October 20  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
-*[[1648]] - [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] Battle of Tippycart+*[[1971]] - [[Wet Dream Film Festival|The Second Wet Dream Film Festival]] opens in Amsterdam
-*[[1740]] - [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] takes the throne of [[Austria]]. [[France]], [[Prussia]], [[Bavaria]] and [[Saxony]] refuse to honour the [[Pragmatic Sanction]] and the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] begins. +
-*[[1781]] - [[Patent of Toleration]], providing limited [[freedom of religion|freedom of worship]], was approved in [[Habsburg Monarchy]].+
-*[[1803]] - The [[United States Senate]] ratifies the [[Louisiana Purchase]].+
-*[[1818]] - [[Treaty of 1818|The Convention of 1818]] signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length.+
-*[[1824]] - [[William H. Seward]] and [[Frances Adeline Seward|Frances Adeline Miller Seward]] wed.+
-*[[1827]] - [[Battle of Navarino]] - a combined [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] and [[Egypt]]ian armada is destroyed by an allied [[United Kingdom|British]], [[France|French]], and [[Russia]]n naval force in the port of Navarino in Pylos, [[Greece]]. The most important result of this battle is the end of the Greek Liberation War and the affirmation of independence of modern [[Greece]].+
-*[[1883]] - [[Peru]] and [[Chile]] signed the [[Treaty of Ancón]], by which the [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]] province was ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the [[War of the Pacific]].+
-*[[1910]] - The hull of the [[RMS Olympic]], sister-ship to the ill-fated [[RMS Titanic]], is launched from the [[Harland and Wolff]] [[shipyard]] in [[Belfast]], [[Ireland]].+
-*[[1935]] - The [[Long March]] ends+
-*[[1941]] - [[World War II]]: Thousands of civilians in [[Kragujevac]] in [[Nedić's Serbia|German-occupied Serbia]] are killed in the [[Kragujevac massacre]]. +
-*[[1944]] - The [[Soviet army]] and [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav Partisans]] liberate [[Belgrade]], the capital of [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]+
-* 1944 - Liquid [[natural gas]] leaks from storage tanks in [[Cleveland]], then explodes; the explosion and resulting fire level 30 blocks and kill 130.+
-* 1944 - [[General Douglas MacArthur]] fulfills his promise to return to the [[Philippines]] when he commands an Allied assault on the islands, reclaiming them from the [[Japan]]ese during the [[Second World War]].+
-*[[1947]] - The [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] begins its investigation into [[Communism|Communist]] infiltration of [[Hollywood]], resulting in a blacklist that prevents some from working in the industry for years.+
-*[[1951]] - The "[[Johnny Bright Incident]]" occurred in [[Stillwater, Oklahoma|Stillwater]], [[Oklahoma]] +
-*[[1952]] - [[Colonial Heads of Kenya|Governor]] [[Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale|Evelyn Baring]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in [[Kenya]] and began arresting hundreds of suspected leaders of the [[Mau Mau Uprising]], including [[Jomo Kenyatta]], the future first [[Heads of state of Kenya|President of Kenya]].+
-*[[1955]] - Publication of [[The Return of the King]], being the last part of [[The Lord of the Rings]]+
-*[[1967]] - A purported [[bigfoot]] is filmed by [[Patterson-Gimlin film|Patterson and Gimlin]].+
-*[[1968]] - Former [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] marries [[Greece|Greek]] shipping tycoon [[Aristotle Onassis]].+
-*[[1971]] - The [[Nepal]] stock exchange collapses.+
-*[[1973]] - The [[Saturday Night Massacre]]: [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]] fires [[Attorney General]] [[Elliot Richardson]] and [[Deputy Attorney General]] [[William Ruckelshaus]] after they refuse to fire [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] prosecutor [[Archibald Cox]], who is finally fired by [[Robert Bork]].+
-* 1973 - The [[Sydney Opera House]] opens.+
-*[[1976]] - The [[ferry]] [[MV George Prince ferry disaster|''George Prince'']] is struck by a ship while crossing the [[Mississippi River]] between [[Destrehan, Louisiana|Destrehan]] and [[Luling, Louisiana|Luling, LA]]. Seventy-eight passengers and crew died; only 18 people aboard the ferry survived.+
-*[[1977]] - A plane carrying [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] crashes in [[Mississippi]], killing lead singer [[Ronnie Van Zant]] and guitarist [[Steve Gaines]] along with backup singer [[Cassie Gaines]], road manager [[Dean Kilpatrick]], pilot [[Walter McCreary]], and co-pilot [[William Gray]].+
-*[[1979]] - The [[John F Kennedy]] library is opened in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].+
-*[[1982]] - During the [[UEFA Cup]] match between [[FC Spartak Moscow]] and [[HFC Haarlem]] at least 63 and probably many more people are crushed to death in the [[Luzhniki disaster]].+
-*[[1984]] - The [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]] opens in [[Monterey Bay, California]].+
-*[[1991]] - The [[Oakland Hills firestorm]] kills 25 and destroys 3,469 homes and apartments, causing more than $2 billion in damage.+
- +
-*[[2004]] - [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] is sworn in as the [[List of Presidents of Indonesia|President]] of [[Indonesia]].+
-* 2004 - The [[2004 Boston Red Sox season|Boston Red Sox]] of [[Major League Baseball]] become the first team in the history of the league to win a best-of-7 [[postseason]] series after trailing the series 3 games to 0, by defeating the [[2004 New York Yankees season|New York Yankees]] in Game 7 the [[2004 American League Championship Series|American League Championship Series]].+
-* 2004 - The first [[Ubuntu (Linux distribution)|Ubuntu]] [[Linux]] distribution is released.+
- +
== Births == == Births ==
-<!--  
-Do not add yourself or people without Wikipedia articles to this list. No red links, please. 
-Do not trust "this year in history" websites for accurate date information. 
-Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence. 
---> 
-*[[1463]] - [[Alessandro Achillini]], Italian philosopher (d. [[1512]]) 
-*[[1496]] - [[Claude, Duke of Guise]], French soldier (d. [[1550]]) 
-*[[1616]] - [[Thomas Bartholin]], Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (d. [[1680]]) 
-*[[1620]] - [[Aelbert Cuyp]], Dutch painter (d. [[1691]]) 
-*[[1632]] - [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]], English architect (d. [[1723]]) 
-*[[1656]] - [[Nicolas de Largillière]], French painter (d. [[1746]]) 
-*[[1660]] - [[Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven]], English statesman (d. [[1723]]) 
-*[[1677]] - [[Stanislaus I Leszczyński, King of Poland]] (d. [[1766]]) 
-*[[1711]] - [[Timothy Ruggles]], American-born Tory politician (d. [[1795]]) 
-*[[1719]] - [[Gottfried Achenwall]], German statistician (d. [[1772]]) 
-*[[1759]] - [[Chauncey Goodrich]], U.S. Senator from Connecticut (d. [[1815]]) 
-*[[1780]] - [[Pauline Bonaparte]], princess Borghese, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. [[1825]]) 
-*[[1784]] - [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1865]]) 
-*[[1785]] - [[George Ormerod]], English historian and antiquarian (d. [[1873]]) 
-*[[1808]] - [[Karl Andree]], German geographer (d. [[1875]]) 
-*[[1819]] - The [[Báb]], Persian founder of the Bábí Faith (d. [[1850]]) 
-* 1819 - [[Carl Mikuli]], Polish pianist (d. [[1897]]) 
-*[[1822]] - [[Thomas Hughes]], English novelist (d. [[1896]]) 
-*[[1832]] - [[Constantin Lipsius]], German architect (d. [[1894]]) 
*[[1854]] - [[Arthur Rimbaud]], French poet (d. [[1891]]) *[[1854]] - [[Arthur Rimbaud]], French poet (d. [[1891]])
-*[[1858]] - [[John Burns]], English politician (d. [[1943]])+*[[1854]] - [[Alphonse Allais]], French writer (d. [[1905]])
*[[1859]] - [[John Dewey]], American philosopher (d. [[1952]]) *[[1859]] - [[John Dewey]], American philosopher (d. [[1952]])
*[[1874]] - [[Charles Ives]], American composer (d. [[1954]]) *[[1874]] - [[Charles Ives]], American composer (d. [[1954]])
*[[1882]] - [[Bela Lugosi]], Hungarian-born actor (d. [[1956]]) *[[1882]] - [[Bela Lugosi]], Hungarian-born actor (d. [[1956]])
-*[[1889]] - [[Margaret Dumont]], American actress (d. [[1965]]) 
-*[[1890]] - [[Jelly Roll Morton]], American composer (d. [[1941]]) 
-*[[1891]] - [[James Chadwick]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1974]]) 
-* 1891 - [[Jomo Kenyatta]], [[President of Kenya]] (d. [[1978]]) 
-*[[1893]] - [[Charley Chase]], American comedian (d. [[1940]]) 
-*[[1894]] - [[Olive Thomas]], American actress (d. [[1920]]) 
-*[[1895]] - [[Rex Ingram (actor)|Rex Ingram]], American actor (d. [[1969]]) 
-*[[1897]] - Crown Prince [[Yi Un|Eun]] of Korea (d. [[1970]]) 
-*[[1900]] - [[Wayne Morse]], U.S. Senator from Oregon (d. [[1974]]) 
-*[[1904]] - [[Anna Neagle]], English actress (d. [[1986]]) 
-* 1904 - [[Tommy Clement Douglas]], Canadian politician (d. [[1986]]) 
-*[[1905]] - [[Ellery Queen]], pseudonym of two American writers (d. [[1982]]) 
-*[[1907]] - [[Arlene Francis]], American television personality (d. [[2001]]) 
-*[[1909]] - [[Sugiyama Yasushi]], Japanese painter (d. [[1993]]) 
-*[[1913]] - [[Grandpa Jones]], American banjo player and singer (d. [[1998]]) 
-*[[1914]] - [[Fayard Nicholas]], American dancer (d. [[2006]]) 
*[[1917]] - [[Jean-Pierre Melville]], French director (d. [[1973]]) *[[1917]] - [[Jean-Pierre Melville]], French director (d. [[1973]])
-*[[1918]] - [[Robert Lochner]], German journalist (d. [[2003]])+*[[1937]] - [[Wanda Jackson]], American rock and rockabilly singer
-*[[1922]] - [[John Anderson (actor)|John Anderson]], American actor (d. [[1992]])+
-*[[1925]] - [[Art Buchwald]], American humorist (d. [[2007]])+
-* 1925 - [[Tom Dowd]], American recording engineer (d. [[2002]])+
-* 1925 - [[Roger Hanin]], French actor+
-* 1931 - [[Richard Caliguiri]], American politician (d. [[1988]])+
-*[[1931]] - [[Mickey Mantle]], American baseball player (d. [[1995]])+
-*[[1932]] - [[Rosey Brown]], American football player (d. [[2004]])+
-* 1932 - [[William Christopher]], American actor ([[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]])+
-*[[1934]] - [[Eddie Harris]], American jazz saxophonist (d. [[1996]])+
-* 1934 - [[Empress Michiko of Japan|Michiko]], empress of Japan+
-*[[1935]] - [[Jerry Orbach]], American actor (d. [[2004]])+
-*[[1937]] - [[Juan Marichal]], Dominican baseball player+
-* 1937 - [[Wanda Jackson]], American rock and rockabilly singer+
-*[[1938]] - [[Iain MacMillan]], ''[[Abbey Road (album)|Abbey Road]]'' photographer (d. [[2006]])+
-*[[1940]] - [[Kathy Kirby]], British singer+
-* 1940 - [[Robert Pinsky]], American poet and [[Poet Laureate of the United States]]+
-*[[1942]] - [[Earl Hindman]], American actor (d. [[2003]])+
-* 1942 - [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]], German biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]+
-* [[1943]] - [[Dunja Vejzovic]], Croatian soprano+
*[[1944]] - [[David Mancuso]], American disc jockey *[[1944]] - [[David Mancuso]], American disc jockey
-*[[1946]] - [[Elfriede Jelinek]], Austrian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate+*[[1946]] - [[Elfriede Jelinek]], Austrian writer
-* 1946 - [[Lucien Van Impe]], Belgian cyclist+*[[1950]] - [[Elodie Lauten]], American composer
-*[[1949]] - [[Valeri Borzov]], Ukrainian athlete+*[[1971]] - [[Snoop Dogg]], American rapper
-*[[1950]] - [[Tom Petty]], American musician+
-*[[1951]] - [[Claudio Ranieri]], Italian football player and manager+
-* 1951 - [[Leif Pagrotsky]], Swedish politician+
-*[[1953]] - [[Keith Hernandez]], American baseball player+
-* 1953 - [[Bill Nunn]], American actor+
-*[[1954]] - [[Steve Orich]], orchestrator+
-*[[1955]] - [[Aaron Pryor]], American boxer+
-* 1955 - [[David Profumo]], English novelist+
-*[[1956]] - [[Danny Boyle]], English film director+
-*[[1957]] - [[Susanna Haavisto]], Finnish actress and singer+
-*[[1958]] - [[Dave Finlay]], Northern Irish professional wrestler+
-* 1958 - [[Lynn Flewelling]], American fantasy author+
-* 1958 - [[Scott Hall]], American professional wrestler+
-* 1958 - [[Mark King (musician)|Mark King]], English musician+
-* 1958 - [[Dave Krieg]], American football player+
-* 1958 - [[Viggo Mortensen]], American actor+
-* 1958 - [[Ivo Pogorelic]], Croatian pianist+
-*[[1960]] - [[Konstantin Aseev]], Russian chess player (d. [[2004]])+
-*[[1961]] - [[Ian Rush]], Welsh footballer+
-* 1961 - [[Michie Tomizawa]], Japanese voice actress+
-*[[1962]] - [[Dave Wong]], Hong Kong/Taiwanese singer-songwriter+
-*[[1963]] - [[Julie Payette]], Canadian astronaut+
-* 1963 - [[Nikos Tsiantakis]], Greek footballer+
-*[[1965]] - [[Mikhail Shtalenkov]], Russian ice hockey player+
-* 1965 - [[William Zabka]], American actor+
-*[[1966]] - [[Allan Donald]], South African cricketer+
-* 1966 - [[Stefan Raab]], German entertainer+
-* 1966 - [[Patrick J. Volkerding]], Founder and maintainer of the [[Slackware Linux]] distribution+
-* 1966 - [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]], Al-Qaeda leader (d. [[2006]])+
-*[[1967]] - [[Luck Mervil]], [[Québécois]] actor and singer+
-* 1967 - [[Marco Ngai]], Hong Kong actor+
-*[[1969]] - [[Juan González (baseball player)|Juan González]], Puerto Rican baseball player+
-* 1969 - [[Laurie Daley]], Australian rugby league footballer+
-* 1969 - [[Lambros Papakostas]], Greek high jumper+
-*[[1970]] - [[Chavo Guerrero, Jr.]], American professional wrestler +
-* 1970 - [[Michelle Malkin]], American political commentator and author+
-*[[1971]] - [[Dannii Minogue]], Australian singer+
-* 1971 - [[Snoop Dogg]], American rapper+
-*[[1972]] - [[Will Greenwood]], England rugby union player +
-*[[1976]] - [[Tom Wisniewski]], American guitarist ([[MxPx]])+
-*[[1977]] - [[Matt Jansen]], English footballer+
-*[[1978]] - [[Virender Sehwag]], Indian cricketer+
-* 1978 - [[Paul Wilson (musician)|Paul Wilson]], Irish bass player ([[Snow Patrol]])+
-*[[1979]] - [[John Krasinski]], American actor+
-* 1979 - [[Paul O'Connell]], Irish rugby player+
-*[[1980]] - [[Jose Veras]], Dominican baseball player+
-*[[1981]] - [[Willis McGahee]], American football player+
-* 1981 - [[Dimitrios Papadopoulos]], Greek footballer+
-*[[1982]] - [[Becky Brewerton]], Welsh golfer+
-* 1982 - [[Yasser Al-Qahtani]], Saudi football player+
-*[[1983]] - [[Alex Nackman]], musician+
-* 1983 - [[Takayuki Yamada]], Japanese actor+
-* 1983 - [[Luis Saritama]], Ecuadorian footballer+
-*[[1984]] - [[Florent Sinama-Pongolle]], French footballer+
-* 1984 - [[Andrew Trimble]], [[Northern Irish]] rugby player for [[Irish rugby team]] +
-*[[1985]] - [[Jennifer Nicole Freeman]], American actress+
-* 1985 - [[James Sutton (Racing Driver)|James Sutton]], British racing driver+
-*[[1988]] - [[Risa Niigaki]], Japanese singer+
-<!-- +
-Do not add yourself or people without Wikipedia articles to this list. No red links, please.+
-Do not trust "this year in history" websites for accurate date information.+
-Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence.+
--->+
== Deaths == == Deaths ==
-* [[460]] - [[Aelia Eudocia]], Byzantine Empress+*[[1976]] - [[Slavko Vorkapich]], Serbian-American film director (b. [[1894]])
-*[[1139]] - [[Henry X, Duke of Bavaria]]+
-*[[1570]] - [[João de Barros]], Portuguese historian (b. [[1496]])+
-*[[1631]] - [[Michael Maestlin]], German astronomer and mathematician (b. [[1550]])+
-*[[1640]] - [[John Ball (Puritan)|John Ball]], English Puritan clergyman (b. [[1585]])+
-*[[1652]] - [[Antonio Coello]], Spanish writer (b. [[1611]])+
-*[[1713]] - [[Archibald Pitcairne]], Scottish physician (b. [[1652]])+
-*[[1740]] - [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] (b. [[1685]])+
-*[[1842]] - [[Grace Darling]], English heroine (b. [[1815]])+
-*[[1865]] - [[Champ Ferguson]], Confederate guerilla (b. [[1821]])+
*[[1890]] - [[Richard Francis Burton|Sir Richard Burton]], British explorer and writer (b. [[1821]]) *[[1890]] - [[Richard Francis Burton|Sir Richard Burton]], British explorer and writer (b. [[1821]])
-*[[1900]] - [[Naim Frashëri]], Albanian poet (b. [[1846]])+*[[2005]] - [[Jean-Michel Folon]], Belgian artist (b. [[1934]])
-*[[1907]] - [[Said Pasha Kurd]], Kurdish statesman (b.[[ 1834]])+
-*[[1910]] - [[David B. Hill]], Governor of New York (b. [[1843]])+
-*[[1926]] - [[Eugene Debs]], American labor leader and Socialist presidential candidate (b. [[1855]])+
-*[[1935]] - [[Arthur Henderson]], Scottish politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1863]])+
-*[[1936]] - [[Anne Sullivan]], American teacher (b. [[1866]])+
-*[[1964]] - [[Herbert Hoover]], 31st [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1874]])+
-*[[1967]] - [[Yoshida Shigeru]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1878]])+
-*[[1968]] - [[Bud Flanagan]], British wartime entertainer (b. [[1896]])+
-*[[1972]] - [[Harlow Shapley]], American astronomer (b. [[1885]])+
-*[[1977]] - Members of the American rock group [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] killed in a plane crash:+
-** [[Cassie Gaines]] (b. [[1948]])+
-** [[Steve Gaines]] (b. [[1949]])+
-** [[Ronnie Van Zant]] (b. [[1948]])+
-*[[1983]] - [[Peter Dudley]], British actor+
-* 1983 - [[Yves Thériault]], French Canadian author (b. [[1915]])+
-*[[1984]] - [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]], Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1896]])+
-* 1984 - [[Paul Dirac]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1902]])+
-*[[1987]] - [[Andrey Kolmogorov]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1903]])+
-*[[1988]] - [[Sheila Scott]], English aviatrix (b. [[1922]])+
-*[[1989]] - [[Anthony Quayle]], English actor (b. [[1913]])+
-*[[1990]] - [[Joel McCrea]], American actor (b. [[1905]])+
-*[[1993]] - [[Sugiyama Yasushi]], Japanese painter (b. [[1909]])+
-*[[1994]] - [[Burt Lancaster]], American actor (b. [[1913]])+
-*[[1995]] - [[Christopher Stone (actor)|Christopher Stone]], American actor (b. [[1942]])+
-*[[2001]] - [[Ted Ammon]], American financier (b. [[1949]])+
-*[[2002]] - [[Barbara Berjer]], American actress (b. [[1920]])+
-* 2002 - [[Bernard Fresson]], French actor (b. [[1931]])+
-*[[2003]] - [[Jack Elam]], American actor (b. [[1918]])+
-*[[2004]] - [[Anthony Hecht]], American poet (b. [[1923]])+
-* 2004 - [[Chuck Hiller]], American baseball player (b. [[1934]])+
-*[[2005]] - [[Shirley Horn]], American singer (b. [[1934]])+
-* 2005 - [[Endon Mahmood]], First Lady of Malaysia (breast cancer) (b. [[1941]])+
-* 2005 - [[Eva Svankmajerova]], Czech artist (b. [[1940]])+
-*[[2006]] - [[Jane Wyatt]], American actress (b. [[1910]])+
-== Notes ==+
-Arthur Rimbaud +
-Alphonse Allais +
-Richard Francis Burton +
-Elodie Lauten +
-Charleville-Mézières +
-Wet Dream Film Festival +
-Slavko Vorkapich +
-Jean-Pierre Melville +
-Charles Ives +
-John Dewey +
-Jean-Michel Folon +
-Snoop Dogg +
-Marnix Gijsen +
-Elfriede Jelinek +
-Danny Boyle +
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

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