Newton's laws of motion
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Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis for classical mechanics. They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly three centuries,<ref>For explanations of Newton's laws of motion by Newton in the early 18th century, by the physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in the mid-19th century, and by a modern text of the early 21st century, see:-
- (1) Newton's "Axioms or Laws of Motion" starting on page 19 of volume 1 of the 1729 translation of the "Principia";
- (2) Section 242, Newton's laws of motion in Thomson, W (Lord Kelvin), and Tait, P G, (1867), Treatise on natural philosophy, volume 1; and
- (3) Benjamin Crowell (2000), Newtonian Physics.</ref> and can be summarised as follows:
- In the absence of a net force, a body either is at rest or moves in a straight line with constant speed.
- A body experiencing a force F experiences an acceleration a related to F by F = ma, where m is the mass of the body. Alternatively, force is equal to the time derivative of momentum.
- Whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force −F on the first body. F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
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