Old Master  

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The central water-bound globe in the middle pane from Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights (c. 1490-1510)
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The central water-bound globe in the middle pane from Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights (c. 1490-1510)
Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda. (La Joconde), is a 16th century oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci, and is one of the most famous paintings in the world.
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Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda. (La Joconde), is a 16th century oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci, and is one of the most famous paintings in the world.

["Goya] was the last of the great masters and the first of the moderns."--Promenades of an Impressionist (1910) by James Huneker

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"Old Master" (or "old master") is a European painter of skill who worked before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An "old master print" is an original print (for example an engraving or etching) made by an artist in the same period. Likewise an "old master drawing".

In theory an Old Master should be an artist who was fully trained, was a Master of his local artists' guild, and worked independently, but in practice paintings considered to be produced by pupils or workshops will be included in the scope of the term. Therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term.

Contents

Period covered

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the term often had a starting date of perhaps 1450 or 1470; paintings made before that were "primitives"; but this distinction is no longer made. The original OED from the beginning of the 20th century, defines the term as "a 'master' who lived before the period accounted 'modern', chiefly applied to painters from the 13th to the 16th or 17th century." Rather surprisingly, the first quotation they give is from a popular encyclopedia of 1840: "As a painter of animals, Edwin Landseer far surpasses any of the old masters". There are comparable terms in Dutch, French and German; the Dutch may have been the first to make use of the term, in the 18th century, when it mostly meant painters of the Dutch Golden Age of the previous century. Les Maitres d'autrefois of 1876 by Eugene Fromentin may have helped to popularize the concept, although "vieux maitres" is also used in French. The famous collection in Dresden at the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister is one of the few museums to include the term in its actual name, although many more use it in the title of departments or sections. The collection in the Dresden museum essentially stops at the Baroque period.

The end-date is necessarily vague—Goya (1746–1828) is certainly an Old Master, and he was still painting and printmaking at his death in 1828. For example the term might be used, but usually is not, about John Constable (1776–1837) or Eugène Delacroix (1798–1868).

The term tends to be avoided by art historians as too vague, especially when discussing paintings, although the terms Old Master Prints and Old Master drawings are still used. It remains more current in the art trade. Auction houses still usually divide their sales between, for example: "Old Master Paintings", "Nineteenth-century paintings" and "Modern paintings". Christie's defines the term as ranging "from the 14th to the early 19th century".

Anonymous artists

anonymous artists

Artists, most often from early periods, whose hand has been identified by art historians, but to whom no identity can be confidently attached, are often given names by art historians such as Master E.S. (from his monogram), Master of Flémalle (from a previous location of a work), Master of Mary of Burgundy (from a patron), Master of Latin 757 (from the shelf mark of a manuscript he illuminated), Master of the Brunswick Diptych or Master of Schloss Lichtenstein.

Incomplete list of the most important Old Masters

Gothic/International Gothic/Proto-Renaissance

  • Cimabue (Italian, 1240–1302) Frescoes in the Church of St Francis of Assisi
  • Giotto di Bondone (Italian, 1267–1337) First Renaissance fresco painter
  • Duccio (Italian, 1255–1318) Early acclaimed Sienese painter
  • Simone Martini (Italian, 1285–1344) Gothic painter, Sienese school, pupil of Giotto and Duccio
  • Jean Pucelle (French, 1290–1334) French manuscript illuminator, miniturist painter
  • Ambrogio Lorenzetti (Italian, fl 1319–1348) Italian gothic artist, Sienese school of painting
  • Pietro Lorenzetti (Italian, fl1320–1345) Sienese school, influenced by Giotto
  • Lorenzo Monaco (Italian, 1370–1425) Siena born International gothic style
  • Masolino (Italian, 1383–1440) Goldsmith trained painter
  • Limbourg brothers (Flemish, 1390–1416) Manuscript illuminators for Jean, Duc du Berry
  • Pisanello (Italian, 1394–1455) International gothic Italian painter and medallist
  • Sassetta (Italian, 1395–1450) Sienese International Gothic painter
  • Jean Fouquet (French, 1420–1481) French 15th century painter, brought Renaissance art to France

Early Renaissance

High Renaissance

Venetian painting Renaissance

Sienese School

Northern Renaissance

Spanish

Mannerism

Baroque painting

Dutch Golden Age Painting

Rococo

Rococo era painting

British

Neoclassicism

Romanticism

  • Sir Joshua Reynolds (British, 1723–1792) Influential English portrait painter
  • Théodore Géricault (French, 1791 - 1824)
  • Francisco Goya (Spanish, 1746–1828) Spanish court painter and great portraitist
  • Henry Raeburn (Scottish, 1756–1823)
  • William Blake (British, 1757–1827) Symbolist religious painter, printmaker and book illustrator
  • Antoine-Jean Gros (French, 1771–1835) French Romantic painter, pupil of Jacque Louis David
  • Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798–1863)

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See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Old Master" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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