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-	:''[[history of psychology]]''	+
-	Alchemical symbolism has been occasionally used by [[psychology|psychologists]] and philosophers. [[Carl Jung]] reexamined alchemical symbolism and theory and began to show the inner meaning of alchemical work as a [[spirituality|spiritual]] path. Alchemical philosophy, symbols and methods have enjoyed something of a renaissance in [[post-modernism|post-modern]] contexts.	+
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-	[[Jung saw alchemy as a Western proto-psychology]] dedicated to the achievement of [[individuation]]. In his interpretation, alchemy was the vessel by which [[Gnosticism]] survived its various purges into the [[Renaissance]],, a concept also followed by others such as [[Stephan A. Hoeller]]. In this sense, Jung viewed alchemy as comparable to a [[Yoga]] of the East, and more adequate to the Western mind than Eastern religions and philosophies. The practice of Alchemy seemed to change the mind and spirit of the Alchemist. Conversely, spontaneous changes on the mind of Western people undergoing any important stage in [[individuation]] seems to produce, on occasion, imagery known to Alchemy and relevant to the person's situation.	+
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-	His interpretation of [[Chinese alchemy|Chinese alchemical texts]] in terms of his [[analytical psychology]] also served the function of comparing Eastern and Western alchemical imagery and core concepts and hence its possible inner sources ([[Jungian archetypes|archetypes]]).	+
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-	[[Marie-Louise von Franz]], a disciple of Jung, continued Jung's studies on Alchemy and its psychological meaning.	+
-	==Early psychological thought==	+
-	:''[[Philosophy of mind]]''	+
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-	Many cultures throughout history have speculated on the nature of the mind, soul, spirit, etc. For instance, in Ancient Egypt, the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] contains an early description of the brain, and some speculations on its functions (though in a medical/surgical context). Though other medical documents of ancient times were full of incantations and applications meant to turn away disease-causing demons and other superstition, the Edwin Smith Papyrus gives remedies to almost 50 conditions and only 1 contains incantations to ward off evil. It has been praised as being similar to what is today considered common knowledge, but must be recognized as having originated in a very different context.	+
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-	Ancient Greek philosophers, from [[Thales]] (fl. 550 bc) through even to the Roman period, developed an elaborate theory of what they termed the ''psuchẽ'' (from which the first half of "psychology" is derived), as well as other "psychological" terms – ''nous'', ''thumos'', ''logistikon'', etc. (see e.g., Everson, 1991; Green & Groff, 2003). The most influential of these are the accounts of [[Plato]] (especially in the ''[[Republic]]'' – see, e.g., Robinson, 1995), [[Pythagoras]] and of [[Aristotle]] (esp. ''Peri Psyches'', better known under its Latin title, ''[[De Anima]]'' – see, e.g., Durrant, 1993; Nussbaum & Rorty, 1992). Hellenistic philosophers (viz., the [[Stoics]] and [[Epicurians]]) diverged from the Classical Greek tradition in several important ways, especially in their concern with questions of the physiological basis of the mind (see e.g., Annas, 1992). The Roman physician [[Galen]] addressed these issues most elaborately and influentially of all. The Greek tradition influenced some Christian and Islamic thought on the topic.	+
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-	In the [[Judeo-Christian]] tradition, the [[Manual of Discipline]] (from the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], ca. 21 BC–61 AD) notes the division of human nature into two temperaments.	+
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-	In Asia, [[China]] had a long history of administering tests of ability as part of its education system. In the 6th century AD, [[Lin Xie]] carried out an early experiment, in which he asked people to draw a square with one hand and at the same time draw a circle with the other (ostensibly to test people's vulnerability to distraction).	+
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-	[[India]], too, had an elaborate theory of "the self" in its [[Vedanta]] philosophical writings (see e.g., Paranjpe, 1998).	+
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1. redirectHistory of psychology