Post-Marxism
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| + | "To what extent has it become necessary to modify the notion of [[class struggle]], in order to be able to deal with the new [[political subjects]] — [[feminism|women]], [[nationalism|national]], [[racial minority|racial]] and [[sexual minorities]], [[anti-nuclear]] and [[anti-institutional]] movements etc — of a clearly [[anti-capitalist]] character, but whose [[identity]] is not constructed around specific 'class interests'?"-- "[[Socialist Strategy: Where Next?]]" (1981) by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe | ||
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| - | '''Post-Marxism''' has two related but different uses. Post-marxism can be used to refer to the situation in [[Eastern Europe]] and the ex-Soviet republics after the fall of the [[Soviet Union]], or it can be used to represent the theoretical work of [[philosopher]]s and [[Social theory|social theorists]] who have built their theories upon those of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Marxism|Marxists]] but exceeded the limits of those theories in ways that puts them outside of [[Marxism]]. Particularly, post-Marxism argues against [[derivationism]] and [[essentialism]] (for example, the state is not an instrument and does not ‘function’ unambiguously or relatively autonomously in the interests of a single class). | + | '''Post-Marxism''' is a perspective in [[Critical theory|critical]] [[social theory]] which radically reinterprets [[Marxism]], countering its association with [[economism]], [[historical determinism]], [[Antihumanism|anti-humanism]], and [[class reductionism]], whilst remaining committed to the construction of [[socialism]]. Most notably, post-Marxists are [[Anti-essentialism|anti-essentialist]], rejecting the primacy of [[Class conflict|class struggle]], and instead focus on building [[radical democracy]]. Post-Marxism can be considered a synthesis of [[Post-structuralism|post-structuralist]] frameworks and [[Neo-Marxism|neo-Marxist]] analysis, in response to the decline of the [[New Left]] after the [[protests of 1968]]. |
| - | ==History of post-Marxism== | + | The term post-Marxism first appeared in [[Ernesto Laclau]] and [[Chantal Mouffe]]'s theoretical work ''[[Hegemony and Socialist Strategy]]''. It can be said that post-Marxism as a political theory was developed at the [[University of Essex]] by Laclau and Mouffe. Philosophically, post-Marxism counters derivationism and [[essentialism]] (for example, it does not see economy as a foundation of politics and the state as an instrument that functions unambiguously and autonomously on behalf of the interests of a given class). |
| - | {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2009}} | + | |
| - | Post-Marxism dates from the late 1960s; several trends and events of that period influenced its development. The weakness of the [[Russia]]n [[Communist]] [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] paradigm became evident beyond Russia. This happened concurrently with the occurrence internationally of the [[French May|student riots of 1968]], the rise of [[Maoism | Maoist theory]], and the proliferation of commercial [[television]], which covered in its broadcasts the [[Vietnam War]]. | + | == See also == |
| + | * ''[[Arena (first series)|Arena]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Autonomism]] | ||
| + | * [[Budapest School (Lukács)]] | ||
| + | * [[Frankfurt School]] | ||
| + | * [[Marxism]] and [[Marxist philosophy]] | ||
| + | * [[Neo-Marxism]] | ||
| + | * [[Neo-Marxian economics]] | ||
| + | * ''[[New Left Review]] '' | ||
| + | * [[Open Marxism]] | ||
| + | * [[Poststructuralism]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Rethinking Marxism]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Specters of Marx]]'' | ||
| - | ===Semiology and discourse=== | ||
| - | When [[Roland Barthes]] began his sustained [[critique]] of [[mass culture]] via semiology — the science of signs — and the book ''[[Mythologies (book)|Mythologies]]'', some Marxist philosophers based their social criticism upon linguistics, semiotics, and discourse. Basing his approach on Barthes' work, [[Jean Baudrillard|Baudrillard]] wrote ''For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign'' (1972), criticizing contemporary [[Marxism]] for ignoring the [[sign value]] of its philosophic discourse. | ||
| - | ==Important post-Marxists== | ||
| - | *[[Giorgio Agamben]] | ||
| - | *[[Michael Albert]] | ||
| - | *[[Tariq Ali]] | ||
| - | *[[Stanley Aronowitz]] | ||
| - | *[[Alain Badiou]] | ||
| - | *[[Étienne Balibar]] | ||
| - | *[[Jean Baudrillard]] | ||
| - | *[[Zygmunt Bauman]] | ||
| - | *[[Cornelius Castoriadis]] | ||
| - | *[[Gilles Deleuze]] | ||
| - | *[[Krisis Groupe]] | ||
| - | *[[Félix Guattari]] | ||
| - | *[[Jürgen Habermas]] | ||
| - | *[[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]] | ||
| - | *[[Ágnes Heller]] | ||
| - | *[[Paul Hirst]] | ||
| - | *[[Barry Hindess]] | ||
| - | *[[John Holloway (sociologist)|John Holloway]] | ||
| - | *[[Fredric Jameson]] | ||
| - | *[[Boris Yuliyevich Kagarlitsky]] | ||
| - | *[[Robert Kurz (philosopher)|Robert Kurz]] | ||
| - | *[[Ernesto Laclau]] | ||
| - | *[[Claude Lefort]] | ||
| - | *[[Jean-François Lyotard]] | ||
| - | *[[Chantal Mouffe]] | ||
| - | *[[Jean-Luc Nancy]] | ||
| - | *[[Antonio Negri]] | ||
| - | *[[Jacques Rancière]] | ||
| - | *[[Ernesto Screpanti]] | ||
| - | *[[Gayatri Spivak]] | ||
| - | *[[Alexander Tarasov]] | ||
| - | *[[Göran Therborn]] | ||
| - | *[[Alain Touraine]] | ||
| - | * [[Alberto Toscano]] | ||
| - | *[[Cornel West]] | ||
| - | *[[Slavoj Žižek]] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | *''[[Arena (first series)]]'' | ||
| - | *[[Autonomism]] | ||
| - | *[[Budapest School (Lukács)]] | ||
| - | *[[Frankfurt School]] | ||
| - | *[[Marxism]] and [[Marxist philosophy]] | ||
| - | *[[Neo-Marxism]] | ||
| - | *[[Neo-Marxian economics]] | ||
| - | *''[[New Left Review]] '' | ||
| - | *[[Open Marxism]] | ||
| - | *[[Poststructuralism]] | ||
| - | *''[[Rethinking Marxism]]'' | ||
| - | *''[[Specters of Marx]]'' | ||
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"To what extent has it become necessary to modify the notion of class struggle, in order to be able to deal with the new political subjects — women, national, racial and sexual minorities, anti-nuclear and anti-institutional movements etc — of a clearly anti-capitalist character, but whose identity is not constructed around specific 'class interests'?"-- "Socialist Strategy: Where Next?" (1981) by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe |
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Post-Marxism is a perspective in critical social theory which radically reinterprets Marxism, countering its association with economism, historical determinism, anti-humanism, and class reductionism, whilst remaining committed to the construction of socialism. Most notably, post-Marxists are anti-essentialist, rejecting the primacy of class struggle, and instead focus on building radical democracy. Post-Marxism can be considered a synthesis of post-structuralist frameworks and neo-Marxist analysis, in response to the decline of the New Left after the protests of 1968.
The term post-Marxism first appeared in Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's theoretical work Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. It can be said that post-Marxism as a political theory was developed at the University of Essex by Laclau and Mouffe. Philosophically, post-Marxism counters derivationism and essentialism (for example, it does not see economy as a foundation of politics and the state as an instrument that functions unambiguously and autonomously on behalf of the interests of a given class).
See also
- Arena
- Autonomism
- Budapest School (Lukács)
- Frankfurt School
- Marxism and Marxist philosophy
- Neo-Marxism
- Neo-Marxian economics
- New Left Review
- Open Marxism
- Poststructuralism
- Rethinking Marxism
- Specters of Marx
