 118, 123 -6, 131- 2 ; narrative method in, 96-104, 130-1; and Defoe's other novels, 9396; personal relationships in, 108-12, 133-4; plot of, 99100, 104-8, 112, 131-2; point of view in, 116-18, 126-7, 131-2; psychology in, 108-15, 123; and urban outlook of heroine, 179; quoted, 66 313 A Plan of the English Commerce, 66 The Poor Man's Plea, quoted, 158 Religious Courtship, 135 A Reply to a Pamphlet, Entitled 'The Lord Haversham's Vindication of His Speech...', quoted, 90 The Review, 40; influence of on Defoe's development, 103-4; quoted, 63, 67, 103, 161, 240 Robinson Crusoe (in general, or the trilogy as a whole), 17, 19, 62 -92passim; as autobiographical, 90; characterisation in, 71, 76, 78, 88, 90-2; and dignity of labour, 73-4; and economic individualism, 63-71; and economic specialisation, 71-2; moral and spiritual issues in, 76- 83, 90-1, 128; as myth, 85 -9; and personal relationships, 64 -71, -306- Defoe, Daniel -- contd. Works -- contd. 88 - 92, 111 ; price of, 41, 81 ; and Puritanism, 74 - 8, 80 - 5 ; and secularisation, 80-5, 128 ; serialised, 42 ; similarities to Moll Flanders, 93 - 6 The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, success of, 89 ; quoted, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 87 Farther Adventures..., 89; quoted, 66, 68, 69 Serious Reflections during the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 69, 70n., 89-92, 120 ; quoted, 80- 1, 82, 89, 90, 91 Roxana, 19, 63, 65, 93, 94, 105 ; quoted, 142 The Shortest Way with Dissenters, 126 - 7 The Storm, 240 ; quoted, 103 A System of Magic, quoted, 242 The True-Born Englishman, Preface, quoted, 99 A True Collection. . ., quoted, 125 The True Relation of the Apparition of Mrs. Veal, 103, 217 314 De la Walter Mare, Desert Islands and Robinson Crusoe, 66 Delany, Mrs. Mary, 142, 183 ; Autobiography and Correspondence, quoted, 160 Delany, Dr. Patrick, 160; Reflections upon Polygamy, quoted, 148 Deloney, Thomas, 183 Dennis, John, quoted: on imagery, 29 ; on love and bawdy, 203

on rape in tragedy, 227 -8

Dent Arthur, Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven, 80 Descartes, 12, 15, 16, 18, 91; his dualism, 295 ; Discourse on Method, 13 ; Meditations, 13 Dickens, Charles, 259 ; David Copperfield, 280 ; quoted, on Defoe, 68 Dickson, F. S., on Tom Jones, 25 n. Diderot, éloge de Richardson, 299, quoted, 201, 235 ; Le Neveu de Rameau, 235 Dignity of labour, 72- 4 Division of labour, 44 -5, 71- 2 Dobrée Bonamy, "Some Aspects of Defoe's Prose", quoted, 126- 7 Dobson Austin, Samuel Richardson, 150 n., 199 n. Doddridge Philip, Diary and Correspondence, 51 n. Dodsley, Robert, 53 Don Juan, 85 -6 Donne, John, 61 Donnellan, Mrs. Anne, letter comparing Fielding and Richardson, quoted, 184 Don Quixote, 85-6 Dostoevsky, 30 ; Brothers Karamazov, 84 ; The Idiot, 133 Downs B. W., Richardson, 272, quoted, 184, 216 Draper John W., The Funeral Elegy and the Rise of English Romanticism, 217 Dreiser, Theodore, 180, 219 Drelincourt, Charles, 218 ; On Death, 217 Dryden, John, 61, 79 Dualism, in philosophy and the novel, 294 -7 Duck, Stephen, 39 ; Poems on Several Occasions, quoted, on education, 39 Dudden F. H., Henry Fielding, 269 n. Dunton John, The Ladies' Mercury, 151 ; The Night Walker: or, Evening Rambles in Search after Lewd Women, 128 Duranty, 10 Durkheim, De la division du travail social, 89; 'La Famille conjugale', 139 Ebeling Herman J., "The Word Anachronism", 23 Eclectic Review, The, on Richardson, quoted, 216 Economic individualism, see under Individualism 315 Education, 37 - 40 Edwards, Thomas, on Fielding and Richardson, quoted, 286 Eliot, George, 299; Middlemarch, 225 ; as Puritan, 85; quoted, 248 Eliot T. S., "Ulysses, Order and Myth", quoted, 255 -6 Elistratov Anna, "Fielding's Realism", 270 Elledge Scott, "The Background and Development in English Criticismof the Theories of Generality and Particularity" -307- of the Theories of Generality and Particularity', 17 n. Engels, quoted, 178 n. Ephesian matron, 10 Epic, and the novel, 239 - 39 ; and see under Defoe, Fielding, Homer and Richardson Epistolary form, see under Letter writing Essay on the New Species of Writing Founded by Mr. Fielding, quoted, 20, 287 Euphues, 193 Euripides, 135 Evans A. W., Warburton and the War burtonians, quoted, 83 Fabliau, 10 Family, the, 139 - 41, 178, 222 ; in Defoe, 50, 65 - 7, 110, 155

in Richardson, 215, 220 - 4

Faust, 85 - 6 Felton, Henry, 242 Female Spectator, The, 151 Female Tatler, The, 151 Fénelon, archbishop of Cambrai, Télémaque, 249 -50, 256 Fenton, Elijah, 241 Fielding, Henry, 9, 11, 20, 54, 55, 58, 93, 133, 146, 184 - 5, 219, 248 259, 261 - 89 passim, 290, 292, 296, 299, 300, 301 ; his characterisation, 264-5, 270 -6, 278 - 80 ; and class, 269 - 71, 275 ; on commercialisation of letters, 54, 56 ; and the epic analogy, 248- 59 ; on Fénelon Télémaque, 249-50, 256; his humour, 281, 284 ; use of milieu, 27 ; and mock-heroic, 253 255, 257- 8 ; as moralist, 280 -8; his names, 19 -20, 271 - 2 ; and neoclassicism, 248-9, 254 - 3, 257, 258, 260, 272 -3, 288 - 9; his prose style, 29 - 30, 254-5, 237, 264, 268, 274 ; his realism of assessment, 288-9, 290- 1, 293 ; his formal realism, 253, 256, 257, 294, 296, 297, 298 ; compared to Richardson, 260-89; on Richardson Clarissa, 211, 235 ; on his Pamela, 25, 168 - 70 ; and sex, 277 -9, 281-4; time in, 25 Criticism of: by Boswell, 283 ; by Coleridge, 269, 279 ; by Mrs. Donnellan, 316 184; by Thomas Edwards, 286 ; Fielding, Henry -- contd. Criticism of -- contd. by Anna Elistratov, 270; in Essay on the New Species of Writing Founded by Mr. Fielding, 20, 287; by Ford Madox Ford, 281-2; by Henry James, 287-8; by Johnson, 260-1, 280-1; by D. H. Lawrence, 185 ; by Monboddo, 255; by Richardson, 188 ; by Leslie Stephen, 283 Works: Amelia, 180, 251n.; and Aeneid, 255-6; names in, 20; treatment of sexual problems in, 281; quoted, 56, 270 The Covent Garden Journal, 178n., 256; quoted, 58, 248, 255 Jonathan Wilde, quoted, 284 Joseph Andrews, 208, 239, 256; comic epic in prose, 248- 51 ; mock-heroic in, 253-4; Millar's price for, 55; quoted, 272 Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, 287; 'Preface', preferring 'true history' to epic, 256-7 Shamela, 152, 168-9, 170, 202 -3; quoted, 25, 153, 171 Tom Jones, 11, 144, 169, 215, 239, 260-89passim; as comedy, 279, 282 -4; and drama, 257258; and epic, 251-3; irony in, 254-5, 263; use of milieu, 27; type names in, 20; narrative method, 276 -8; plot of, 251-3, 268-71, 276, 278-80, 282-3; prose of, 29-30, 253255; point of view in, 252-4, 285 -8; publication of, 42 ; time scheme in, 25; quoted, 248, 251, 257 Tom Thumb, a Tragedy, 258 The True Patriot, quoted, 54 Preface to Sarah Fielding David Simple, 251 Fielding Sarah, David Simple, 186 207, Fielding's Preface to, 251 Ophelia, quoted, 169 Filmer, Sir Robert, 150 ; his Patriarcha, 140 Flaubert, 10, 30, 130, 191 ; Madame Bovary, 205 Foerster Donald M., Homer in English Criticism, 242n., 243 n., 246 -308- 317 Ford Ford Madox, The English Novel from the Earliest Days to the Death of Conrad, quoted, 281 - 2, 286 Forde Daryll, joint-editor, African Kinship Systems, 139 Fordyce James, Sermons to Young Women, quoted, 171 Forster, E. M., 133 ; Aspects of the Novel, 94, 108, 129, quoted, 22 ; Howard's End, quoted, 185 Forster John, Life of Charles Dickens, quoted, 68 n. Freud, Sigmund, 234 ; "'Civilised" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervousness', quoted, 228 Frye Northrop, "The Four Forms of Fiction", quoted, 22 Furetière, 11, 33 Galsworthy, John, 133 Gay John, The Beggar's Opera, 95 ; Trivia, 180 n. Generality, as opposed to particularity, in Fielding, 261, 264, 271 - 3 ; and see under Particularity Gentleman's Magazine, The, 51 -2; quoted, 145, 199 George Mary D., London Life in the 18th Century, 41 n., 46, 182 n., 186 n. Gibbon, Edward, 286 Gilboy E. W., Wages in 18th Century England, 41n. Gildon Charles, Robinson Crusoe Examin'd and Criticis'd, 69 ; quoted, 41, 81 Globe theatre, 42 Goethe, 176 Golden Ass, The, 33 Goldsmith, Oliver, 65, 95; Citizen of the World, 150, 217 n.; 'The Distresses of a Hired Writer', quoted, on commercialisation of literature, 53 - 4 ; Enquiry into the Present State of Learning, 56, quoted, on effect of bookseller's patronage, 56; 'Essay on Female Warriors', 147 n.; The Good Natur'd Man, quoted, 44 ; The Traveller, quoted, on individualism, 64 Gosling, Sir Francis, bookseller and banker, 53 Graham Walter, English Literary Periodicals, 167 n. Grainger, Miss, letter from Richardson to, quoted, 188, 212 Grand Cyrus, The (Madeleine de Scudéry), 250 Granville George, The She-Gallants, quoted, 163 Gray, Thomas, 147 Green T. H., "Estimate of the Value and Influence of Works of Fiction in Modern Times", quoted, 22, 31, 51, 71 Gregory Dr. John, A Father's Legacy to His Daughters, quoted, 169 Grew, Nehemiah, 146 Griffith, D. W., film-director, 25 Griffith Mrs. Elizabeth, Lady Barton, quoted, 43 Grimmelshausen, 33 Grub Street, 54 - 7, 242 Grub Street Journal, The, quoted, 52 318 Guardian, The, 169; quoted, 43, 48 - 9, 157 Gückel W., and Günther E., "D. Defoes und J. Swifts Belesenheit und literarische Kritik", 70 n. Günther, E., see under Gückel, W. Habakkuk H. J., "English Land Ownership, 1680-1740", 41n.; "Marriage Settlements in the Eighteenth Century", 143 n. Haller William, The Rise of Puritanism, quoted, 82 Haller William and Malleville, "The Puritan Art of Love", quoted, 135 Hamlyn Hilda M., "Eighteenth Century Circulating Libraries in England", 43n. Hammond J. L., and Barbara, The Town Labourer, 1760-1832, 39 n. Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor (Philip Yorke), 149, 150n., 285 Hardy, Thomas, 30 Harman Thomas, Caveat for Common Cursitors, 106 Harrison Frank Mott, "Editions of Pilgrim's Progress", 50 Hasan S. Z., Realism, 12 n. Hayley William, Philosophical, Historical and Moral Essay on Old Maids, 145 Haywood Eliza, The Female Spectator, 151 ; History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, 180, quoted, 159 Hazlitt, William, 299 ; Lectures on the English Comic Writers, quoted, on Richardson, 34 -309- Head, Richard, 33 Heal Ambrose, The Numbering of Houses in London Streets, 182 n. Heberden, Dr., 152 Hegel, 176 ; Philosophy of Fine Art, 239 Heliodorus, Aethiopica, 28 Hemmings F. W. J., The Russian Novel in France, 1884-1914, 83 - 4 Herodotus, 256 Hervey James, Meditations among the Tombs, 217 Hesiod, 257 Highmore, Miss Susanna, letters of Richardson to, quoted, 152, 162, 245 Hill, Aaron, 246 ; letters to Richardson, quoted, 174, 201 ; letter from Richardson to, quoted, 208, 246 Historical outlook, of modern period and of novel, 21 -4 Hobbes, Thomas, 16, 174; Elements of Law, 62 n.; Leviathan, quoted, 18, 128 Hodges, Sir James, bookseller, 53 Homer, 33, 41, 79, 286 ; Blackwell on, 245- 6 ; Defoe on, 240 - 319 2 ; Fielding on, 249- 56 ; Richardson on, 242 - 8 ; Iliad, 240, 245, 246, 249; Margites, 250 ; Odyssey, 68, 207, 241, 245, 249, 250, 256 Hone Joseph, Life of George Moore, quoted, 137 Hopkinson H. T., "Robert Lovelace, The Romantic Cad", 214 n. Horace, 240, 248, 252, 273 ; quoted, 234 Hornbeak Katherine, "Richardson's Aesop", 163 n. Hubert René, Les Sciences sociales dans l'Encyclopédie, 275 n. Huet, Of the Origin of Romances, quoted, 49 Hughes Helen Sard, "The Middle Class Reader and the English Novel", 35 n. Hugo Victor, Hernani, 301 Hume, David, 18; 'Of Polygamy and Divorces', 147 n.; 'On the Populousness of Ancient Nations', 144 n.; Treatise of Human Nature, 291, quoted, 21, 92 Hutchins John H., Jonas Hanway, 144n. Hutton, William, 39 Identification, 191 -2, 200 - 7, 297 ; of Defoe and Moll Flanders, 113 -16, 126 -7; of Richardson and Lovelace, 235 -6 Individualism, 60, 132 -4, 141 -2, 150, 177, 224 - 5, 301 economic: 60- 74, 82 - 3, 178 ; and the family, 66 - 70, 140 ; and marriage, 138 - 46 ; in Defoe, 61 - 71, 86 87, 94 -6, 114 - 15 ; in Fielding, 269 ; in Richardson, 222 -3 feminine: 142 -6, 222-5 philosophical: 13 -15, 18, 21, 269 62, 141, 225 Irony, in the novel, 130 ; in Defoe's Moll Flanders, 118 - 30 ; in Fielding, 254 -7, 263, 287, 293 ; in Richardson, 211, 228 ; in Sterne, 291-4 James, Henry, 200, 295 -6, 297; on formal realism, 286; The Ambassadors, 297; 'Anthony Trollope', 20, quoted, 298 ; 'The Art of Fiction', quoted, 286; 'Mrs. Humphry Ward', quoted, 299 ; Portrait of a Lady, 200, 225; The Princess Casamassima, Preface, quoted, on Tom Jones, 287; Wings of the Dove, 200; What Maisie Knew, 297 Jeffrey, Francis, quoted, on Richardson, 175 Johnson E. A. J., Predecessors of Adam Smith, quoted, 146 Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 51, 146, 164 ; compares Fielding and Richardson, 260-3, 268, 272, 280 -4, 289 ; on Fielding, 260; on Tom Jones, 280 281 ; on letter-writing, 191, 229 ; on novels, 280; on Richardson's character, 260; on Richardson's genius, 219 ; on Clarissa, 219, 228- 9, 281; in Adventurer, quoted, 58 ; Dictionary, 55, quoted, 164; Lives of the Poets, 55, quoted, 37, 41, 229; 'Preface to Shakespeare', quoted, 26 ; Rambler, 321 quoted, 261 ; sayings quoted, 88, 157, 162, 191 Johnson on Shakespeare, ed. Raleigh, 26n. Johnson, Thomas H., joint editor of The Puritans, quoted, 75 Jones M. G., The Charity School Movement, 38 n., 39n. Jonson, Ben, 61, 79, 269; The Alchemist, 269 -310- Journalism, 196 - 8, 206 ; Defoe and, 103 - 4, 197 -8; development of, in eighteenth century, 50 - 2, 71 Joyce, James, 32, 280, 293 ; Ulysses, 206- 7, 255, 296 Judges A. V., The Elizabethan Underworld, 95 n. Kalm Pehr, Account of His Visit to England, quoted, 45, 72, 186 - 7 Kames Lord, Elements of Criticism, quoted, 16 - 17 Kant Immanuel, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, quoted, 225 Kany Charles E., The Beginnings of the Epistolary Novel in France, Italy, and Spain, 191 n. Keach, Benjamin, 80 Kermode Frank, "Richardson and Fielding", 260 n. King Gregory, Natural and Political Observations and Conclusions upon the State and Condition of England, 140, 190, quoted, 40 Knight Charles, Popular History of England, quoted, 149 Knights L. C., Drama and Society in the Age of Johnson, 140n. Knox, John, 160 Krutch Joseph Wood, Comedy and Conscience after the Restoration, 159 n. La Calprenède, 28, 33 ; Cassandre, Cléopâtre, 250 Lackington, James, bookseller, 39 ; Confessions, quoted, 37 ; Memoirs, quoted, 47 Laclos Choderlos de, Les Liaisons dangereuses, 30 Ladies' Library, The (Steele), 151 Ladies' Mercury, The (periodical), 151 Lady's Calling, The, quoted, 144 La Fayette, Madame de, 30, 85 ; La Princesse de Clèves, 30; Zaïde, 246 Lamb, Charles, on Defoe, quoted, 34 Landis M. H., and Burtt H. E., "A Study of Conversations", 298 n. Lannert Gustaf, Investigation of the Language of 'Robinson Crusoe', 101 n. Laslett T. P. R., Introduction, Filmer's Patriarcha, 140n. Law William, A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life, 152, quoted, 158 Lawrence, D. H., quoted, on the novel, in Apropos of Lady Chatterley's Lover, 185, in Lady Chatterley's Lover, 202 ; on personal relations, quoted, 185; and Puritanism, 85; on 321 Richardson, quoted, 203 Lawrence Frieda, "Foreword", The First Lady Chatterley, quoted, 137 Leake, James, bookseller, 52 Leavis, F. R., 258; The Great Tradition, on Defoe, quoted, 93 Lecky W. E. H., History of England in the Eighteenth Century, 180 n. Lee William, Life and Writings of Daniel Defoe, quoted, 53, 77 - 8, 240, 241, 244 Leisure, increase of, 43 -7; and letterwriting, 189 ; and Pamela, 47, 161 162 ; and Robinson Crusoe, 70 - 1 Lesage, 11 L'Estrange, Sir Roger, 163 Letter-writing, 198 ; development of familiar letter-writing in England, 187 - 91 ; literary tradition of, 176, 193 - 6 ; use of, by Richardson, 191196, 208 -11, 266 -7 Lintot, Bernard, bookseller, 53 Lintot, Henry, bookseller, 53 Literacy, 37-40 Locke, John, 12, 16, 18, 24, 29, 31, 64, 102, 150 ; Essay Concerning Human Understanding, quoted, 15, 21, 28, 30, 65, 102; Two Treatises of Government, 62, quoted, 64, 141 London, 189; growth of, 177 -80; Defoe and, 59, 180- 3, 185, 186; Fielding and, 184 - 5 ; Richardson and, 181 -7; and see under Urbanisation Longinus, 248 Loos Anita, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, 118 Los Angeles, 217 Love, 135 - 73, 202-7, and 220 - 38 passim; classical attitude to, 135-6; and individualism, 156 -7; and marriage, 136 -8, 164 -7, 168 -71; and the novel, 136-8, 148 - 9, 154, 164-7, 172 -3, 238 ; romantic, 135 138, 155 -6, 167 -8 Lovejoy A. O., The Great Chain of Being, 270 n. Lover, The (periodical), quoted, 159 Lucian, 288 -311- LukÁcs, Die Theorie des Romans, quoted, 84 Lyly, John, 19, 28 ; Euphues, 193 Lyttleton, Lord George, 285 McAdam E. L. Jr.,, "A New Letter from Fielding", quoted, 211, 235 McKillop Alan D., "Epistolary Technique in Richardson's Novels", 209 n.; 'The Mock-Marriage Device in Pamela', 150 n.; ' Richardson, Young and the Conjectures', 218 n., 247 ; Samuel Richardson: Printer and Novelist, 47 n., 55 n., 152 n., 322 153 n., 162 n., 174 n., 187 n., 195 n., 202, 208 n., 212 n., 219, 286 n. Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 286; Literary Essays, quoted, 51 Machin Ivor W., his dissertation, "Popular Religious Works of the Eighteenth Century: Their Vogue and Influence"', 50 n. Macpherson James, Temora, quoted, 246 Magnae Britanniae Notitia, quoted, 141 Maitland, F. W., quoted, 61 Malraux, André, Les Noyers de l'Altenburg, quoted, 133 Mandelslo, J. Albrecht von, The Voyages and Travels of..., 88 Mandeville, Bernard, Fable of the Bees, quoted: on education, 39 ; on marriage, 171 ; on public and private attitudes to bawdy, 199 ; on verbal prudery, 163 Manley, Mary de La Rivière, 19; New Atalantis, 157 ; Power of Love, quoted, 157n. Mann Elizabeth L., "The Problem Of Originality in English Literary Criticism, 1750-1800", 14 n. Mann William-Edward, Robinson Crusoë en France, 7 n. Mannheim Karl, Ideology and Utopia, quoted, 87 Marivaux, Richardson and, 192 Marlborough, Duke of, Defoe's obituary of, quoted, 77 - 8 Marlowe, Christopher, 131 - 2 Marmontel, 119 Marriage Act ( 1754), 149 -51 Marriage, crisis of, in eighteenth century, 142 -8; and economic individualism, 138 - 40, 142- 3 ; and Puritanism, 136 -7, 143, 146, 155 160, 166 ; modern form of, developing, 137 - 43, 149-51, 164 ; in Defoe, 143; in Fielding, 262, 283 ; in Richardson, 220 -8, 234 Marshall Dorothy, The English Poor in the Eighteenth Century, 38 n., 143n. Marx, Capital, quoted, 81 ; Communist Manifesto, quoted, 178 n.; Notes on Philosophy and Political Economy, quoted, 70 Masochism, in Clarissa, 232 - 4 May Geoffrey, The Social Control of Sex Expression, 156 n. Mayhew's Characters, ed. Quennell, quoted, 111 Mead G. H., Mind, Self, and Society, 201 n. Mead Margaret, Sex and Temperament, quoted, 162 Meredith, George, 286 Merrick M. M., Marriage a Divine Institution, 150n. Merton Robert K., "Social Structure and Anomie", 94 n. Middle class, attitude of, to epic, 243 -4; importance of, in reading public, 48 - 9 ; increased prominence of, in literature, 61-2; and the novel, 300 ; Defoe and Richardson as representatives of, 59 ; and Moll Flanders, 114 - 15 323 Mill John Stuart, The Subjection of Women, quoted, 298 Millar, Andrew, bookseller, 53, 55 Miller Perry, "Declension in a Bible Commonwealth", 81n.; joint-editor of The Puritans, quoted, 75 Milton, John, 14, 80, 155, 160, 246; Paradise Lost, 137, quoted, 77 Minto William, Daniel Defoe, quoted 93 Mist's Journal, quoted, 240 Moffat James, "The Religion of Robinson Crusoe", 76 n. Molière, Tartuffe, 169 Monboddo, Lord, Of the Origin and Progress of Language, on Fielding, quoted, 255 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, on Grandison, 138, 146; quoted: on gallantry, 215 ; on intimate selfrevelation, 272 ; on novels, 44 ; on -312- Pamela, 148 ; on Richardson, 151 ; on 'scribbling treaties', 189 Montesquieu, De l'esprit des lois, 138 Moore, George, quoted, 137 Moore John R., "Defoe's Religious Sect", 85 n. Moore Robert E., "Dr. Johnson on Fielding and Richardson", 260 n. More, Hannah, 280 Morgan Charlotte E., The Rise of the Novel of Manners, 1600- 1740, 290 n. Morgan Edmund S., The Puritan Family, 146 n. Morison Stanley, The English Newspaper, 53 n. Moritz Carl Philipp, Travels, 38 Mornet, Daniel, his unpublished MS. 'Le Mariage au 17e et 18e siècle', 138n. Mumford Lewis, The Culture of Cities, 178 n., 206, quoted, 187, 196 Muralt B. L. de, Letters Describing the Character and Customs of the English and French Nations, quoted, 44 Murphy, Arthur, 283 Naming of characters, in formal realism, 18 - 21 ; in Defoe, 19, 20, 105 ; in Fielding, 19-20; in Richardson, 19, 20; in Sterne, 291 Nangle B. C., The Monthly Review, 1st Series, 1749-1789, 53n. Naturalism, 32 ; and see under Realism -- French literary movement Needham Gwendolyn B., her dissertation, "The Old Maid in the Life and Fiction of EighteenthCentury England", 144n.; joint author of Pamela's Daughters, 144 n., 146n., 161, 162, 163 n., 170 n. Negus, Samuel, printer, 37 324 Neo-classicism, and the general, 16 17, 272 - 3 ; and the novel, 260- 2 ; and the structure of Tom Jones, 271 -2, 274 - 5 ; and see under Augustanism, Critical tradition Neo-Platonism, 16, 273 Newton, Isaac, 24 New Torker, The, 68 Noble, Francis, and John, booksellers, 55 Novel, the, and the critical tradition, 176, 192 - 4, 258 ; and epic, 239 - 40, 243 - 59 ; in France, 30, 299 - 301 ; and individualism, 60 -2, 71 -2, 89 ; and love, 136 - 8, 148- 9, 154, 164 - 79 172 -3, 238 ; output of, in eighteenth century, 290; and personal relationships, 66 -71; prices of, 41 -2; and Puritanism, 74 -85, 90 ; its reading public, 42 ; and secularisation, 80 -5; the term, 10, 299; tradition of, 34, 66, 130 -5, 164, 171 -3, 174 - 7, 287 -8, 290-301; and see under Realism Oedipus Tyrannus, 269 Old maids, 144- 6, 148 Original London Post, The, 42 Originality, 13 - 15, 17, 57 -9, 134, 247 -8 Osborne, John, bookseller, 55 Pareto Vilfredo, The Mind and Society, 136 Parsons Talcott, "The Kinship System of the United States", 139 n. Particularity, of background, 18, 21 27 ; of characterisation, 18- 21, 166 ; in philosophy, 15-17, 21; in Richardson, 266 -7; and see under Generality Pascal, Pensées, quoted, 65 Pater Walter, Marius the Epicurean, quoted, 176 Patterson Charles I, "William Hazlitt as a Critic of Prose Fiction", 299 Pavlov, 108 Payne William L., Mr. Review, 103 n. Peacock Thomas Love, Crotchet Castle, 258 Pepys, Samuel, 75 ; Diary, quoted, 128 Perrault, Charles, 241 Personal relationships, and economic individualism, 70, 92, 133 134; and letter-writing, 190 ; and the novel, 92, 131, 133, 185 ; and urbanisation, 185-7; women and, 298 ; in Defoe, 92, 109 - 12 ; in Fielding, 263 -5, 267, 271, 276 ; in Richardson, 177, 200 - 1, 220, 238, 266-7 Petronius, Satyricon, 28 Petty, Sir William, quoted, 146 -313- Picaresque novel, 10 ; Defoe and, 94 96, 130 ; Fielding and, 288 325 Pilkington Laetitia, Memoirs, quoted, 157 Place, Francis, 46 Plant Marjorie, The English Book Trade, 37 n., 178 Plato, 21 Plot, of epic and novel compared, 239 - 40, 251 - 3 ; and see under Defoe, Moll Flanders; Fielding, Tom Jones; Richardson Plotinus, 273 Plumer Francis, author (?) of, A Candid Examination of the History of Sir Charles Grandison, 157n. Plutarch, 240 Point of View, in the novel, 117 - 18 ; in Jane Austen, 296 - 7 ; in Defoe, 98, 113 -18; in Fielding, 285 - 8 ; in Richardson, 208 - 11, 228 - 31, 235 236, 238 Polygamy, 147 - 9 Pope, Alexander, 54, 146, 147; Iliad, publication of, 41, quoted on Homer, 243 ; Odyssey, Defoe on, 241 - 2 ; quoted, 271 Powell Chilton Latham, English Domestic Relations 1487-1653, 150 n. Powicke F. J., Life of the Reverend Richard Baxter, 1615-1691, quoted on prose style, 102 Praz Mario, The Romantic Agony, 231 Price Lawrence M., English Literature in Germany, 300 n. Price Richard, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, 36 Print as a literary medium, 196 200, 206 Privacy, increasing domestic, 187 -9 Private Experience, and the novel, 174 - 207 ; and see under Subjective Propertius, 240 Proust, 21, 280, 292, 294 - 5 Psychology, in Defoe, 108 -9, 112 - 15 ; in Fielding, 264, 270 - 9; in Richardson, 194 -5, 225 - 38, 275 Puritanism, 60, 213, 231; and death, 217 -18; its democratic individualism, 77 - 80 ; and marriage, 137, 146, 155 - 6 ; and the novel, 74 80, 225; its secularisation, 81 83, 127 -8; and sex, 128, 155- 68, 172, 234 ; and subjective direction in literature, 74-6, 177 ; and Defoe, 75 - 85, 90 -2, 124 ; and Richardson, 85, 172, 222 Rabelais, 19, 256 Radcliffe-Brown A. R., joint editor of African Systems of Kinship and Marriage, his Introduction quoted, 139 Ralph James, The Case of the Authors, quoted, 54-5; The Taste of the Town: or a Guide to all Public Diversions, 180 n. Rambler, The, Johnson in, quoted, 261 ; Richardson in, 167 Ranby, John, 285 Ranulf Svend, Moral Indignation and Middle Class Psychology, 124 Reading Public, changes in, 47 -8; factors restricting, 37- 43 ; 326 growth of, 37; size, 35 -7; tastes of, 48 - 52 ; women in, 43-5, 47, 74-5, 148, 151 - 4, 246 -7 Realism, 9- 34, 292- 301 of assessment: defined, 288; in Jane Austen, 296-7; in Fielding, 256-7, 288, 290 - 1 ; in Sterne, 291 -4 French literary movement: 1011, 17, 294, 300-1 formal or presentational: defined, 30 -4; and the critical tradition, 14 -30, 33, 261, 285-6, 301; elements of, 13 -31; and epic, 253; ethically neutral, 117-18, 130; and language, 27 -30; powers of, 32 -3, 130; and romance, 204 -5; in Jane Austen, 296-7; see also under Defoe, Fielding, Richardson philosophical: 11-13, 27-8, 31-2, 292, 295 Réalisme (periodical), 10 Reasons against Coition, 157n. Reddaway T. F., The Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire, 178n., 180n. Redfield Robert, Folk Culture of Yucatan, 64 n. Reeve Clara, The Progress of Romance, quoted, 93 -4 Reid, Thomas, 12, 18 Rembrandt, 10, 17 Review, The, 40, 103 -4; quoted, 63, 67, 103, 161, 240 Reynolds Sir Joshua, in The Idler, quoted, 17 -314- Reynolds Myra, The Learned Lady in England, 1650-1766, 152 n., quoted, 144 Richardson, Samuel, 9, 11, 20, 28, 47, 49, 93, 131, 133, 135 - 238 passim, 254, 257, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 ; and social class, 59, 165 - 7, 213, 220 - 4, 238, 244 - 5, 269 ; on the classics, 194, 243 - 8 ; and the critical tradition, 33, 56, 58 -9, 192 195, 247 -8; and devotional literature, 50 ; his didactic purpose, 215 219, 235 - 6, 238; compared to Fielding, 260 -8, 275, 280 - 3, 287 -9; on Homer, 243-8; his humour, 210 - 1 1; irony in, 211 ; use of letter form, 192-6, 208 -11, 228 - 30 ; as Londoner, 180, 181 -5, 190 ; and love, 135- 73, 208- 38 ; and marriage, 137 -8, 141, 143 -4, 145 - 51, 156 -7, 163 -4, 166 -7, 171, 204, 220-6; use of milieu, 26 -7; his names, 19, 236 ; narrative method, 175 -6, 203 -4, 208-11; and the novel form, 202, 208, 219, 301; and originality, 14 - 15, 58, 194, 247 248 ; particularity of description, 17, 34 ; and personal relationships, 177, 200 -1, 220, 238, 266 ; his plots, 14, 135, 327 153 -4, 220, 238; as printer, 52, 57, 196 -200; prose style, 29 30, 192-7, 219; and Puritanism, 85, 172, 222 ; and reading public, 45 -50, 57-9, 151 -4; his formal realism, 32 - 4, 57, 153-4, 290- 2 ; his religious views, 216 - 18 ; and sex, 154 -73, 199, 202-4, 209, 220238; as suburban, 186 -8, 190; and time, 24 -5, 191 -4; and women readers, 151-4; and Young Conjectures on Original Composition, 218, 247-8 Criticism of: by Mrs. Barbauld, 17, 175-6; by Mrs. Chapone, 58; by Coleridge, 288 ; by Mrs. Donnellan, 184 ; in Eclectic Review, 216; by Thomas Edwards, 286 ; by Fielding, 25, 168 - 70, 211, 235; in Gentleman's Magazine, 199; by Hazlitt, 34n.; by Francis Jeffrey, 175; by Johnson, 219, 228, 260-1, 281 ; by D. H. Lawrence, 203; by Lady Mary Richardson, Samuel -- contd. Criticism of -- contd. Wortley Montagu, 138, 146, 148, 151, 272 ; by Rousseau, 219; by George Saintsbury, 176 ; by Martin Sherlock, 247; in The Tablet, 168; by Thomas Turner, 217 -18 Works: Clarissa, 19, 24-5, 27, 57, 146, 174, 181-2, 183, 188, 191, 192, 195, 197, 198 -9, 201, 208-38 passim, 244, 248, 294; characterisation in, 211-15, 218219, 225 -9, 231 -8; compared to Tom Jones, 260-8, 275, 277, 288; composition of, 208; death of Clarissa, 215-19, 232 -4; publication of, 42

quoted, 159, 247

Familiar Letters, aim of, 190; quoted, 159, 169, 195 Sir Charles Grandison, 19, 26, 138, 160, 182, 195, 296; quoted, 146, 147, 151, 157, 243-4, 246 Pamela, 11, 17, 19, 26, 29, 47, 55, 135-73passim, 174, 181, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201-5, 232, 244, 246; characterisation, 168- 71 ; compared to Clarissa, 208-9, 216, 220, 228; and Joseph Andrews, 239 ; surprising success of, 55; and waiting maids, 47, 143-4, 148 The Rambler, paper in, 167 Riedel F. Carl, Crime and Punishment in the Old French Romances, 136 n. 328 Rivington, Charles, bookseller, 55 Robinson Howard, The British Post Office: A History, 189n. Robinson, Sir Thomas, quoted, 150 Romances, 11, 28, 41, 136, 165-6; Defoe on, 241 ; Fielding and French heroic romances, 248-9, 250, 252, 258; Richardson and, 137, 192; Pamela and, 153-4, 165, 204-6 Romanticism, and the novel, 301 Rougemont de, L'Amour et l'Occident, quoted, 137 Rousseau, 75, 87 ; émile, quoted, on Robinson Crusoe, 86 ; Lettre à d'Alembert, quoted, on Clarissa, 219 Rowe Nicholas, Fair Penitent, and Clarissa, 214, 224 -315- Royal Society, and prose style, 101 Russell Bertrand, Principles of Mathematics, and Tristram Shandy, 292 Sade, Marquis de, 231 ; Idée sur les romans, quoted, 84 Sadism, in Clarissa, 223, 231- 7 St. Augustine, 156 ; Confessions, 75 St. Francis of Assisi, 95 St. Paul, 156, 202 ; Romans, quoted, 234 Saintsbury George, The English Novel, quoted, on Pamela, 176 ; History of the French Novel, 299 ; 'Literature', 54 Sale William Jr.,, Samuel Richardson, Master Printer, 217 n. Salmon Thomas, Critical Essay Concerning Marriage, 138 n.; quoted, 159 Salters' Hall controversy, 82 Saussure César de, A Foreign View of England, quoted, 44 Scarron, 11 Scheler Max, Versuche zu einer Soziologie des Wissens, 14 n. Schneider H. W., The Puritan Mind, quoted, 81 Schorer Mark, "Introduction", Moll Flanders, quoted, 93 Schücking. L. L., Die Familie im Puritanismus, 156n. Scudéry, Madeleine de, 28 ; Clélie, Le Grand Cyrus, 250 Secker, Bishop Thomas, later Archbishop, quoted, 179 - 80 Secord Arthur W., "Defoe in Stoke Newington", 85 n.; Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe, 67 n., 88 n. Secularisation, in eighteenth century, 82- 3 ; of morality, 128, 156; and the novel, 83 - 5 ; of Puritanism, 76, 82-3, 127 - 8, 156; of reading public, 49 ; in Defoe, 80-5, 128 Selkirk, Alexander, 70 Sentimentalism, 174 -5, 290 Servants, domestic, 47, 143 - 4, 148 Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid, quoted, 135 Sex, and individualism, 156-7; and middle class, 158 - 60 ; and Puritanism, 128, 155 - 68, 172, 234; in Defoe, 67- 9, 329 114, 159, 161, 165 ; in Fielding, 277 -9, 281 -4; in Richardson, 154 - 73, 199, 202-4, 209, 20 - 38 Sexual roles, development of the modern concept of, 160 -4; in Richardson Clarissa, 209- 10, 220 222, 224 -38; in his Pamela, 160-8, 172; in Sterne, 294 Shaftesbury, 3rd Earl of, 17 ; Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour, quoted, 16 Shakespeare, William, 14, 17, 23, 26, 31, 61, 79, 140, 178, 288 ; All's Well that Ends Well, quoted, 132 ; Romeo and Juliet, 160, 171, 238 ; Winter's Tale, 67, quoted, 197 Shaw Bernard, Man and Superman, quoted, 169 Shebbeare John, The Marriage Act (novel), 150 Shenstone, William, 147 ; Letters, 195 n., quoted, on Clarissa, 57, on Pamela, 193 Sherburn George, "Fielding's Amelia: An Interpretation", 255, quoted, 258; "The Restoration and Eighteenth Century" in A Literary History of England, quoted, 164 Sherlock, Martin, on Richardson, 247 Sherlock, Bishop Thomas, son of William, quoted, 179; his Letter... on the Occasion of the Late Earthquakes..., 36 Sherlock, William, Dean of St. Paul's, 218 Sidney, Sir Philip, 19, 28; Arcadia, 24, 26, 204 Singer Godfrey Frank, The Epistolary Novel, 191 n., 290n. Smith Adam, 63 ; Wealth of Nations, 72 Smith A. W., Collections and Notes of Prose Fiction in England, 16601714, 290n. Smith John Harrington, The Gay Couple in Restoration Comedy, quoted, 163 Smith Warren Hunting, Architecture in English Fiction, 27 n. Smollett, Tobias, 20, 219, 259, 280, 290; Humphrey Clinker, 50, 144, 290, and the life of the town, 180 ; Roderick Random, 280 Societies for the Reformation of Manners, 158 Society for the Encouragement of Learning, 53 -316- Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 143 Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, 269 Space, particularisation of, 26 - 7 Spate O. H. K., "The Growth of London, A.D. 1600-1800", in Historical Geography of England, 178 n., 179 n. Spectator, The, 18, 36, 50 - 2, 163, 216, quoted, 178, 246 Spengler Oswald, Decline of the West, quoted, 22 Spenser, Edmund, 14, 61 ; Faerie Queene, 23, 137 Spinster, The (periodical), quoted, 145 Sprat Bishop Thomas, History of the Royal Society, quoted, 101 Staël Madame de, De l'Allemagne, quoted, 176, 177, 205 - 6 ; 331 De la littérature..., 135, 300 Stamm Rudolph, "Daniel Defoe: An Artist in the Puritan Tradition", 85 ; Der aufgeklärte Puritanismus Daniel Defoes, 85n. Steele, Richard, 52, 61; The Christian Hero, quoted, 51, 244 ; The Guardian, quoted, 48 - 9 ; The Ladies' Library, 151 ; The Lover, quoted, 159 ; The Spinster, quoted, 145; The Tender Husband, 144, 152, 180 Stendhal, 94, 132, 220, 300, 301 ; Le Rouge et le noir, 27, 94 Stephen Leslie, "Defoe's Novels", 103, quoted, 93, 108 ; History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, 35, 275 n.; on Fielding, 283 Sterne, Laurence, 20, 21, 143, 219, 280, 290 - 4 ; his characterisation, 294 - 5 ; Tristram Shandy, 290-4, Richardson on, 203 Stiltrennung, 79, 83, 166 -7 Strahan, William, printer, 53 ; quoted, 37 Subjective, the, in classical literature, 176-7, 205-6, 272 - 3 ; development of in modern civilisation, 176-7; and the epistolary form, 190 -5; and the novel, 177, 198 - 200, 202 -3, 205-7; in philosophy, 22, 177, 295 ; and Puritanism, 74 -7, 177; and the suburb, 186 -7; in Defoe, 74-6, 175, 295; in Fielding, 272-6, 278 ; in Henry James, 295-6; in James Joyce, 207, 296 ; in Proust, 295; in Richardson, 167 - 8, 175-7, 191 -3, 204 -5, 238

in Sterne, 294

Suburban life, development of, 186 187 ; Defoe and, 186; Richardson and, 183, 186-9, 206 Sutherland Edwin H., Principles of Criminology, 94n. Sutherland James R., "The Circulation of Newspapers and Literary Periodicals, 1700-1730", 36n.; Defoe, 70 n. Swedenberg H. T., The Theory of the Epic in England, 1650- 1800, 251 n. Sweets of Sin, 206 Swift, Jonathan, 29, 146, 147, 283; Conduct of the Allies, 36; "Description of the Morning", 28 ; Journal to Stella, 36n.; Letter to a Very Young Lady on Her Marriage, quoted, 160 ; "A Project for the Advancement of Religion and the Reformation of Manners", quoted, 179 Tablet, or Picture of Real Life, The, quoted, 168 Talbot, Miss Catherine, quoted, 187 Tate Allen, "Techniques of Fiction", quoted, 27 Tatler, The, 50, 143n., 163; quoted, 28, 51 Tawney R. H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 73 Taylor A. E., Aristotle, 273 n. Taylor Jeremy, Rule and Exercises of Holy Living and Holy Dying, 217 Taylor John Tinnon, Early Opposition to the English Novel, 331 quoted, 43 Temple, Sir William, quoted, 143 Texte Joseph, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit in Literature, 17 n. Thackeray, W. M., 259, 282 Thomson Clara L., Richardson, quoted, 153, 190 Thomson, James, 147 Thornbury Ethel M., Henry Fielding's Theory of the Comic Prose Epic, quoted, 259 Thrale, Mrs., 191, 261 ; quoted, 44 ; Thraliana, Johnson quoted in, 88, 162, 261 Thucydides, 256 Tibullus, 240 -317- Tieje A. J., "A Peculiar Phase of the Theory of Realism in PreRichardsonian Prose-Fiction", 33 n. Time, and formal realism, 21 - 6 ; and portrayal of inner life, 191 - 3 ; in Defoe, 24, 116 - 17 ; in Fielding, 25 ; in Richardson, 24- 5, 191- 4 ; in Sterne, 291 -3 Tindall William York, John Bunyan: Mechanick Preacher, 75 n. Tonson, Jacob, and nephews, 53 Tragedy, Richardson on, 215 - 16 Tristan and Isolde, 238 Troeltsch Ernst, Social Teaching of the Christian Churches, 73, 75, quoted, 74 Trollope, Anthony, 20, 286 Turner, Thomas, quoted, 217 - 18 Unconscious, the, in Richardson, 202, 228 - 38 Universals, 12, and see under Particularity 'Mr. Urban' (in Gentleman's Magazine), on Clarissa, quoted, 199 Urbanisation, in eighteenth century, 177 - 86, 189, 190 - 1, 196, 245 ; and personal relations, 185 - 7, 190, 206 ; and private experience, 186 191; and Joyce Ulysses, 206-7; and Richardson, 181 -5, 190-1 Utter R. P., joint author of Pamela's Daughters, 144 n., 146 n., 161, 162, 163, 170 n. Van Carl Doren, Life of Thomas Love Peacock, quoted, 258 Venus in the Cloister; or the Nun in Her Smock, 152 Vicarious experience, 71, 201 -7, 290 Virgil, 240, 253 ; Aeneid, 135, 255 ; Defoe on, 242 ; Fielding and, 257 ; Lovelace on, 247 Vogü, Eugène de, 83 Voltaire, Essay on Epic Poetry, quoted, 246 Vossius, Isaac, 147 Wallace Robert M., "Fielding's Knowledge of History and 332 Biography", 257n. Walpole, Horace, 146, 147; quoted, 150 Warburton, Bishop William, quoted, 83 Ward H. G., "Richardson's Character of Lovelace", 214 n. Ward Ned, The London Spy, 157 n. Watt Ian P., "The Naming of Characters in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding", 20n. Watts Isaac, 56, 147; "The End of Time", quoted, 45 ; Improvement of the Mind, 45 Weber Max, 73, 90 ; Essays in Sociology, 67 n.; The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, 64 n., 83n., 89 ; The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, 63, 64n. Weekley Ernest, Surnames, 236 n. Weinberg Bernard, French Realism: the Critical Reaction, 1830- 1870, 10 n. Wellek Rend, The Rise of English Literary History, 24n. Wesley, John, quoted, 56 Westcomb, Miss Sophia, letters from Richardson to, quoted, 188, 190-1 Westminster Assembly, catechism of, 76 Wharton, Philip, Duke of, 215 Wheatley Henry B., Hogarth's London, 217n. White Florence D., Voltaire's Essay on Epic Poetry: A Study and an Edition, quoted, 246 Whiteley John H., Wesley's England, 143 n. Whittmore Reed, Heroes and Heroines, quoted, 128 Whole Duty of Man, The, 152 Wilcox F. H., "Prévost's Translations of Richardson's Novels", quoted, 196-7 Wilson Walter, Memoirs of the Life and Times of Daniel De Foe, 34 n. Wirth Louis, "Urbanism as a Way of Life", 178 n. Women readers, 43 -5, 47 ; and epic, 246; and the novel, 151 - 2, 298 - 9 ; Richardson's appeal to, in Pamela, 152-4 Woolf, Virginia, 79, 113, 133, 188, 292 ; 'Defoe', quoted, 93 ; ' Robinson Crusoe', quoted, 120 Wordsworth, Preface to Lyrical Ballads, quoted, 301 -318- Xenophon, 256 Yorke Philip C., Life and Correspondence of Philip Yorke, Earl of Hardwick, 149 n., 258 n. Young Edward, on Clarissa, 201 ; Conjectures on Original Composition, Richardson share in, 247 248, quoted, 14, 218 ; Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality, 217 ; 'On Women', quoted, 163 333 Young George M., Last Essays, quoted, 220 Zola, 32, 180 -319-